DEPARTMENT OF SOFTWARE EGINEERING

BSSE PROGRAM
Computer Communication and Networks
FALL 2020
Class Assignment

Assignment # 4
Name: Hannan Tariq
Section: S
SAP ID: 70067010

Submitted to:
Mr. Khizar Tayat

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Question and Answers
1. Explain the different categories of Fiber and Coaxial cable in your own
words?
Answer: -
Fiber Cable:-
Fiber Optics Cable Fiber optic cable can be manufactured by a collection of glass tubes twisted
as tiny as fibers. Fiber optic cables are available in Multimode and Single mode cables with any
connector combination.
Types of Fiber Optic Cable
There are multiple types of fiber optic cable generally in use. They are single-mode, multimode,
and optical fiber cables.
Single Mode Fiber Cables: -
The single-mode fiber cable is commonly used in long-distance because a small diametral core
creates the ability for the signal to travel faster and further. In a single-mode fiber, the core
diameter decreases to a rare wavelength of the incoming light. For a beam with 0.55 μm of
wavelength, the core diameter requirement is of the order of 4.5 μm.
Multimode Fiber Cables:-
In multimode fiber, the core diameter is extremely more prominent than the wavelength of the
transmitted light. These cables are used in short ranging distance networking environment up to
10 km to 100 km. Shop online the UK's most extensive range of multimode- mode cables. Both
single-mode and multimode fibers cables are well-suited to handle 10G speeds.
Fiber Optics Cable Connectors: -
Fiber optics cable connectors execute flexible connections pleasant. Fiber optics cable
connectors are generally in use where flexibility is in need. Fiber optics cable connectors are also
a necessity at termination points when an optical signal routes. These connectors offer a wide
range of choices including SC, ST, LC, FC, SMA, D4, MT-RJ, and MU.
LC-LC MULTIMODE OM3 FIBRE OPTIC CABLES:-
These great value LC-LC fiber patch leads OM3 are created from high- quality LC connectors
and they are available from 0.5mtr up to 50mtr lengths. Over a short-term duration of time, these
LC-LC fiber optic leads provider Ethernet speeds of up to 10 GB.

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Coaxial Cable:-
Coaxial cables are the most common, basic transmission lines. They are used to transmit
electrical energy, or signals, from one location to another: to connect a source to a load, such as a
transmitter to an antenna. A coax cable consists of two conductors separated by a dielectric
material. The center conductor and the outer conductor, are configured in such a way that they
form concentric cylinders with a common axis. Hence the term and name co-axial.
Types of Coaxial cable: -
Flexible coaxial cable:
Flexible coaxial cable is used where the demand is to fit the cable into a tight space without
performance loss.
Semi Rigid Coaxial cable:
Semi rigid cable is using a solid copper outer sheath. This type of coax offers superior
transmission, especially at higher frequencies.
The major disadvantage of this type is that the cable, as its name implies, is not very
flexible.
Hand Formable Coaxial Cable:
These cables are between flexible and semi rigid cables. These cables are good choices when
forming at a point of installation is required.
Twin-axial cable:
Twin-axial cable is a balanced, twisted pair within a cylindrical shield. It allows a perfect signal
which is shielded and balanced to pass through.
Triaxial cable:
Triaxial cable is a coaxial cable with a third layer of shielding, insulation and sheathing. The
outer shield is grounded and protects the inner shield from interference from outside sources.

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 2. Explain WIMAX and Wireless PAN in your own words?
Answer: -
WIMAX
A fourth generation (4G) technology. WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access. WiMAX is technically also known as “IEEE 802.16” . WiMAX is a wireless
communications standard designed for creating Metropolitan Area Networks(MANs). A
Broadband Wireless Access(BWA) technique offering fast broadband connection. It allows a
user, to browse the internet on a laptop without physically connecting it to a router. It involves
microwaves for the transfer of data wirelessly. Founded by Ensemble, Cross Span, Harris &
Nokia
WiMAX Specification:
802.16a
Uses the licensed frequencies from 2 to 11 GHz -Supports Mesh network.
802.16b
Increase spectrum to 5 and 6 GHz -Provides QoS( for real time voice and video service) .
802.16c
Represents a 10 to 66GHz.
802.16e
Addresses on Mobile -Enable high-speed signal handoffs necessary for communications with
users moving at vehicular speeds
Architecture:
EEE 802.16 Protocol Architecture has 4 layers: Convergence, MAC, Transmission and physical,
which can be mapped to two OSI lowest layers: physical and data link
A WiMAX system consists of
A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can
provide coverage to a very large area as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km). 2) A
WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a small box or Personal Computer
Memory card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today
MODES OF OPERATION LINE OF SIGHT
Uses a lower frequency range.
MODES OF OPERATION NON LINE Of SIGHT
Uses a higher frequency range

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Applications
According to WiMAX forum, it supports five classes of applications: Multi-player Interactive
Gaming. VOIP and Video Conference. Streaming Media. Web Browsing and Instant Messaging/
Media Content Downloads
USES OF WiMAX
• Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots to the Internet.
• Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for "last mile" broadband access.
• Providing data and telecommunications services.
• Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
• Providing portable connectivity.
• Providing hassle free ,reliable & hi-speed broadband access.

Wireless PAN
WPAN Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) are used to convey information over short
distances among a private, intimate group of participant devices. Unlike a wireless local area
network (WLAN), a connection made through a WPAN involves little or no infrastructure or
direct connectivity to the world outside the link. This allows small, power-efficient, inexpensive
solutions to be implemented for a wide range of devices.
WPANs
1. Bluetooth
2. Zigbee
3. Ultra-Wide Band (UWB)
Bluetooth
A cable-replacement technology that can be used to connect almost any device to any other
device. Radio interface enabling electronic devices to communicate wirelessly via short range
(10 meters) ad-hoc radio connections. A standard for a small , cheap radio chip to be plugged
into computers, printers, mobile phones, etc
Products • Notebook PCs & desktop computers • Printers • PDAs • Other handheld devices •
Cell phones • Wireless peripherals: – Headsets – Cameras • Access Points • CD Player •
TV/VCR/DVD • Telephone Answering Devices • Cordless Phones • Cars
9. Piconet • All devices in a piconet hop together – Master gives slaves its clock and device ID •
Non-piconet devices are in standby MS S S P P SB SB M=Master P=Parked S=Slave
SB=Standby

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Scatter net
Devices can be slave in one piconet and master of another MS S SP P SB SB M S S SB P
Physical links
Between master and slave(s), different types of links can be established. Two link types have
been defined: – Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) link – Asynchronous Connection-Less
(ACL) link
Physical links • Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) – Support symmetrical, circuit-
switched, point-to-point connections – Typically used for voice traffic. – Data rate is 64 kbit/s. •
Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) – Support symmetrical and asymmetrical, packet-
switched, point-to-multipoint connections. – Typically used for data transmission . – Up to 433.9
kbit/s in symmetric or 723.2/57.6 kbit/s in asymmetric
Bluetooth Protocol Stack Bluetooth Radio Baseband LMP L2CAP Audio RFCOMM PPP IP
UDP TCP WAP WAE OBEX vCard/vCal AT- Commands TCS BIN Host Controller Interface
(HCI) Bluetooth Core Protocol Adopted Protocol Cable Replacement Protocol SDP Telephony
Protocol
Bluetooth Protocol Stack • Bluetooth Radio : specifics details of the air interface, including
frequency, frequency hopping, modulation scheme, and transmission power. • Baseband:
concerned with connection establishment within a piconet, addressing, packet format, timing and
power control. • Link manager protocol (LMP): establishes the link setup between Bluetooth
devices and manages ongoing links, including security aspects (e.g. authentication and
encryption), and control and negotiation of baseband packet size
Bluetooth Protocol Stack • Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP): adapts upper
layer protocols to the baseband layer. Provides both connectionless and connection-oriented
services. • Service discovery protocol (SDP): handles device information, services, and queries
for service characteristics between two or more Bluetooth devices. • Host Controller Interface
(HCI): provides an interface method for accessing the Bluetooth hardware capabilities. It
contains a command interface, which acts between the Baseband controller and link manager
Bluetooth Protocol Stack • TCS BIN (Telephony Control Service): bit-oriented protocol that
defines the call control signaling for the establishment of voice and data calls between Bluetooth
devices. • OBEX(OBject EXchange) : Session-layer protocol for the exchange of objects,
providing a model for object and operation representation • RFCOMM: a reliable transport
protocol, which provides emulation of RS232 serial ports over the L2CAP protocol •
WAE/WAP: Bluetooth incorporates the wireless application environment and the wireless
application protocol into its architecture.

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