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Introduction to physical acoustics

Book · October 1984

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1129.0086

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Victor V. Krylov
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Introduction to Physical Acoustics
V.A. Krasil’nikov, V.V. Krylov
Nauka, Moscow 1984, - 400 pp (in Russian).

Abstract, Contents and Index

(translated from the Russian)

Abstract
The book gives a concise account of physical acoustics – a branch of physics and
acoustics studying the interaction of acoustic waves with matter at the macro- and
microscopic levels. It starts with the basics of mechanics of continuum needed to
analyse the problems of physical acoustics. This is followed by the description of
linear and nonlinear problems of acoustics of gases, liquids and solids. Also
considered are the problems of ‘turbulence and sound’, acoustics of magnetic media,
and acoustics of crystals. Essential information is provided also on acousto-electronics
and acousto-optics. Some parts of the book contain descriptions of the methodology
of experiments and experimental data.
The book would be of interest to undergraduate students of physical, chemical and
engineering specialities, postgraduate students, researchers, lecturers, acoustic
engineers, and all those engaged in fluid mechanics, elasticity, solid state physics,
radio physics, signal processing, underwater acoustics and geophysics.

Contents
Foreword 6

PART I. Waves in liquids and gases

Chapter 1. Some problems of hydrodynamics 9

§ 1. Ideal liquid 9
§ 2. Viscous and heat-conductive liquid 14
§ 3. Examples of exact solutions 17
§ 4. Scaling laws. Non-dimensional numbers in fluid dynamics 21
§ 5. Approximate solutions for a viscous fluid with large and small Reynolds numbers.
The boundary layer 23
§ 6. Capillary waves 25
§ 7. Turbulent fluid motion. The law of ‘two-thirds’ 27

Chapter 2. Sound waves in gases and liquids. Relaxation theory 34

§ 1. Sound waves of small amplitude in an ideal medium 34

§ 2. Sound velocity and sound absorption in gases and liquids 36
§ 3. Dispersion and absorption of sound. Experimental studies 41
§ 4. Relaxation of the bulk viscosity 47
§ 5. Relaxation of the shear viscosity in liquids 55
§ 6. Acoustic spectroscopy 60

Chapter 3. Fundamentals of nonlinear acoustics of gases and liquids 65

§ 1. A plane wave of finite amplitude in the gas and liquid in the absence of
dissipation 65
§ 2. Experimental techniques 72
§ 3. A plane wave in a nonlinear medium with dissipation 76
§ 4. Nonlinear plane waves in a dispersive medium 80
§ 5. Spherical and cylindrical nonlinear waves 85
§ 6. Sound beams 87

Chapter 4. Nonlinear interaction of acoustic waves. Parametric antennas 89

§ 1. Interaction of nonlinear waves 89

§ 2. Nonlinear standing waves and resonators 94
§ 3. Parametric processes in nonlinear waves. Parametric emitting and receiving
antennas 99
§ 4. Statistical effects in the propagation of nonlinear acoustic waves 108
§ 5. Sound absorption by noise. Acoustic turbulence 110

Chapter 5. Radiation pressure. Acoustic flows 118

§ 1. Radiation pressure. Overview 118

§ 2. Acoustic radiation force acting on suspended spherical particles 126
§ 3. Interaction of two spherical particles in a sound field 132
§ 4. Acoustic flows 135

Chapter 6. Acoustic cavitation. Sound propagation in a medium with bubbles

138
§ 1. General information 138
§ 2. The dynamics of a single gas bubble in an acoustic field 139
§ 3. The dynamics of a single vapour bubble 147
§ 4. Asymmetric slamming of cavitation bubbles in liquids 152
§ 5. Cavitation regions and cavitation thresholds 155
§ 6. Propagation of sound in a medium with bubbles 160

Chapter 7. Turbulence and sound 170

§ 1. Introduction. Overview 170

§ 2. Geometrical acoustics approximation 171

2
§ 3. Approximate calculation of the diffraction corrections. The method of smooth
perturbations 179
§ 4. The problem of the scattering of sound by turbulence 182
§ 5. Experiments on the scattering of sound by turbulent inhomogeneities 186

PART II. Waves in solids

Chapter 8. Linear acoustics of isotropic solids 188

§ 1. Fundamentals of the theory of elasticity 188

§ 2. Longitudinal and transverse waves in an isotropic solid 193
§ 3. Reflection and refraction of longitudinal and transverse waves 196
§ 4. Rayleigh surface waves 199
§ 5. Other types of surface waves 203
§ 6. Waves in plates and rods 208

Chapter 9. Fundamentals of crystal acoustics 213

§ 1. Plane elastic waves in crystals. Christoffel equation. Quasi-longitudinal and

quasi-transverse waves 213
§ 2. Influence of symmetry of the elastic properties on wave propagation. Example
calculation for a cubic crystal 215
§ 3. Energy flow. Phase and group velocities 219
§ 4. Waves in piezoelectric crystals. Electromechanical coupling coefficient 221
§ 5. Reflection and refraction of elastic waves at the interface 225
§ 6. Surface waves in crystals 227
§ 7. Discrete treatment of the crystal lattice. Acoustic activity and other effects due to
microstructure 231

Chapter 10. Absorption and velocity of sound in solids. Interaction with thermal
phonons and dislocations. Acoustic emission 236

§ 1. Introduction. Overview 236

§ 2. Sound absorption in isotropic dielectrics 238
§ 3. Some information on the crystal lattice vibrations and phonons 241
§ 4. Interaction of acoustic waves with thermal phonons. Microscopic consideration.
Low temperatures and hypersonic frequencies 246
§ 5. Interaction of acoustic waves with thermal phonons. Macroscopic consideration.
High (room) temperatures and ultrasonic frequencies 253
§ 6. Absorption and dispersion of sound due to dislocations. Acoustic emission 261

Chapter 11. Nonlinear acoustics of solids 280

§ 1. Introduction. General comments 280

§ 2. Fundamentals of nonlinear elasticity 281
§ 3. Interaction of elastic waves of finite amplitude in an isotropic solid 285
§ 4. Nonlinear acoustic effects in crystals 291
§ 5. Experimental methods for the study of nonlinear phenomena in solids and some
of the results of these studies 298

3
Chapter 12. Acousto-electronics 305

§ 1. Overview 305
§ 2. Excitation and detection of surface acoustic waves. Interdigital transducer 307
§ 3. Delay lines and filters using interdigital transducers 313
§ 4. Scattering of surface waves. Resonators and filters based on reflecting structures
318
§ 5. Amplification of sound by drift of charge carriers in piezoelectric semiconductors
and layered structures 324
§ 6. Wave interactions due to the electric current nonlinearity. Acousto-electric effect
330
§ 7. Nonlinear acousto-electronic devices on surface acoustic waves 333

Chapter 13. Acousto-optics 339

§ 1. Introduction 339
§ 2. Diffraction of light on sound. Raman-Nath and Bragg regimes 340
§ 3. Diffraction of light on surface acoustic waves 344
§ 4. Mandelstam - Brillouin scattering by thermal vibrations 346
§ 5. Stimulated Mandelstam - Brillouin scattering 348
§ 6. Acousto-optics of liquid crystals 351
§ 7. Some applications of acousto-optic interactions 354

Chapter 14. Waves in magnetically ordered crystals 368

§ 1. Basic information about magnetically ordered crystals 368

§ 2. Spin waves in ferromagnetics and antiferromagnetics 371
§ 3. Magnetoelastic waves 375
§ 4. Attenuation of magnetoelastic waves 378
§ 5. Nonlinear effects 379

References 382

Index 400

Index *)
*) This index complements the contents of the book, without repeating it. Terms and
concepts that are reflected in the table of contents are not included in the index.

Acoustic holography 357

Acoustic levitation 130
Acoustic axes 218, 226, 233
Acoustic branches of oscillations 243

4
Acousto-luminescence 366
Acousto-optic deflectors 364
- processors 365
Acousto-electronic interaction 325
Degenerate interaction 295, 334
Three-wave interaction 89
Phonon-phonon interaction 244
The displacement vector 189
Viscous waves 20, 56
Gravity-capillary waves 26
Gulyaev - Bleustein waves 203
Bending waves 210
Wedge elastic waves 207
Torsional waves 212
Lamb waves 210
Generalized Lamb waves 205
Love waves 204
Magnetostatic waves 373
Normal longitudinal waves 210
SH waves 210
Simple waves 68
Stationary waves 70
Stoneley waves 205
Temperature waves 20
Shock waves 12
Leaky waves 206, 231
Slit waves 206
Young’s waves 211
Rectified heat transfer 151
Generation of backward-wave 295
Sound pressure 34
- Langevin pressure 120
- Rayleigh pressure 121
Hook’s law 192
- generalized 213
Memorising acoustic signals 295, 336
Sound radiation by dislocations 272
- by cracks 276
Magnons 373
Magneto-acoustic resonance 377
Akhiezer mechanism 257
- Landau - Rumer mechanism 257
Elastic moduli 192, 215, 282
Unilateral diffusion 146
Optical vibrational modes 243
Poisson adiabate 11
Reflective grating on SAW 320
Bordoni peaks 268
Scattering of sound by sound 93, 290
SAW resonators 321

5
 Riemann solution 66
Bjerknes force 133
Adiabatic speed of sound 11, 36
- high-frequency speed of sound 47
Vibration velocity 34
Soliton 84
Weinreich formula 332
Kramers - Kronig dispersion relations 54
Manley - Rowe relations 100
The strain tensor 189
- stress tensor 190
- Piola - Kirchhoff tensor 283
- thermodynamic stress tensor 193, 282
Thermo-optical generation of sound 359
Brewster angles 199, 234
Bernoulli equation 17
- Boltzmann kinetic equation 256
- Burgers equation 77
- Hertz - Knudsen equation 149
- Dyson equation 163
- Equation of motion of an elastic medium 190, 194, 213
- Kelvin - Voigt equation 49
- Korteweg - de Vries equation 83
- Navier - Stokes equation 14, 19
- Continuity equation 10, 13
- Nolting – Nepiras equation 141
- Heat transfer equation 16
- Rayleigh equation 140, 200
- Khokhlov - Zabolotskaya equation 87
- Eikonal equation 173
- Euler’s equation 9, 13
Matching condition 89, 289
Convolution and correlation devices 333
- optical image reading devices 337
Dispersion filters 317, 323
- band filters 315
Amplitude fluctuations 178
- Phase fluctuations 174
Koenig formula 133
- King’s formula 130
- Minnaert formula 144
- Stokes – Kirchhoff’s formula 41
Photo-acoustic spectroscopy 363
Electro-acoustic echo 295
Effective magnetic field 370

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