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3.0 Methodology

The methodology section divides the project area into 12 sections and calculates the runoff area for each channel. It determines the runoff coefficient for each section based on land use and slope. It then calculates the rainfall intensity using empirical equations and IDF curves. The rational method is used to calculate peak discharge for each section and channel. Time of concentration is found using formulas for overland and channel flow. Manning's equation is used to calculate design discharge capacity. Finally, rainfall and design discharges are compared to validate the drain design.

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Muhammad Hazim Bin Ahmad Fauzi
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35 views7 pages

3.0 Methodology

The methodology section divides the project area into 12 sections and calculates the runoff area for each channel. It determines the runoff coefficient for each section based on land use and slope. It then calculates the rainfall intensity using empirical equations and IDF curves. The rational method is used to calculate peak discharge for each section and channel. Time of concentration is found using formulas for overland and channel flow. Manning's equation is used to calculate design discharge capacity. Finally, rainfall and design discharges are compared to validate the drain design.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Hazim Bin Ahmad Fauzi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

0 METHODOLOGY
i) Divided into section
Divided to segment of surface slope which is from highest slope as centre along the
proposed road for CH0.0m to CH600.0m. This project is divided into 12 sections.

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ii) Calculate area

The area for every channel had to calculate by measure each channel depends on the
shapes.

2
iii) Find runoff coefficient (c) by refer to JPS Manual

The Rational method runoff coefficient (c) is a function of the soil type and drainage
basin slope. A simplified table is shown below. Segment of different section within a sub-
catchment can be combined to produce an average runoff coefficient.

∑ CA
j =1
Cavg= m

∑A
j=1

Cavg= average of coefficient

C= runoff coefficient of segment

A= area of segment I (ha)

m= total number of segments

Choose from the table for land use which is this project proposed to road and highways which
is 0.95.

3
iv) Find Rainfall Intensity, i

The Rainfall intensity (i) is typically found from Intensity/Duration/Frequency curves


for rainfall events in the geographical region of interest. The duration is usually equivalent to
the time of concentration of the drainage area. The storm frequency is typically stated by
local authorities depending on the impact of the development. A 10-yr, 25-yr, 50-yr, or even
100-yr storm frequency may be specified. Empirical equation can be used to minimise error
in estimating the rainfall intensity values from the IDF curves. It is expressed as

γ TK
i=
(d +θ) ᵑ

where,

i= average rainfall intensity (mm/hr)

T= average recurrence interval-ARI (0.5≤T≤12 month and 2≤T≤100 year);

d= storm duration (hours), 0.0833≤d≤ 72; and

K, ᵑ ,γ ,θ = fitting constants dependent on the rain gauge location

The equation application is simple when analysis is prepared by spreadsheet. Alternatively


designers can manually use the IDF curves provided. For this project, the intensity had been
assumed the value by taking a data from internet. The intensity value for Sungai Yap, Pahang
is 8,737.

v) Calculate Flow Rate for catchment by section, Qs and by each channel, Qc

The Rational equation is the simplest method to determine peak discharge from
drainage basin runoff. It is the most common method used for sizing sewer systems.

CiA
Rational Equation: Qs=Qc=
360
The Rational equation requires the following units:
Q = Peak discharge, cfs
c = Rational method runoff coefficient

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i = Rainfall intensity, inch/hour
A = Drainage area, ha

vi) Calculate Time Of Concentration , Tc

Time of concentration (Tc) is the time required for runoff to travel from the hydraulically
most distant point in the watershed to the outlet. The hydraulically most distant point is the
point with the longest travel.

To, min formula

Td,min formula

Tc, min formula

Tc, min = To, min + Td, min

vii) Calculate Q design

The Manning’s formula is the common empirical method used to calculate the
capacity of drainage sections. The capacity is calculated based on the wetted perimeter and
proposed gradient.

AR 2 /3 S 1/ 2
Q = AV =
n

Where,

A= area drain

R= Area per perimeter

S= slope

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n= roughness

viii) Compare Q rainfall and Q design

The value rainfall discharge must be smaller than value design discharge. If the value
rainfall discharge smaller it will be accept as area for the drain that will design. If the value
larger the area for drain must change to bigger than before until the value of rainfall discharge
smaller than value design discharge.

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