Available at Applications and Applied

http://pvamu.edu/aam Mathematics:
Appl. Appl. Math. An International Journal
ISSN: 1932-9466 (AAM)

Special Issue No. 5 (August 2019), pp. 33 – 42

On General Matrix Application

Of Quasi Power Increasing Sequences

1
Hikmet Seyhan Özarslan and 2 Ahmet Karakaş

Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Science
Erciyes University
38039 Kayseri, Turkey
1
[email protected]; 2 [email protected]

Received: February 28, 2019; Accepted: May 28, 2019

Abstract

In this paper, we give a general theorem dealing with absolute matrix summability by using quasi σ-
power increasing sequences. This theorem includes some results concerning absolute summability
methods.

Keywords: Summability factors; Absolute matrix summability; Almost increasing sequence;

Quasi power increasing sequence; Infinite series; Hölder inequality; Minkowski in-
equality

MSC 2010 No.: 26D15, 40D15, 40F05, 40G99

1. Introduction

Summability theory plays an important role in Analysis, Applied Mathematics and

Engineering Sciences. The aim in this theory is to bring a value to the indefinite divergent se-
ries. Various summability methods have been introduced by researchers to find this value. Some of
these methods are Cesàro, Abel, Nörlund, Riesz, matrix summability, etc.

33
34 H. S. Özarslan and A. Karakaş

In the 1700s, Bernoulli

P intuitively assigned values to the divergent series. He assigned the value
n
1/2 for the series (−1) . The significant rise of summability began in the latter part of the
19th century. In 1890, Cesàro made a study dealing with the multiplication of series and Cesàro
became the first mathematician who founded summability (see Hardy (1949)). Das (1969) gave the
definition of absolute summability. Then Kishore and Hotta (1970) defined the summability factor.
By using lower triangular matrices,  the definition
 of |A|k summability was given by Tanović- 
Miller (1979). Bor (1985) defined N̄ , pn  summability, and later he (1993) defined N̄ , pn ; δ 
k k
summability of an infinite series. The definition of |A, pn |k summability of an infinite series was
given by Sulaiman (2003). Then, the more general |A, pn ; δ|k summability method was defined by
Özarslan and Öğdük (2004).

There is an important application area of these methods. They have some different applications
on sequences such as positive non-decreasing, almost increasing and quasi power increasing se-
quences. The purpose of this paper is to obtain a general theorem on absolute matrix summability
of an infinite series.

2. Notation and Preliminaries

A positive sequence (bn ) is said to be almost increasing if there exist a positive

increasing sequence (cn ) and two positive constants L and M such that
Lcn ≤ bn ≤ M cn (see Bari and Stečkin (1956)). A positive sequence (µn ) is said
to be a quasi σ-power increasing sequence if there exists a constant K = K(σ, µ) ≥
1 such that Knσ µn ≥ mσ µm holds, for all n ≥ m ≥ 1 (see Leindler (2001)). It
should be noted that every almost increasing sequence is a quasi σ-power increasing se-
quence for any non-negative σ, but the converse need not be true as can be seen by taking
the example µn = n−σ for σ > 0. A sequence (λn ) is said to be of bounded variation, denoted by
(λn ) ∈ BV, if ∞
P P∞
n=1 |∆λn | = n=1 |λn − λn+1 | < ∞.
P
Let an be a given infinite series with partial sums (sn ). Let (pn ) be a sequence of positive
numbers such that
Xn
Pn = pv → ∞ as n → ∞, (P−i = p−i = 0, i ≥ 1).
v=0

The sequence-to-sequence transformation

n
1 X
ωn = pv sv ,
Pn v=0

defines the sequence (ωn ) of the (N̄ , pn ) means of the sequence (sn ), generated by the sequence
P
of coefficients (pn ) (see Hardy (1949)). The series an is said to be summable | N̄ , pn , β; δ |k ,
k ≥ 1, δ ≥ 0, and β is a real number, if (see Gürkan (1998))
∞  β(δk+k−1)
X Pn
| ωn − ωn−1 |k < ∞.
n=1
pn
AAM: Intern. J., Special Issue No. 5 (August 2019) 35

Let A = (anv ) be a normal matrix, i.e., a lower triangular matrix of nonzero diagonal entries.
Then, A defines the sequence-to-sequence transformation, mapping the sequence s = (sn ) to
As = (An (s)), where
Xn
An (s) = anv sv , n = 0, 1, ...
v=0

P
We say that the series an is summable | A, pn , β; δ |k , k ≥ 1, δ ≥ 0, and β is a real number, if
∞  β(δk+k−1)
X Pn
| An (s) − An−1 (s) |k < ∞.
n=1
p n

For β = 1, | A, pn , β; δ |k summability reduces to | A, pn ; δ |k summability (see Özarslan and

Öğdük (2004)). Additionally, if we take β = 1 and δ = 0, then | N̄ , pn , β; δ |k summability reduces
to | N̄ , pn |k summability (see Bor (1985)).

Given a normal matrix A = (anv ), two lower semimatrices Ā = (ānv ) and  = (ânv ) are defined
as follows:
X n
ānv = ani , n, v = 0, 1, . . . , (1)
i=v
and
â00 = ā00 = a00 , ânv = ānv − ān−1,v , n = 1, 2, ... (2)
It may be noted that Ā and  are the well-known matrices of series-to-sequence and series-to-series
transformations, respectively. Then, we write
Xn Xn
An (s) = anv sv = ānv av , (3)
v=0 v=0
and
n
X
¯ n (s) =
∆A ânv av . (4)
v=0

Bor (2008) obtained the following theorem.

Theorem 2.1.
Let (Xn ) be an almost increasing sequence and let there be sequences (γn ) and (λn ) such that
| ∆λn |≤ γn , (5)

γn → 0 as n → ∞, (6)
∞
X
n | ∆γn | Xn < ∞, (7)
n=1

| λn | Xn = O(1), (8)
36 H. S. Özarslan and A. Karakaş

where ∆λn = λn − λn+1 . If

n
X | sv |k
= O(Xn ) as n → ∞, (9)
v=1
v

and (pn ) is a sequence such that

Pn = O(npn ), (10)

Pn ∆pn = O(pn pn+1 ), (11)

P∞
then the series n=1 an Pnp
n λn
n
is summable | N̄ , pn |k , k ≥ 1.

Lemma 2.2.
Let (Xn ) be a quasi σ-power increasing sequence for some 0 < σ < 1. If conditions (6) and (7)
are satisfied, then
nXn γn = O(1), (12)

∞
X
γn Xn < ∞, (13)
n=1

(see Leindler (2001)).

3. Main Result

Many works concerning absolute matrix summability methods have been done (see Özarslan
(2013, 2014, 2015, 2019a, 2019b, 2019c), Özarslan and Yavuz (2013, 2014)). The aim of this
paper is to generalize Theorem 2.1 to |A, pn , β; δ|k summability by using a quasi σ-power increas-
ing sequence instead of an almost increasing sequence.

Now, we shall prove the following theorem.

Theorem 3.1.
Let A = (anv ) be a positive normal matrix such that
an0 = 1, n = 0, 1, ..., (14)

an−1,v ≥ anv , for n ≥ v + 1, (15)

 
pn
ann = O , (16)
Pn

| ân,v+1 |= O(v | ∆v (ânv ) |), (17)

AAM: Intern. J., Special Issue No. 5 (August 2019) 37

where ∆v (ânv ) = ânv − ân,v+1 . Let (Xn ) be a quasi σ-power increasing sequence, for some
0 < σ < 1. If (λn ) ∈ BV, and the conditions (5)-(8), (10)-(11) of Theorem 2.1 and
m  β(δk+k−1)−k+1
X Pn |sn |k
= O(Xm ) as m → ∞, (18)
n=1
pn n

∞  β(δk+k−1)−k+1  β(δk+k−1)−k !
X Pn Pv
|∆v (ânv )| = O , (19)
n=v+1
pn pv

∞  β(δk+k−1)−k+1  β(δk+k−1)−k+1 !
X Pn Pv
|ân,v+1 | = O , (20)
n=v+1
p n p v

P∞
are satisfied, then the series n=1 an Pnp
n λn
n
is summable | A, pn , β; δ |k , k ≥ 1, δ ≥ 0, and
−β(δk + k − 1) + k > 0.

If we take (Xn ) as an almost increasing sequence, we get another result for | A, pn , β; δ |k

summability (see Özarslan and Karakaş (2018)). If we take (Xn ) as an almost increasing sequence,
β = 1, δ = 0 and anv = Ppvn , then we get Theorem 2.1.

Proof:
P∞
Let (In ) denotes A-transform of the series n=1 an Pnp
n λn
n
. Then, by (3) and (4), we obtain
n
¯ n=
X av Pv λv
∆I ânv .
v=1
vpv

Applying Abel’s transformation to this sum, we get that

n−1  v
X n
¯ n=
X ânv Pv λv ânn Pn λn X
∆I ∆v ar + ar
v=1
vpv r=1
np n r=1
n−1  
X ânv Pv λv ann Pn λn
= ∆v sv + sn
v=1
vpv npn
n−1 n−1 n−1
X ân,v+1 Pv+1 ∆λv X Pv X ∆v (ânv )Pv λv ann Pn λn
= sv + ân,v+1 ∆( )λv sv + sv + sn
v=1
(v + 1)pv+1 v=1
vpv v=1
vp v np n

= In,1 + In,2 + In,3 + In,4 .

For the proof of Theorem 3.1, it is sufficient to show that

∞  β(δk+k−1)
X Pn
| In,r |k < ∞, for r = 1, 2, 3, 4.
n=1
pn
38 H. S. Özarslan and A. Karakaş

Using (10) and applying Hölder’s inequality, we have

m+1 β(δk+k−1) m+1 β(δk+k−1) n−1

!k
X Pn X Pn X
| In,1 |k = O(1) |ân,v+1 | |∆λv || |sv |
n=2
pn n=2
pn v=1
m+1 β(δk+k−1) n−1
!
X Pn X
= O(1) |ân,v+1 | |∆λv | |sv |k
n=2
pn v=1
n−1
!k−1
X
× |ân,v+1 | |∆λv | .
v=1

Here, by virtue of (1), (2), (14) and (15), we find

n
X n−1
X
ân,v+1 = ān,v+1 − ān−1,v+1 = ani − an−1,i
i=v+1 i=v+1
n
X v
X n−1
X v
X
= ani − ani − an−1,i + an−1,i
i=0 i=0 i=0 i=0
v
X v
X
=1− ani − 1 + an−1,i
i=0 i=0
v
X
= (an−1,i − ani )
i=0
≥ 0,

and so, by (1), (2), (15), we get

|ân,v+1 | = ân,v+1 = ān,v+1 − ān−1,v+1

n−1
X
= ann + (ani − an−1,i )
i=v+1

≤ ann .

Therefore, we have

m+1 β(δk+k−1) m+1 β(δk+k−1) n−1

!
X Pn X Pn X k
| In,1 |k = O(1) ak−1
nn |ân,v+1 | γv |sv |
n=2
pn n=2
pn v=1
n−1
!k−1
X
× |∆λv | .
v=1

Now, using the fact that ann = O( Ppnn ) by (16) and (λn ) ∈ BV, we obtain
AAM: Intern. J., Special Issue No. 5 (August 2019) 39

m+1 β(δk+k−1) m+1 n−1

β(δk+k−1)−k+1 X !
X Pn X Pn k
k
| In,1 | = O(1) |ân,v+1 | γv |sv |
n=2
pn n=2
pn v=1
m m+1  β(δk+k−1)−k+1
X k
X Pn
= O(1) γv |sv | |ân,v+1 |
v=1 n=v+1
pn
m  β(δk+k−1)−k+1
X Pv |sv |k
= O(1) vγv
v=1
pv v
m−1 v  β(δk+k−1)−k+1
X X Pr |sr |k
= O(1) ∆(vγv )
v=1 r=1
pr r
m β(δk+k−1)−k+1
|sv |k
 
X Pv
+O(1)mγm
v=1
pv v
m−1
X m−1
X
= O(1) v|∆γv |Xv + O(1) γv Xv + O(1)mγm Xm
v=1 v=1
= O(1) as m → ∞,
by (7), (12), (13), (18) and (20).
 
Pv
Again, applying Hölder’s inequality, using the fact that ∆ vpv
= O( v1 ) (see Mishra and Srivas-
tava (1984)) and (17), we obtain
m+1 β(δk+k−1) m+1 β(δk+k−1) Xn−1
!k
X Pn X Pn |â n,v+1 |
| In,2 |k = O(1) |λv ||sv |
n=2
pn n=2
pn v=1
v
m+1 n−1
!
X  Pn β(δk+k−1) X |ân,v+1 |
= O(1) |λv |k |sv |k
n=2
p n v=1
v
n−1
!k−1
X
× |∆v (ânv )| .
v=1

Here, by (1) and (2), we have

∆v (ânv ) = ânv − ân,v+1 = ānv − ān−1,v − ān,v+1 + ān−1,v+1 = anv − an−1,v .
Hence, using (1), (14), and (15)
n−1
X n−1
X
|∆v (ânv )| = (an−1,v − anv ) ≤ ann . (21)
v=1 v=1

Then,
m+1 β(δk+k−1) m+1 β(δk+k−1) n−1
!
X Pn X Pn X |ân,v+1 |
k
| In,2 | = O(1) ak−1
nn
k
|λv | |sv | k
.
n=2
pn n=2
pn v=1
v
40 H. S. Özarslan and A. Karakaş

By using (16), we have

m+1 m+1 n−1
!
X  Pn β(δk+k−1) X  Pn β(δk+k−1)−k+1 X |ân,v+1 |
| In,2 |k = O(1) |λv |k |sv |k
n=2
pn n=2
pn v=1
v
m m+1  β(δk+k−1)−k+1
X 1 k
X Pn
= O(1) |λv ||sv | |ân,v+1 |
v=1
v n=v+1
pn
m  β(δk+k−1)−k+1
X Pv |sv |k
= O(1) |λv |
v=1
pv v
m−1 v  β(δk+k−1)−k+1
X X Pn |sn |k
= O(1) ∆|λv |
v=1 n=1
pn n
m β(δk+k−1)−k+1
|sv |k
 
X Pv
+O(1)|λm |
v=1
pv v
m−1
X
= O(1) γv Xv + O(1)|λm |Xm
v=1
= O(1) as m → ∞,

by (5), (8), (13), (18) and (20).

Now, we have
m+1 β(δk+k−1) m+1 β(δk+k−1) X n−1
!k
X Pn X Pn P v
|In,3 |k ≤ |∆v (ânv )| |λv ||sv |
n=2
pn n=2
pn v=1
vp v
m+1 n−1 
!
X Pn  β(δk+k−1) k
X Pv
= O(1) |∆v (ânv )| |λv |k |sv |k
n=2
p n v=1
vp v

n−1
! k−1
X
× |∆v (ânv )| .
v=1

By virtue of (16) and (21),

m+1 m+1 n−1 
!
X  Pn β(δk+k−1) X  Pn β(δk+k−1)−k+1 X P v
k
|In,3 |k = O(1) |∆v (ânv )| |λv |k |sv |k
n=2
p n n=2
p n v=1
vp v
m m+1
X Pn β(δk+k−1)−k+1
 
X Pv
= O(1) |λv ||sv |k |∆v (ânv )|
v=1
vpv n=v+1
p n
m  β(δk+k−1)−k+1
X Pv |sv |k
= O(1) |λv |
v=1
pv v
= O(1) as m → ∞,

as in In,2 , in regard to the hypotheses of Theorem 3.1 and Lemma 2.2.

AAM: Intern. J., Special Issue No. 5 (August 2019) 41

Finally, from Abel’s transformation, as in In,2 , we have

m  β(δk+k−1) m  β(δk+k−1)  k
X Pn k
X Pn Pn
| In,4 | = aknn |λn |k |sn |k
n=1
p n n=1
p n np n
m
X Pn  β(δk+k−1)−k+1  k−1
Pn 1
= O(1) k
|λn |k−1 |λn ||sn |k
n=1
p n p n n
m  β(δk+k−1)−k+1
X Pn |sn |k
= O(1) |λn |
n=1
pn n
= O(1) as m → ∞,
in regard to the hypotheses of Theorem 3.1 and Lemma 2.2.

Therefore, Theorem 3.1 is proved. 

4. Conclusion

In this paper, absolute matrix summability of an infinite series has been studied. A general theo-
rem on | A, pn , β; δ |k summability method has been proved by using a quasi σ-power increasing
sequence instead of an almost increasing sequence under weaker conditions. This general theorem
brings a different perspective and studying field, and so it creates a basis for future research of in-
terested researchers; also, the | A, pn , β; δ |k summability method can be used to generalize some
different theorems on absolute summability.

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