WE NEED TO

{ SURVIVE!!!
UST Senior High School
Earth and Life Science
 HUMAN BODY YOU CAN’T HAVE ONE
SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE OTHER

BODY SYSTEMS WORK

TOGETHER

If you damage one

system, you may
damage several like
smoking which
irritates the lungs
and also destroys the
cells of the immune
system
 BODY SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER

If you get excited, the nervous system

works with the circulatory system by
increasing your heart rate.
 BODY SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER

AIDS destroys the

Immune System

As a result you may get:

1. pneumonia (respiratory ),
2. yeast infection
(reproductive ),
3. Candida infection
affecting esophagus
(digestive)
4. Kaposi’s sarcoma
(integumentary).
RECALL: Organizational structure

How does the body

get the systems
to work together?
RECALL: Organizational structure
 Human body has more than
Specialized Cells: 200 differentiated cells

Smallest Largest
cell (60 cell (1
µm) mm)

Most cells in your body have the same function. Only

when they are grouped into tissues do they have
different jobs.
Tissue: group of similar cells
performing a common function

Four Types of tissues

1. Epithelial- cover and 3. Muscular- movement
protection
4. Nervous- control and
2. Connective- provide support communication
Epithelial Tissues
a) squamous
b) columnar
c) cuboidal

They cover the outermost part of the body—the skin,

They are also found lining in the walls of the digestive
and respiratory tubes.
Function: protection, sensation, secretion, absorption,
excretion, diffusion, cleaning, reduces friction
Connective Tissues
Ligament - connects a bone to another bone
Tendon – connect a muscle to a bone
Fascia - connective tissues that join one
muscle to another muscle
Areolar tissues - bind the skin to the
muscles
Adipose tissues - found beneath the dermis
of the skin
Cartilage (softer bone)
Bone
Blood
Nervous Tissues
NEURON – basic functional unit of the NS

a) sensory neurons (carry impulses

to the brain or spinal cord coming
from the receptors)
b) motor neurons (carry impulses
from the brain or spinal cord to the
muscles).
c) interneurons (integrate data from
sensory neurons and then relay
commands to motor neurons)
Muscular Tissues
Skeletal / striated muscle –
voluntary; for
locomotion/posture
Smooth / non-striated muscle –
involuntary; found in walls of
organs/structures
Cardiac muscle – involuntary;
only in the heart;
 group of tissue that work together
ORGAN: to perform closely related
functions.
 group of organs that work
ORGAN
together to perform a single
SYSTEM function.
 HUMAN BODY
ORGANS

ORGAN SYSTEM

INTEGUMENTARY RESPIRATORY gas exchange

support,
protection MUSCULAR
and mobility elimination
EXCRETORY
SKELETAL of waste

regulation
ENDOCRINE
response NERVOUS of activities

nutrition DIGESTIVE REPRODUCTIVE reproduction

transport of immunity
CIRCULATORY IMMUNE
materials to disease
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Helps protect internal
structures of the body
from damage; prevents
dehydration, stores fat
Functions:
• Covers body and
prevents water loss.
• Protects body from
injury and infection.
• Helps regulate body
temperature.
• Eliminate wastes
• Gathers information
about the environment
• Produce vitamin D
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
A.SKIN- protection
from UV radiation,
water conservation
in the body,
synthesis of Vit.D,
sense of touch,
temperature and
pain
1. Epidermis
• Melanin, Keratin
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous Layer
• Adipose tissue
(fat)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
CHEMICAL COMPONENTS
FOR DEFENSE:
PERSPIRATION- secreted
by sweat/sudoriferous
glands. (Salt,
lysozyme,
antimicrobial
peptides)
SEBUM- secreted by
sebaceous glands.
(helps keep skin
pliable and less
likely to break or
tear, lowers pH level
of skin)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
B. HAIR
Are dead cells with living
roots
composed primarily of
keratin.
The portion of the hair
above the skin is known as
the shaft, while that below
the surface of the skin is
known as the root.
C. NAILS
are made of hard, keratin-
filled epidermal cells.
They protect the ends of the
digits from injury, help us
grasp small objects, and enable
us to scratch.
 MUSCUL AR SYSTEM
Enables movement,
protects some of the
body organs, composed of
muscle tissue(contract,
or shorten, to produce
movement when
stimulated) STRUCTURE OF A MUSCLE
•A muscle is made up of
hundreds/thousands of muscle
fibers
•MYOFIBRILS – thread-like
structures consisting a muscle
•SARCOMERE
a) MYOSIN Filament (thick)
b) ACTIN Filament (thin)
 MUSCUL AR SYSTEM

Your body has

three types of
Muscle tissue.

1.skeletal
muscle
2.smooth muscle
3.cardiac
muscle
 S K E L E TA L S YS T E M
Your skeleton has five
major functions.

• It provides shape and

support
• Enables you to move
• Protects your internal
organs
• Produces blood cells
• Stores certain
materials until your
body needs them
 S K E L E TA L S YS T E M
Types of Joints:
• Fibrous (fixed / immoveable)
➢ e.g. skull
• Cartilaginous (slightly moveable)
➢ e.g. intervertebral disc
• Synovial (freely moveable)
➢ Hinge – fingers/toes, knees
➢ Ball and socket – hip, shoulders
➢ Pivot – neck
➢ Gliding – wrist
➢ Saddle – thumb
➢ Planar - ankle
 S K E L E TA L S YS T E M
Bones
Tendons -connect
bones to muscles
Ligaments -
connect bone to
bone
Cartilage -
padding that
covers and
protects the ends
of long bones at
the joints
Joint -connect 2 kinds of bones
bone to bone 1. Compact
2. Spongy
BONES -composed of calcium (67%) and collagen
(33%)

Collagen – a network of protein fibers in bones

Periosteum – outer layer and covering of the
bone to which the muscles attach
Canaliculi – small canals that supply blood to
bone cells.
Osteocytes – cells of the bones

2 kinds of bones…
1. Compact bone – hard but fibrous (not solid)
in composition.
2.Spongy bones – looks like a sponge with its
little hollows or cavities; it makes up most of
the volume of bone
Bone marrow – the innermost part of the bone
-- soft fatty tissue
 S K E L E TA L S YS T E M
The human skeleton may be
grouped as follows:
AXIAL SKELETON
Skull (in the head; protects the
brain)
Hyoid (in the neck)
Sternum (in the breast)
Ribs (in the thoracic cavity)
Backbone or vertebral column
(protects the spinal cord at the
back)
2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
upper appendages (arms/fore
limb) OSSIFICATION – the
lower appendages(legs/hind limb) process of
Shoulder girdle transformation of
cartilages to
Pelvic girdle
bones.
D I G E S T I V E S YS T E M
The main functions of the
digestive system :

Breaks down food into

molecules the body can
absorb.

Passes these molecules

into the blood to be
carried throughout the
body.

Eliminates solid wastes

from the body.
 D I G E S T I V E S YS T E M
The Main Parts of the Digestive System
Digestion takes place
in two stages:

MECHANICAL digestion
- food
undergoes physical
change by tearing,
grinding and chewing.

CHEMICAL digestion
- involves the
change in chemical
composition of food.
It takes place in the
presence of special
protein molecules
called enzymes.
Accessory organs – they play important roles in digestion;
the food does not pass in these organs
Composed of the following parts:
1. Salivary glands 3. Liver
2. Pancreas 4. Gall Bladder

Parts of Digestive System

1. Mouth
- where solid foods are chewed into smaller pieces.

Saliva – contains amylase, begins breakdown of carbohydrates

Bolus – the soft mass of chewed food from the mouth

Epiglottis – closes over the trachea to prevent the food

entering the lungs

2. Esophagus
Passage of food (bolus) from the mouth to the stomach
PERISTALSIS - the alternating wavelike contraction of the
esophagus that pushes food down to the stomach
3. Stomach
a large J-shaped organ found at the esophagus, on the upper left
side of your body.
Where chemical digestion of food occurs
Contains gastric juice, pepsin & hydrochloric acid that will
digest the food
CHYME – the mass of food after 2 hours of digestion in the
stomach

4. Liver
The largest gland of the body
It produces bile (a bitter substance that is needed for digestion
in the small intestine as it changes fats into tiny droplets)

5. Gall Bladder
temporary storage of bile
Emulsification – the process in which bile breaks fats into
smaller pieces
6. Pancreas
Digestive gland that produces pancreatic juice for final
digestion

7. Small Intestine
Where the final digestion and absorption of food take place.
Absorption – the process by which nutrients in the food
diffuse into the cells of small intestine’s wall until they
reach the blood.(The blood will distribute the nutrients from
digested food to the different parts of the body)

8. Large Intestine (colon)

No digestion of food
Its main function is to absorb water from the undigested food
materials it receives from the small intestine
Feces (fecal matter)
- it refers to the undigested food materials

9. Anus
Where the fecal matter leaves the body
 C I R C U L AT O R Y S Y S T E M

Closed – blood flows through closed vessels

(e.g. vertebrates, few invertebrates)
Open – blood flows through open spaces called lacunae and
sinuses
(e.g. molluscs, arthropods, insects)
C A R D I O VA S C U L A R S Y S T E M

The main functions is to transport: oxygen,

nutrients, waste throughout the body.
A. Blood Vessels
1. Arteries (sing. Artery)
They bring blood away from the heart
towards the organs.
Carry blood rich in oxygen
2. Veins
They bring back the blood to the heart
They carry blood rich in carbon dioxide.
3. Capillaries
They are fine tubes in the organs
branching from an artery and vein.
B. Blood
Composition of Blood:
Blood Plasma - Is composed of water (92%),
proteins (7%) and other substances (1%).
Blood Cells
a) red blood cells (RBC) (erythrocytes)
- contain hemoglobin (transports oxygen
to the body cells)
b) white blood cells (WBC) (leukocytes)
- for body defense
- they fight infections
Antibodies – proteins that act against
foreign materials.
Antigens – body materials that cause the
body to produce antibodies.
c) blood platelets (thrombocytes)
- for blood clotting
C. Heart
The pumping organ of the human body (it pumps blood
to different parts of the body).
4 Chambers of the Heart
Right atrium & left atrium (receiving chambers)
Right ventricle & left ventricle (pumping chambers)

Right atrium - where blood (CO2 rich, O2 poor) from

all over the body enters
Right ventricle - it pumps the blood to the lungs to
get O2
Left atrium - where the blood (now O2 rich, CO2
poor) from the lungs enters.
Left ventricle - it pumps the blood from the lungs
to the different body parts.

septum - the dividing wall of the ventricles of the

heart
pericardium - a thin sac that encloses the heart.
Cardiac Cycle
The alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart.
2 phases:
a) diastole (heart relaxes)
- blood flows into the heart
b) systole (heart contracts)
- blood leaves the heart
Heartbeat
The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.
The average heartbeat is 70 times per minute.
In each day, the average heart beats 100,000 times, pumping about 2,000
gallons of blood.

Blood Pressure
The force exerted by the blood against the walls of arteries.
pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer
Typical values for a resting, healthy adult human are approximately
120 mmHg systolic and 80 mmHg diastolic (written as 120/80 mmHg)

Pulse
The beating in the arteries at the wrist and neck.
Your pulse is taken by touching one of several "pulse points" located on
your body.
These spots are areas where the arteries are near enough to the surface
of the skin that the movement of blood through them can be felt.
Since the artery keeps pace with the heart, doctors can measure heart
rate by counting the contractions of the artery.
C A R D I O VA S C U L A R S Y S T E M
The main parts of the
CIRCULATORY System
are:
• Tubes/vessels
(artery, vein,
capillary)
• Circulating fluid
(blood)
• Plasma – fluid matrix of
blood; where RBC, WBC
and platelets are
suspended
• Pumping organ
(heart)
ABO BLOOD S YS TEM
T H E B R A I N A N D N E RVO U S
S YS TEM
Two Main Parts:
• Central Nervous System (CNS)
➢ Brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
➢ Cranial Nerves
➢ Spinal nerves
Front brain:
Cerebrum – higher brain function such as
thought and action
Parietal lobe – controls complex behavior
including senses
Frontal lobe – brain’s ability to reason,
organize, plan, speak, move, remember and
control emotions
Occipital lobe – visual processing
Temporal lobe – processing our perception and
recognition of auditory stimuli
Midbrain – relay station for visual and
auditory systems:
Thalamus – relay sensory formation from the
other parts of the brain to the cerebral
cortex
Hypothalamus – regulate various functions of
the pituitary gland and endocrine activity
as well as somatic functions
Hippocampus – memory forming, organizing and
storing information
Pituitary gland – link between nervous
system and endocrine system; releases many
hormones affecting growth, metabolism,
sexual development and reproduction system
Hindbrain:
Cerebellum – “little brain” – regulation and
coordination of movement, posture, balance and cardiac,
respiratory and vasomotor centers
Brain stem – vital life functions include:
Pons – bridge between various parts of the nervous
system; control of sleep cycles
Medulla – regulate involuntary life sustaining
functions such as breathing, heart rate and swallowing

Spinal cord – transmission of neural signals between the

brain and the rest of the body but also contains neural
circuits that can independently control numerous
reflexes and central pattern generators. Serves as
conduits for motor information, sensory information and
coordination of reflexes.

PNS – connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, relay

between brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body
R E S P I R AT O R Y S Y S T E M

Tuberculosis

Your respiratory system moves oxygen

from the outside environment into your
body. It also removes carbon dioxide and
water from your body.
Parts of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Nasal Cavity
the air passage behind the nose
it filters the dust particles
2. Pharynx
Where the food tube and air tube meet
3. Glottis
The hole between the food and the air tube
4. Epiglottis
A thin cartilage that closes during food swallowing.
5. Larynx (voice box)
contains the vocal cords (which produce vocal
sound).
It is located between the pharynx and the trachea
6. Trachea (windpipe)
Where air passes going to the lungs
7. Bronchi (sing. bronchus)
Branches of the trachea
8. Bronchioles
Smaller tubes branching from the bronchi
9. Alveolar ducts
Smaller ducts leading to the alveoli
10. Alveoli (air sacs)
are where the oxygen from the air enters your
blood, and the carbon dioxide from your body goes
into the air
There are 300,000,000 air sacs in each lung
11. Lungs
Where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
occurs
Surrounded by a pleura (a thin membrane)
12. rib cage ( it protects the lungs)
13. diaphragm
A dome-shaped muscle below the chest cavity that
contracts when breathing.
BREATHING
The process of inhaling and exhaling
An automatic body function; it goes on even during sleep.

Breathing Mechanisms:
1. Inhalation
The rib cage and diaphragm contract, the chest cavity becomes
bigger
The air pressure inside becomes lower than the outside body…
(as a result, the air/oxygen rushes inward)
2. Exhalation
The rib cage and the diaphragm relax, the chest cavity becomes
smaller
The air pressure inside becomes greater than the outside body,
(as a result, the air rushes outward).
Medulla Oblongata
- part of the brain that control breathing

Flow of CO2 in the Respiratory System

body cells tissue fluid blood air sacs

Flow of O2 in the Respiratory System

Air sacs blood tissue fluid body cells
 E XC R E T O R Y S Y S T E M
Collects wastes
produced by cells and
removes these wastes
from the body. The
removal process is
known as excretion.
Main organs include:
➢ Kidneys
➢ Skin
➢ Lungs
➢ Colon/Large intestine
• Each kidney is about 4 ½
inches long
• Weight is 4 – 6 ounces
• The urine output varies from Urethra – carries both
1-2 liters per day. urine and sperm in males
Excretion - the process by which the body
gets rid of its metabolic wastes.

The body normally gets rid of the following:

Excess water
Excess salts
CO2 (from respiration)
Nitrogenous wastes (such as ammonia, urea &
uric acid)
STEPS in FILTERING WASTES from the BODY
1. The RENAL ARTERY brings blood with many impurities to
the kidneys
2. In the kidney, the renal artery branches into smaller
arterioles until they become the glomeruli.
3. The glomeruli draw daily about 164 liters of fluid in
the blood.
4. The blood fluid passes through th long folded tubules
(where 98% of the water is reabsorbed again by the
glomeruli).
5. The remaining 2% fluid inside the tubules is now called
urine.
6. The urine is passed on to the pelvis of the kidney.
7. It then passes to the ureter (long tube from the kidney
leading to the urinary bladder)
8. The urine is then passed to the urinary bladder
(temporary urine storage structure of the body)
9. When the bladder is full, its smooth muscles send
signals to the brain . The brain then signals muscle
contraction, which cause urine to be expelled from the
bladder out of the body in a process called micturition
KIDNEY
The main excretory organ in the body
It excretes most of the urea, excess water, sugar and
salts as urine.
There are 2 kidneys in the body
Its average size is 10 cm long, 5 cm wide and 2.5 cm
thick
It contains over a million nephrons (the excretory
units or filtering units of of the kidney)
Each nephron is made up of the ff:
1. GLOMERULUS (pl. glomeruli)
- a network of capillaries
2. Long tubule (with 3 parts)
Bowman’s capsule (it houses the glomerulus)
Loop of Henle (A long & highly folded tubule)
A collecting duct

It is estimated that the body excretes about 1.5

liters of urine daily.
The kidney participates in whole-body homeostasis,
regulating acid-base balance, electrolyte
concentrations, extracellular fluid volume, and blood
pressure. The kidney accomplishes these homeostatic
functions both independently and in concert with other
organs, particularly those of the endocrine system.
Many of the kidney's functions are accomplished by
relatively simple mechanisms of filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion, which take place in the
nephron. Filtration, which takes place at the renal
corpuscle, is the process by which cells and large
proteins are filtered from the blood to make an
ultrafiltrate that eventually becomes urine. The kidney
generates 180 liters of filtrate a day, while
reabsorbing a large percentage, allowing for the
generation of only approximately 2 liters of urine.
Reabsorption is the transport of molecules from this
ultrafiltrate and into the blood. Secretion is the
reverse process, in which molecules are transported in
the opposite direction, from the blood into the urine.
Kidney – excretion of wastes (e.g urea);
reabsorption of vital nutrients (e.g.
glucose, amino acids); acid-base
homeostasis; long-term BP regulation;
hormone secretion
Skin – excretes sweat
Liver – detoxifies and breaks down
chemicals, poisons and other toxins that
enter the body. For example, the liver
transforms ammonia (which is poisonous) into
urea in fish, amphibians and mammals, and
into uric acid in birds and reptiles. Also
produces bile (which is important for
breakdown of ethanol, fats, and other acidic
wastes)
Large intestine – waste material
Lungs – excretes CO2
I M M U NE S YS TE M
• It’s role is to protect
you from foreign invaders.

Special cells react to each

kind of pathogen with
defensive tactics targeted
specifically at that type of
pathogen.

• A pathogen is a
bacterium, virus, or other
microorganism that can
cause disease.
What are Antibodies?
• Antibodies are special proteins that
recognize and defeat invading
pathogens.

• Antibodies are made by the B-cells.

• Once a pathogen is encountered by

the B-cells it memorizes it and next
time it encounters the pathogen it will
have antibodies ready to fight the
pathogen.
What are Antigens?
• An antigen is any substance that when
introduced into the body stimulates
the production of an antibody immune
response.

• Antigens include:

• Toxins
• Bacteria
• Foreign blood cells
• Cells of transplanted organs.
 What is Immunity?
• Immunity is a state in which the body has
sufficient defenses to fight infection,
disease or invasion by pathogens.

• Non- Specific Immunity refers to the

defenses that are in place at all times and
are not specific to the pathogen to which
the system is responding.

• Skin, mucous membranes, hairs in nose

and ears, enzymes in mouth and tears in
eyes.
 What is Immunity?
• Specific Immunity is a specific antibody
response to the pathogen and has been acquired
in one of several ways.

• Antibodies were transferred from mother to fetus

across the placenta.

• Antibodies were transferred through breast milk

from mother to child.

• Antibodies were built up due to prior exposure to

the pathogen.

• Antibodies were be built up through a vaccination

process.
What is a Vaccination?
• Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease
germ that is weak or dead. Vaccines do NOT
contain the type of germ that makes you sick.

• Having this little bit of the germ inside your

body makes your body's immune system
build antibodies to it.

• Vaccines can be administered by a needle,

mouth and some through a nasal spray.

• Recommended Vaccines : Measles, Mumps,

Rubella, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria,
and Tetanus
T CELLS VS. B CELLS
T cells (thymus cells) and B cells (bone
marrow- or bursa-derived cells[1]) are the
major cellular components of the adaptive
immune response. T cells are involved in
cell-mediated immunity, whereas B cells
are primarily responsible for humoral
immunity (relating to antibodies).

Cell-mediated immunity is an immune

response that does not involve antibodies,
but rather involves the activation of
phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-
lymphocytes, and the release of various
cytokines in response to an antigen.
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
The lymphatic system
is an extensive
drainage network that
helps keep bodily fluid
levels in balance and
defends the body
against infections.

It filters out organisms

that cause disease,
produces certain white
blood cells and
generates antibodies
Lymphatic System
It plays a role in the immune system by producing, storing, and
circulating white blood cells.
is an extensive drainage system that returns water and proteins
from various tissues back to the bloodstream.
It is comprised of a network of ducts, called lymph vessels and
carries lymph (a clear, watery fluid that resembles the plasma
of blood).

LYMPH NODES
are enlargements along the lymph vessels
principal sources of lymphocytes (for defense function; they
engulf foreign materials like bacteria)
There are many lymph nodes at the armpits, the groins, the neck
region and in other areas near the skin.
They become swollen and painful when they filter bacteria from
the infected wound nearby. The painful swollen lymph node is
called “kulani” in Filipino

Left & Right Lymphatic Ducts

They receive lymph from all parts of the body… and they return
these lymph into the blood.
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Major Parts of the
Lymphatic System
It is made up of a network of
lymphatic vessels that carry
lymph — a clear, watery fluid
that contains protein
molecules, salts, glucose,
urea, and other substances —
throughout the body.

It works closely with the

immune system and the
circulatory system.

The Spleen stores many of the

white blood cells needed for
the immune response.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
1. The endocrine system is a
collection of ductless glands
that secrete special proteins
called hormones.

2. The glands release the

hormones into the bloodstream
and they travel to the target
cells or organs.

3. The main function of the endocrine system is to maintain a

stable environment within the body or homeostasis.

4. The hormones also help the body to regulate:

Growth
Sexual development
Metabolism
Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood
 Glands and Hormones
Gland Hormone Produced Effects

Hypothalamus Antidiuretic Acts on the kidney

hormone to regulate fluid
balance
Pituitary 9 different Growth and
hormones regulates other
glands
Thyroid Thyroxine Metabolism

Pancreas Insulin & glucagon Blood sugar

Adrenal Epinephrine Heart rate & blood

pressure
Testes Testosterone Sperm & male
characteristics
Ovaries Estrogen & Eggs & female
progesterone characteristics
Feedback Mechanisms
▪Homeostasis is maintained by the
endocrine system through the use
of various feedback mechanisms.

▪ A feedback mechanism is in use

when the biological reaction is
actually being controlled by the
end products of that reaction.
Ma jor Organs and t heir Function
System Major Structures Functions

Integumentary Skin, nails, and hair Protects against

injury, infection,
and fluid loss.
Provides structure
and support
Muscular Skeletal, smooth, and Moves limbs and trunk
cardiac muscles Moves substances
through the body
Provides structure
and support
Skeletal Bones and joints Protects and supports
the body and organs
Interacts with
skeletal muscles
Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, Transport nutrients
blood, lymph, lymph nodes and wastes
and vessels
 Ma jor Organs and their
Function
System Major Structures Functions
Nervous Brain, spinal cord, Regulates behavior
nerves, and sense organs Maintain
homeostasis
Regulates other
organ system
Controls sensory
and motor functions
Digestive Mouth, esophagus, Extracts and
stomach, liver, pancreas, absorbs nutrients
small and large from food
intestines Removes wastes
Maintains water and
chemical balances
Respiratory Lungs, nose, mouth, and Moves air into and
trachea out of lungs
Controls gas
exchange between
blood and lungs
 Ma jor Organs and their
Function
System Major Structures Functions

Excretory Kidneys, urinary bladder, Removes wastes from

ureters, and urethra the blood
Regulates
concentration of
body fluids
Endocrine Hypothalamus and pituitary Regulates body
gland temperature,
metabolism,
development, and
reproduction
Maintain homeostasis
Regulates other
organ systems
Reproductive Testes and penis in males Produces gametes and
Ovaries and uterus in offspring
females
Immune White blood cells, skin, Defends against
lymph nodes and vessels pathogens and
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGAN SYSTEM