Quantum Computing: Principles of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Computing: Principles of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Computing
Lecture 3
Anuj Dawar
First Postulate
Example: A Qubit
Second Postulate
d|ψi
i~ = H|ψi
dt
where
• ~ is Planck’s constant; and
• H is a fixed Hermitian operator known as the Hamiltonian of
the system.
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|ψ ′ i = U |ψi
Why Unitary?
Unitary operations are the only linear maps that preserve norm.
|ψ ′ i = U |ψi
implies
Pauli Gates
X
0 1
X|0i = |1i X|1i = |0i X=
1 0
The Y gate
Y
0 −i
Y |0i = i|1i Y |1i = −i|0i Y =
i 0
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Pauli Gates–contd.
The Z gate
Z
1 0
Z|0i = |0i Z|1i = −|1i Z=
0 −1
1 0
Sometimes we include the identity I = as a fourth Pauli
0 1
gate.
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Third Postulate
Third Postulate—contd.
Exercise: Verify!
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Global Phase
For any state |ψi, and any θ, we can form the vector eiθ |ψi.
hψ|e−iθ Pm
†
Pm eiθ |ψi = hψ|Pm
†
Pm |ψi
Relative Phase
1 1
Also, if H = √1 , then
2
1 −1
Fourth Postulate
|ψ1 i ⊗ |ψ2 i
Tensor Products
Tensor Products
In matrix terms,
A B A12 B ··· A1m B
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A21 B A22 B · · · A2m B
A⊗B =
.. .. ..
. . .
Am1 B Am2 B · · · Amm B
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Separable States
Entangled States
1 1
√ (|10i + |01i) and √ (|00i + |11i)
2 2
Summary