Rfem 5 Tutorial en Us
Rfem 5 Tutorial en Us
Rfem 5 Tutorial en Us
Version
September 2020 (US)
Program
RFEM
FEM Structural Analysis
Software
Tutorial
Contents
4.1 Adjusting Work Window and Grid 9 5.2 Load Case 2: Live Load 54
Contents
9. Documentation 92
9.1 Creating Printout Report 92
1. Introduction
With this tutorial we would like to make you acquainted with various features of RFEM. Before
you start working on this tutorial, we recommend you to examine the Introductory Example
available on the Dlubal website which describes the basic functions of the program.
Often you will have several options to achieve your targets. Depending on the situation and
your preferences, different ways may be useful. We would like to invite you to play with the
software to learn more about the possibilities of the program. With this example we want to
encourage you to find out useful functions in RFEM.
The following example represents a mixed construction built of concrete and steel elements.
We want to calculate the model for the load cases self-weight, live load, snow, wind and imper-
fections according to linear static and nonlinear second-order analysis.
You can enter, calculate and evaluate the example of this tutorial also with demo restrictions –
maximum two surfaces and twelve members. Therefore, you may understand that the model
meets the demands of realistic construction projects only to some extent. With the features
presented we just want to show you how you can define model and load objects in various
ways.
We will use the generator for ASCE load combinations integrated in RFEM.
With the 90-day trial version, you can work on the model without any restriction. After that pe-
riod, the demo mode will be applied so that saving data is no longer possible. In this case, you
should allow for enough time (approximately two to three hours) to enter the data and try the
functions without stress.
It is easier to enter data if you use two screens, or you may print the description to avoid
switching between the displays of PDF file and RFEM input.
The text of the manual shows the described buttons in square brackets, for example [Apply].
At the same time, they are pictured on the left. In addition, expressions used in dialog boxes,
tables and menus are set in italics to clarify the explanations. Input required is written in bold
letters.
You can look up the description of program functions in the RFEM manual that you can down-
load on the Dlubal website.
The reinforced concrete structure is a substructure consisting of a floor slab with downstand
beam, a semicircular shell and two round columns. The structural system is built partially in the
earth.
The steel frame is a monopitch roof construction stiffened with a diagonal.
As mentioned above, the model represents a rather "abstract" structure that can be designed
also with the demo version whose functions are restricted to a maximum of two surfaces and
twelve members.
2.3 Load
Load case 1: self-weight and finishes
In the first load case, the self-weight of the model including its floor structure of 0.030 kip/ft2 is
applied. We do not need to determine the self-weight manually. RFEM calculates the weight
automatically from the defined materials, surface thicknesses and cross-sections.
Earth pressure is acting additionally on the semicircular wall. The load ordinate at the bottom
of the wall is determined for a gravel backfill as follows: q = 0.010 kip/ft3 * 12 ft = 0.120 lb/ft2.
The roof load (roofing, supporting structure) is assumed with 0.025 kip/ft2.
3. Creating Model
3.1 Starting RFEM
To start RFEM in the taskbar, we
click Start, point to All Programs and Dlubal, and then we select Dlubal RFEM 5.xx
or we double-click the icon Dlubal RFEM 5.xx on the computer desktop.
We write Tutorial in the Model Name box. As Description, we enter Construction consisting of
concrete and steel. We always have to define a Model Name because it determines the name
of the RFEM file. The Description box does not necessarily need to be filled in.
In the Project Name box, we select Examples from the list if not already set by default. The pro-
ject Description and the corresponding Folder are displayed automatically.
In the dialog section Type of Model, the 3D option is preset. This setting enables spatial modeling.
We check whether the Positive Orientation of the Global Axis Z is Upward and – by clicking the
[Details] button – the Orientation of the Local z-Axis goes Downward.
4. Model Data
4.1 Adjusting Work Window and Grid
View
First, we click the [Maximize] button on the title bar to enlarge the work window. We see the
axes of coordinates with the global directions X, Y and Z displayed in the workspace.
To change the position of the axes of coordinates, we click the button [Move, Zoom, Rotate] in
the toolbar above. The pointer turns into a hand. Now, we can position the workspace accord-
ing to our preferences by moving the pointer and holding the left mouse button down.
Furthermore, we can use the hand to zoom or rotate the view:
• Zoom: We move the pointer and hold the [Shift] key down.
• Rotation: We move the pointer and hold the [Ctrl] key down.
To exit the function, different ways are possible:
• We click the button once again.
• We press the [Esc] key on the keyboard.
• We right-click into the workspace.
Mouse functions
The mouse functions follow the general standards for Windows applications. To select an ob-
ject for further editing, we click it once with the left mouse button. We double-click the object
when we want to open its dialog box for editing.
When we click an object with the right mouse button, its shortcut menu appears showing us
object-related commands and functions.
To change the size of the displayed model, we use the wheel button of the mouse. By holding
down the wheel button we can shift the model directly. When we press the [Ctrl] key addition-
ally, we can rotate the structure. Rotating the structure is also possible by using the wheel but-
ton and holding down the right mouse button at the same time. The pointer symbols shown
on the left show the selected function.
Later, for entering data in grid points, it is important that the SNAP and GRID options in the sta-
tus bar are set active. In this way, the grid becomes visible and the points will be snapped on
the grid when clicking.
Work plane
The XY plane is set as work plane by default. With this setting all graphically entered objects
will be generated in the horizontal plane. The plane has no significance for the data input in
dialog boxes or tables.
Notice the Origin of Work Plane to X, Y, and Z coordinates are set to 0.00/0.00/0.00 respectively.
Change the Space b and h under the Grid Point Spacing to 5.00 ft each.
We close the dialog box with the [OK] button and start with the model input.
4.2.1 Floor
The floor surface consists of a rectangular and a semicircular surface.
The Surface No. of the new rectangular plate is specified with 1. It is not necessary to change
this number.
As Material, we want to add Concrete f’c = 4000 psi | ACI 318-19. We make this addition by
means of the [Material Library] button.
In the Material Library dialog box, we change the Standard group to ACI. Here we can select
Concrete f’c = 4000 psi in the Material to Select list. Click [OK] to save these material changes.
We are now back in the New Rectangular Surface dialog box. The Thickness of the surface is
Constant. We increase the value d to 8 in, either by using the spin box or by direct input.
In the dialog section Surface Type, the Stiffness is preset appropriately with Standard.
We close the dialog box with the [OK] button and start the graphical input of the slab.
We can make the surface definition easier when we set the view in –Z-direction (top view) by
using the list button shown on the left. The input mode will not be affected.
Show numbering
If we want to display the numbering of nodes, lines and surfaces, we right-click into an empty
space of the work window. A shortcut menu with useful functions appears. We activate the
Numbering (see figure shown on the left).
We can use the Display tab in the navigator to control the numbering of objects in detail.
Show numbering in shortcut menu Figure 4.5: Display navigator for numbering
Figure 4.6: List button for lines - Arc via Three Nodes
In the work window, we click the following nodes one after the other: node 3, the grid point
with the coordinates 35.00/10.00/0.00 and node 2. After clicking the last node, the arc will be
created as line 5.
4.2.2 Wall
Copy the arc
The most comfortable way to create a curved surface is copying the circular arc by specifying
particular settings for the copy process.
We click arc line 5 with the left mouse button (single click) to select it. The line is now displayed
with a different color. Yellow is preset as selection color for black backgrounds.
We use the toolbar button shown on the left to open the dialog box Move or Copy.
We increase the Number of copies to 1: With this setting the arc won't be moved but copied.
As the wall is 15 ft high (system line), we enter the value -15.00 ft for the Displacement Vector
in dZ.
Now, we click the [Details] button to specify more settings.
In the dialog section Connecting, we select the check box of the following option:
Create new surfaces between the selected lines and their copies
Then, we select surface 1 from the list to define it as Template surface. In this way, the proper-
ties of the floor slab (material, thickness) are preset for the new wall surface.
We close both dialog boxes by clicking the [OK] button.
Figure 4.12: Model in isometric view with navigator and table entries
4.2.3 Opening
4.2.3.1 Creating Opening
Now, we insert a rectangular opening into the floor slab. The data input is easier when we
reset the [View in Reverse Z-direction].
We can apply the opening directly, which means without defining lines first. We use the list
button for openings available in the toolbar and select the entry Rectangle.
We set the first opening node in grid point 5.00/15.00/0.00. The second node is defined in
grid point 15.00/10.00/0.00.
The opening is too small. We will adjust its length in the next step.
We close the input mode with the [Esc] button or with a right-click into the empty workspace.
Both nodes are listed in the Node No. box. We correct the Coordinate X by entering 16 ft, and
then we confirm the input with [OK]. Now, the opening has an appropriate length.
Alternative: It is also possible to apply the opening instantly without modifying coordinates
when we use an adjusted grid. We can use the shortcut menu when we right click on the GRID
button available in the status bar to modify the grid spacing. We can quickly open up the Work
Plane and Grid/Snap dialog box by selecting Edit. Here we can reduce the Grid Point Spacing to
1 ft (see Figure 4.1, page 10).
Now, the input of surfaces is complete.
Definition of cross-section
We click the list button [New Members Single] to open the dialog box New Member.
It is not necessary to change the default settings. We only have to create a Cross-Section. To de-
fine the cross-section at the Member start, we click the [Library] button. The cross-section data-
base appears.
In the dialog section Parametric - Massive, we select the cross-section type Circle. Another
dialog box appears.
The input command Define member is still active. Therefore, we can continue with the defini-
tion of the rear column.
We place the footing of the second column into the grid point 0.00/20.00/-15.00. The
column's top end is then defined in the grid zero point which is node 4.
To quit the input mode, we use the [Esc] key. We can also right-click into the empty work win-
dow.
4.3.2 Rib
In the next step, we enter the downstand beam below the ceiling.
This time we click the [New] button to define a cross-section at the Member start.
In the upper part of the dialog box New Cross-Section (see Figure 4.20), we select the massive
REC cross-section table. The dialog box Solid Cross-Sections - Rectangle opens where we define
the width b with 10 in and the depth h with 15 in.
We click [OK] to import the cross-section values to the dialog box New Cross-Section. Again, we
select Concrete f’c = 4000 psi | ACI 318-19 from the Material drop-down.
We click [OK] and return to the initial dialog box New Member. Now the Member start box
shows the rectangular cross-section.
With a click on the button [Edit Member Type] we open the New Rib dialog box.
Display options
RFEM displays the rib as a member that is eccentrically arranged. As the transparent rendering
model does not show surface thicknesses, we set the Solid Display Model by means of the list
button shown on the left. This display mode helps us to check the placement of the rib.
In addition, we set the rendering option Filled incl. thickness available in the Display navigator.
To adjust the display, we use the button [Move, Zoom, Rotate] (see "mouse functions" on page 9).
The pointer turns into a hand. When we hold down the [Ctrl] key additionally, we can rotate
the model by moving the pointer.
For the following input we reset the mode of the Solid Transparent Display Model. We also reset
the rendering for surfaces to Filled provided in the Display navigator in order to hide thicknesses.
Both node numbers 13 and 14 are shown in the Node No. box
We modify the type of the support because the preset support type 1 results in a restraint
about the longitudinal member axis. With a click on the button [New] (see Figure 4.25) we
open another dialog box.
In the second dialog box New Nodal Support, we remove the check mark of the Restraint for
rotation φZ’.
We confirm the dialog boxes with [OK]. Now, we see support symbols displayed on the model.
RFEM displays a support symbol next to the mouse pointer. It becomes a reticle as soon as we
approach a line. The number of the corresponding line is displayed in the status bar. We set
the support on the curved line 6.
Now, the input of the model's reinforced concrete construction is complete.
Creation of visibilities
We set the Views tab in the navigator. A number of visibilities is already available. They were
Generated by RFEM based on the data we entered.
The button [Visibility by Window] makes it possible to abstract a specific zone from the model
graphically: We activate the function and draw a window from the left to the right, completely
enclosing both column members.
Please note: If you pull up the window from the left to the right, the visibility contains only ob-
jects that are completely within this window. If you pull up the window from the right to the
left, the visibility additionally contains those objects that are cut by the window.
Now we can see that the rest of the model (floor, wall) is displayed with a lower color intensity.
The corresponding objects cannot be edited.
Then, in the dialog box Rolled Cross-Sections - I-sections (see Figure 4.31), we select the AISC
under the Manufacturer/Standard group.
Then we select W 12x65 from the cross-section table.
We make sure that Steel A992 | ANSI/AISC 360-16: 2016 is preset as Material. If not, we click
the [Edit] button in that section of the dialog box and bring up the Material Library dialog box.
In the Filter section, we set ASTM as Standard group and ANSI/AISC 360-16:2016 as Standard. Then
we select Steel A992 from the Material to Select list. We confirm all dialog boxes with [OK].
When the last node is defined, we right-click twice into the empty work window to quit the
input mode.
Both columns in our model are connected rigidly to the floor nodes 4 and 1. Though this kind
of restraint can hardly be built in reality, we do without a modeling of release properties in our
example and accept this simplification.
We want to modify the inclination of the beam by -8° About axis X. We have to enter a nega-
tive value because the objects will be rotated counterclockwise about the axis X. The shearing
is applied in vertical direction Z. Finally, we define the 1st point of the rotation axis by using the
[Select] button. We select node 15 having the coordinates 0.00/20.00/10.00 and confirm the
input with [OK].
Figure 4.35: Opening the dialog box New Member Hinge in the Data navigator
In the dialog box New Member Hinge, displacements or rotations can be selected that are re-
leased at the member end. In our example, those are the rotations φy and φz. Thus, no bending
moments can be transferred at the node.
We close the dialog box by clicking the [OK] button without modifying any data.
Hinge assignment
It would be possible to double click the member to open the dialog box Edit Member and as-
sign the hinges. However, we use a special function that is available in the following menu:
On the Insert menu, we select Model Data, point to Member Hinges and select Assign to
Members Graphically.
The dialog box Assign Member Hinges to Members Graphically appears. We open the list and se-
lect member hinge 1 that we have just defined. Then, we click [OK].
Figure 4.36: Dialog box Assign Member End Hinges to Members Graphically
We see in the work window that RFEM has applied a one-third division to the members (see
Figure 4.37). By clicking the end of a member we can define the hinge graphically at that
member end. However, we click member 5 in its middle area to assign the hinge to both sides.
Nodes and lines are merged automatically with already defined objects.
4.5.2 Purlins
4.5.2.1 Defining Members Individually
Again, we use the list button [New Member] for the definition of both purlins. We select the
option Single Member and open the dialog box New Member.
We set the Member Type to Beam. We define a cross-section for the Member start by using the
[Import from Cross-Section Library] button again.
The dialog box Cross-Section Library opens where we click the button [I-Sections] under the
Rolled section (see Figure 4.30, page 32).
Then, in the dialog box Rolled Cross-Sections - I-sections, we select the AISC under the Manufac-
turer/Standard group. Then we select W 10x49 from the cross-section table.
We make sure that Steel A992 | ANSI/AISC 360-16:2016 is set as Material.
To quit the input mode, we use the [Esc] key or right-click into the empty work window.
Definition of eccentricity
We double-click the purlin at the high eaves (member 11). In the dialog box Edit Member, we
change to the dialog tab Options. In the dialog section Member Eccentricity, we click the [New]
button to open the dialog box New Member Eccentricity.
Figure 4.42: Dialog box New Member, tab Options and dialog box New Member Eccentricity
We select the option Transverse offset from cross-section of other object. In our example, the
Object is the column: We use the [Select] function to select Member 6 graphically.
Then we define the Axis offset in direction of the positive cross-section axis z.
Finally, in the dialog section Axial offset from adjoining members, we select the check boxes for
Member start and Member end to arrange the offset on both sides.
After confirming all dialog boxes we can check the result with a maximized view (for example
zooming by rolling the wheel button, moving by holding down the wheel button, rotating by
holding down the wheel button and keeping the right mouse button pressed).
We place the pointer into column I and enter 1, which is the number of the eccentricity that we
have just defined. We can also select it from the list.
After leaving the table cell with the [Tab] or [↵] key, we see the modification displayed in the
graphic.
In the same way, it would be possible to define another eccentricity for the horizontal beams.
However, as these members are connected to the column webs, we want to neglect those
additional moments in our example.
4.5.3 Diagonal
The final member that we insert is a diagonal for stiffening. Generally, bracings are defined
crosswise but the calculation in the demo version only allows for 12 members. The member
type will be defined as a Truss which is a beam member with moment releases at both ends.
Then, in the dialog box Rolled Cross-Sections - Angles, we select AISC under the Manufacturer/
Standard group. Then we select L 6x6x3/4 from the cross-section table (see Figure 4.46).
We create a new material by selecting the [Import from Material Library] button. Here we will
choose ASTM under the Standard group dropdown and select Steel A36: ANSI/AISC 360-05:
2005-03 from the list.
Figure 4.46: Defining tension member with cross-section L 6x6x3/4 and material Steel A36
To quit the input mode, we use the [Esc] key or right-click into the empty work window.
Again, we can check the result in a maximized view by using the zoom and moving function
(see page 9).
Saving data
Finally, the input of model data is complete. To save our file,
we select Save on the File menu
or use the toolbar button shown on the left.
5. Loads
The Data navigator contains the following entries in the folder Load Cases and Combinations:
• Load cases
• Actions
• Combination expressions
• Action combinations
• Load combinations
• Result combinations
We define the actual loading like self-weight, snow and wind load in load cases. Then, load
cases are organized in actions and superimposed with partial safety factors according to the
combination expressions of the Standard (see Chapter 6).
Figure 5.2: Dialog box Edit Load Cases and Combinations, tabs Load Cases and General
5.1.1 Self-weight
The Self-Weight of surfaces and members in direction Z is automatically taken into account
when the factor Active is specified with -1.000.
We click the [Units and Decimal Places] button at the bottom of this dialog box to launch the
Units and Decimal Places dialog box.
Here we will select the Loads tab and adjust the units to what is shown in Figure 5.4.
We click [OK] to save the changes and exit the Units and Decimal Places dialog box.
Back in the New Surface Load dialog box (Figure 5.3), the floor structure is acting as load type
Force, the load distribution is Uniform. We accept these presettings as well as the setting ZL for
Global in the dialog section Load Direction.
In the dialog section Load Magnitude, we enter a value of -0.030 ksf (see Chapter 2.3, page 7).
Then, we close the dialog box by clicking [OK].
Now, we can assign the load graphically to the floor surface: We can see that a small load sym-
bol has appeared next to the pointer. This symbol disappears as soon as we move the pointer
across a surface. We apply the load to the floor with a click on surface 1.
The load is set as load type Force with the Load Distribution Linear In Z. Thus, we select Local z
as Load Direction.
To enter the Load Magnitude, we use the [Select] button to select significant locations on the
model to which we assign load ordinates: We click Node No. 2 and enter the Magnitude 0 ksf.
Then, we click the [Select] button again to select Node No. 6 to which we assign the Magnitude
-0.120 ksf (see Chapter 2.3, page 7). We enter the load with a negative number because the lo-
cal z-axis of the surface is directed to the outside.
Figure 5.7: Linearly variable surface load (earth pressure) with display of local surface axes
Figure 5.8: Dialog box Convert Area Loads to Member Loads via Planes
We confirm the dialog settings with [OK]. An Info dialog box appears showing us information
about the conversion of area load values into member loads. We confirm this dialog data as well.
The loading is represented as roof area load. To display the generated loads acting on both
purlins, we right-click this load and open its shortcut menu where we select the option Display
Separately.
Now, the input for the load case Dead Load is complete.
Figure 5.10: Dialog box Edit Load Cases and Combinations, tab Load Cases
The imposed load is acting as load type Force, the load distribution is Uniform. We accept these
presettings as well as the setting ZL for Global in the dialog section Load Direction.
In the dialog section Load Magnitude, we enter a value of -0.060 ksf (see Chapter 2.3, page 7).
Then, we close the dialog box by clicking [OK].
The line load as load type Force with a Uniform load distribution is acting in the load direction ZL.
In the dialog section Load Parameters, we enter -0.035 kip/ft. After clicking the [OK] button we
click line 11 at the edge of the opening (check by display in status bar).
To quit the input mode, we use the [Esc] key or right-click into the empty work window.
Figure 5.13: Dialog box Edit Load Cases and Combinations, tab Load Cases
5.3.1 Roof
To enter the snow load for the monopitch roof, we use a load generator again. To open the
corresponding dialog box, we point to
Generate Loads on the Tools menu and select Convert Area Loads to Member Loads
via Plane.
In this dialog box (see Figure 5.14) we specify the following settings:
The Area Load Direction of the roof structure is Global related to the true area ZL with the Area
Load Magnitude -0.025 ksf (see Chapter 2.3, page 7).
Then, we define the plane of the area load graphically by means of the [Select] button: In the
work window, we click the four corner nodes of the roof area 20, 16, 15 and 19 one after the
other. We close the selection window with [OK].
Again, we want to create Member loads, but both monopitch roof beams do not make a con-
tribution to the load transfer (the snow loads are introduced into the structural system by the
roof's supporting structure via purlins). We use the [Select] button shown on the left, available
in the dialog section Remove Influence from - Members parallel to member, to select one of the
horizontal beams graphically (member 8 or 5).
Figure 5.14: Dialog box Convert Area Loads to Member Loads via Planes
We confirm the dialog settings with [OK]. An Info dialog box appears showing us information
about the conversion of area load values into member loads. We confirm this dialog data as
well. The load is represented as roof area load with a value of 0.025 ksf.
To display the generated loads acting on both purlins, we can right click on the area load and
choose Display Separately which is available in the load shortcut menu. In this way, we can
make visible both member loads of 0.263 kip/ft each.
5.3.2 Floor
Snow loading also acts on the semicircular area of the floor surface. As surface 1 is stressed on-
ly partially by snow, we cannot use the function New Surface Load. In the full and trial versions
of RFEM, it would be advisable to subdivide the floor into two surfaces in order to simply set a
surface load on the semicircular surface. As the demo version allows only for two surfaces used
in the model, we choose a more complex input option.
First, we set the [View in Reverse Z-direction]. Then, we select plane [XY] as our new work plane.
We define the snow load as Free Polygon Load. We find the corresponding function in the list of
the toolbar button [New Load] (to the right of the [Surface Load] button).
Figure 5.15: Defining new free polygon load by clicking arc points
We define the Load Position in the work window by using the [Select] button: We start at arc
node 3 at the top of the arc, and then we use the reticle cursor to click any points on the arc
line one after the other so that we approach the semicircular surface with a polygonal chain.
As soon as we reach the arc end at node 2, we close the yellow dialog box with [OK].
In the dialog section Corner Point Numbers and Load Magnitudes, we enter the value -0.025 ksf.
We click [OK]. RFEM puts the load on the semicircular surface.
We close the input mode with the [Esc] button or a right-click into the empty workspace. Then,
we change to the [Isometric View].
Figure 5.17: Dialog box Edit Load Cases and Combinations, tab Load Cases
In the Load Case Description text box, we type Wind Load in the +Y and set the Action Category
to Wind.
Figure 5.18: Dialog box Convert Area Loads to Member Loads via Planes
After clicking [OK] a dialog box appears showing us information about the generation data. We
click [OK] to confirm the dialog box. Now, we can see the wind loads displayed as surface loads
on the model (see Figure 5.21).
In addition, we can use the option Display Separately available in the load shortcut menu to
make the member loads visible.
We click [OK]. Now we see the member load represented on the column (see Figure 5.21).
We click [OK]. Now we see the member load represented on the second column.
The RFEM graphic showing the generated and manually defined wind loads should look like
the figure below.
The loading's graphical input is also reflected in both the Data navigator tree and the tables.
We can access the load data in table 3. Loads which can be set with the button shown on the
left.
Again, graphic and tables are interactive: To find a load in the table, for example a member
wind load, we set table 3.2 Member Loads, and then we select the load in the work window. We
see that the pointer jumps into the corresponding row of the table.
6. Combination of Actions
We combine the load cases according to ASCE 7. We take advantage of the generator integrat-
ed in the program to superimpose the actions with the required partial safety factors and
combination coefficients. The relevant conditions have already been created when the model
was defined in the dialog box General Data where we have selected the option Create combi-
nations automatically (see Figure 3.1, page 8).
The Action Category defined for the load cases (see Figure 5.17, page 60) determines the way
how load cases are combined in different design situations.
The subsequent table 2.2 Actions shows us the load cases that are contained in the individual
actions. Each load case of our example is assigned to another action. However, if we had de-
fined several wind load cases for different directions, they all would be listed in the action
Wind.
For our example we will use only the LRFD load combinations from Section 2.3 (LRFD) in the
ASCE 7-16.
Section 2.4 (ASD) load combinations are also listed in this table automatically. We can click on
any cell within this row and click the Empty Row button in the toolbar to delete these combi-
nations. If we later decide we want to analyze ASD load combinations in addition to LRFD, we
can use the drop-down box under Design Situation to select Section 2.4 (ASD) again.
We use the navigator shortcut menu to open the dialog box Edit Load Cases and Combinations
and to Edit the parameters of the combination expression CE1.
Figure 6.5: Dialog box Edit Load Cases and Combinations, tab Combination Expressions
We can see the Method of Analysis is set to Second-Order analysis (P-delta) for all load com-
binations. Each load combination generated from the ASCE 7 will be set to this analysis meth-
od. You will have the option though, in a later discussion, to set an individual load combina-
tion to another method of analysis.
Before we close the dialog box Edit Load Cases and Combinations with [OK], we make sure that
the option Generate additionally Either/Or result combination in the General tab is checked
as well. This result combination provides the extreme values from the results of all load combi-
nations (envelope).
RFEM creates the action combinations. When we click table tab 2.4 Action Combinations and
return to table 2.3, the column Generated Action Combinations informs us that 26 combinations
were created.
Figure 6.6: Table 2.3 Combination Expressions, table column Generated Action Combinations
This overview corresponds to the presentation of actions described in the Standard. By selecting
the check box in the Use column we can define the action combinations which will be considered
for the generation of load combinations. We can see that corresponding action combinations
that are not controlling are automatically disabled.
Table columns D to K inform us about load cases including respective load factors.
We use the navigator shortcut menu shown on the left to open the Edit Load Cases and Combi-
Shortcut menu Load Combinations nations dialog box where we look at the created load combinations.
Figure 6.9: Dialog box Edit Load Cases and Combinations, tab Load Combinations
When we select the Existing Load Combinations one after the other in the list, the relevant load
cases and their combination factors are displayed in the dialog section to the right.
Furthermore, we can use the Calculation Parameters tab to check the specifications applied by
RFEM for the calculation of different load combinations. Basically, load combinations are ana-
lyzed non-linearly according to the Second-order analysis (P-Delta).
Figure 6.11: Dialog box Edit Load Cases and Combinations, tab Result Combinations
All load combinations are superimposed with factor 1.00 and the criterion Permanent. They all
are assigned to group 1, which means that they act alternatively.
Now, the superposition criteria is completely defined. We can save the input with the [Save]
button.
7. Calculation
7.1 Checking Input Data
Before we calculate the model, we want RFEM to check our input. To open the corresponding
dialog box,
we select Plausibility Check on the Tools menu.
The dialog box Plausibility Check opens where we define the following settings.
Figure 7.4: Dialog boxes Edit Node and New FE-Mesh Refinement
A refinement area represented as spherical form is displayed on the selected node (see Figure 7.6).
Now, we have to transfer the FE mesh refinement to the second end node of the downstand
beam. In the Data navigator, we double-click entry 1 listed below the FE Mesh Refinements to
access the Edit FE-Mesh Refinement dialog box.
We click the [Select] button in the dialog section Node No. to select the second node of the rib
graphically in the work window.
Figure 7.5: Defining the second node graphically by using the [Select] function
8. Results
8.1 Graphical Results
As soon as the calculation is complete, RFEM shows the deformations of the active load case.
We can see check boxes placed in front of each result category (for example Global Deforma-
tions, Members, Surfaces, Support Reactions). When we select a box, we see the corresponding
deformation or internal force displayed in RFEM. In front of the entries listed in the categories
we see even more check boxes by which we can set the type of results to be displayed.
Finally, we can browse the single load cases and load combinations. The variety of result cate-
gories allows us to display deformations, internal forces of members and surfaces as well as
stresses or support forces.
Display of values
The color scale in the control panel informs us about the assignment of color ranges. Moreo-
ver, we can switch on the result values for particular locations by checking the option Values
on Surfaces in the Results navigator. We check the option to display all values of the FE mesh
On grid and user-defined points. Additionally, we deactivate the option Extreme Values.
Table display
The results tables are displayed automatically as soon as the structure is calculated. Like for the
numerical input we see various tables with results. Table 4.0 Summary offers us a summary of
the calculation process, sorted by load cases and combinations.
To select other tables, we click their table tabs. To find specific results in the table, for example
the internal forces of the floor slab, we set Table 4.15 Surfaces - Basic Internal Forces. Now, we
select the surface in the graphic (setting the Solid Transparent Display Model makes our selec-
tion easier), and we see that RFEM jumps to the surface's basic internal forces in the table. The
current grid point, that means the position of the pointer in the table row, is indicated by a
marking arrow in the graphic.
Figure 8.7: Surface internal forces in Table 4.14 and marker of current grid point in the model
Like the browsing function in the main toolbar we can use the buttons [] and [] to select the
load cases in the table. We can also use the list in the table toolbar to set a particular load case.
When we click [OK], RFEM updates the result values in the table. A recalculation is not required
because the grid point results are determined from the values available in the FE nodes.
8.3.1 Visibilities
We have already worked with visibilities when we entered the steel frame (see Chapter 4.5.1,
page 31). Those visibility functions are also useful when evaluating the results.
The display shows the concrete columns including results. The remaining model is displayed
only in gray and without results.
As already described, we can change the display of result types (deformations, internal forces,
stresses etc.) in the Results navigator (see Figure 8.3, page 76).
With the panel button [Options] we can additionally activate the option Smooth color transition.
Then, in the Results navigator, we select the axial forces N of members. We can deactivate the
results of Surfaces.
Then, we use the [Select] function to click column member M7 in the work window. After
closing the dialog boxes with [OK], all members in vertical position are highlighted.
We will turn off the numbering by right clicking in the work window and clicking on Show
Numbering again to disable the graphical view of the elements’ numbers.
Figure 8.19: Changing extreme value for display and [Fill]ing the value scale
We reduce the extreme value of the compression force as shown in the figure above, for ex-
ample for CO10 (-40.000 kip/ft instead of -174.020 kip/ft). We also redcue the extreme value of
the tension force for CO10 (15.000 kip/ft instead of 19.152 kip/ft). Finally, we subdivide the
value spectrum into equal ranges between top and bottom limit value by clicking the button
[Fill].
After clicking [OK], the force distribution is more differentiated (see Figure 8.20). The zone
where lifting forces occur is clearly visible. Locations of singularities not covered by the color
scale have no colors.
Figure 8.20: Distribution of wall axial forces with adjusted value scale (adapted peaks, compression and tension zone)
In the navigator, we select the check boxes for the global deformations u and the internal forces
My/Mu and VL. The last option represents the longitudinal shear force between surface and
member. These forces are displayed when the button [Results with Ribs Component] is set ac-
tive in the toolbar. When we click the button to turn it on and off, we can clearly see the differ-
ence between pure member internal forces and rib internal forces with integration compo-
nents from the surfaces.
To adjust the size of the displayed result diagrams, we use the buttons [+] and [-].
The buttons [] and [] for load case selection are also available in the result diagram window.
But we can also use the list to set the results of a load case.
We quit the function Result Diagrams by closing the window.
The dialog box New Section opens where we enter the Section Name Center because we want
to define the section along the plate center.
Then, we define the edge points of the section graphically by using the [Select] function: We
click the midpoint of line 1 (global coordinates 0.00/10.00/0.00), and then we select arc node 5.
We also check the Show result diagrams in dialog box option. We accept the remaining pre-
settings and confirm the dialog box with [OK].
We [Close] the Result Diagram window. Now, we see the section as well displayed in the RFEM
work window where we set the basic internal forces mx.
We switch off the surface results to display only the diagrams of the section (see Figure 8.27).
With the filled display option for sections available in the Display navigator we can highlight
the moment diagram in the model.
9. Documentation
9.1 Creating Printout Report
It is not recommended to send the complex results output of an FE calculation directly to the
printer. Therefore, RFEM generates a print preview first, which is called "printout report" con-
taining input and results data. We use this report to determine the data that we want to in-
clude in the printout. Moreover, we can add graphics, descriptions, or scans.
To open the printout report,
we select Open Printout Report on the File menu
or we use the button shown on the left. A dialog box appears where we can click the [New
Printout Report] button then specify a Template as a sample for the new printout report.
We accept template 1 - Input data and reduced results and generate the print preview with [OK].
A dialog box appears, offering detailed selection options for RC results of members (see Figure 9.4).
Figure 9.4: Reducing output of internal forces by means of Printout Report Selection
We place the pointer in table cell 4.12 Cross-Sections - Internal Forces (see Figure 9.4). The button
[...] becomes active which opens the dialog box Details - Internal Forces by Cross Section. Now,
we reduce the output to the Extreme values of the member internal forces N, Vz, My and Mz.
After confirming the dialog boxes, RFEM adjusts the output of internal forces accordingly.
Figure 9.5: Extreme values of member internal forces N, Vz, My and Mz in printout report
We set the print parameters as shown in Figure 9.7. We do not need to modify the settings of
the other dialog tabs.
We click [OK] to print the deformation graphic into the printout report. The graphic appears at
the end of chapter Results - Result Combinations.
The window shows the result diagrams of RC1. For our printout we select only the check boxes
of the internal forces Vz and My. The result diagram shows us the Max and Min Values.
With the [Print] button we open the dialog box Graphic Printout. We can keep the default set-
tings of the tab General. In the Options tab, we change some settings.
In the dialog box Languages, we set German (or another language) as the new language. We
can check the corresponding modifications in the print preview when we click [OK].
User-defined entries such as load case descriptions or comments won't be translated. We can
then go back to English (USA) with the same steps mentioned above.
10. Outlook
Now we have reached the end of our example. We hope that this tutorial helps you to get
started with RFEM and makes you curious to discover more of the program functions. You can
find a detailed program description in the RFEM manual that you can download on our website.
With the Help menu or the [F1] key it is possible to open the program's online help system
where you can search for particular terms like in the manual. The help system is based on the
RFEM manual.
Finally, if you have any questions, you are welcome to use our free e-mail hotline or consult the
FAQ or Knowledge Base pages on our website.
This example can be continued in the add-on modules, for example for steel and reinforced
concrete design (RF-STEEL Members/AISC, RF-CONCRETE Surfaces/ Members, or RF-STABILITY).
To comply with the demo restrictions of the RF-STEEL AISC module, for example, you can re-
place the cross-sections of the steel beams by W 12x26 sections. In this way, you will be able to
perform the design, get an insight into the functionality of the add-on modules.