Signal Analysis and Processing #1

01OGGPT - Signal analysis and processing
PROF. FABIO DOVIS
Prof. Fabio Dovis

 Politecnico di Torino - Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
Digital Signal Processing
 Digital signal processing (DSP) is the application of an appropriate

sequence of arithmetic or logical operations (algorithm) to a series of
digital values series (e.g. binary digits) which represents (exactly or
sufficiently approximate) a signal (which if, generally, originally
analog).
 Purposes of the processing:

 Modify the signal
 Improve its quality
 Extract information from it
 DSP is now extensively used in the largest part of electronic devices
Master Veicoli Speciali

1
From DSP to PC …
 Until a few years ago, the ENS was the almost exclusive preserve of
microprocessors specifically dedicated to the purpose: the DSP (Digital Signal
Processor).
 DSP devices use a particular architecture specially designed to perform many mathematical
operations (also parallel) in extremely short times.
 The speed of calculation is essential when it is necessary to process a (digital) signal in real
time.
 Recently, the unstoppable rise in performance of Personal Computers made

many algorithms that were designed for DSPs usable on CPUs of normal PC.
 Image processing
 Audio processing
 …

2
Examples of DSP applications
 VOICE SIGNALS PROCESSING

 Storage of signals (CD, DVD, MP3)
 Signal transmission (Mobile telephony)
 Improvement of certain qualities of a signal (for example, the intelligibility of the human
voice)
 Synthesis of signals that simulate human voice.
 Recognition of sentences spoken by a speaker.
 Identification of the speaker.
 PROCESSING OF SEISMIC SIGNALS

 Location and measurement of the intensity of earthquakes.
 Assistance to drilling operations for oil exploration.
 PROCESSING OF RADAR SIGNALS

 Location and calculation of the speed and trajectory of an object

3
Examples of DSP applications
 IMAGE PROCESSING
 Signal storage (DVD, JPEG, MPEG)
 Signal transmission (digital terrestrial TV, satellite TV)
 Photographs, taken from space probes, of the earth, the moon and other
planets.
 Weather maps.
 Reconstruction of images from projections (TAC)
 The image captured by the lens of the camera is transformed into a

digital signal, then manipulated, generally to improve its readability,
i.e. to facilitate the extraction of that information for which the image
was taken

4
Starting for analog signals…
 DSP works with digital signals, i.e. represented by vectors of integer

numbers (stored in RAM and binary-encoded)
BUT
 The "real" signals, normally processed by "classic" electronics are by
their nature strictly analog:
 Electrical signals, representative of signals of other nature (for example music
and / or voice) that vary continuously over time
 They can take any value between a minimum and a maximum, continuously
varying over time.

5
… to digital signals
 The "understandable" signals to a PC or DSP are instead numbers

(generally encoded in binary code), whose value represents the signal
at a well-defined instant of time, ie those signals called digital.
 To apply DSP techniques to "real" signals, it is necessary to convert

them into digital format (and vice versa) analog analog-to-digital
(ADC) and digital-to-analog (DAC) converters.
Analog Digital DAC

signal signal
ADC DSP
Feature
extraction
Sampling Theorem

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Analog-to-digital conversion
Analog Sampling
t
t
Quantization 1010
1010
1001
1001
1000
Digital
1000 0111
0111 0110
0110 0101
0101 0100
0100 0011
0011 0010
0010 0001
0001 0000
0000
t
t 0011 – 0011 – 0100 – 0100 – 0100 – 0100 – 0010 - 0010
7
Discrete-Time signals
 In general, discrete-time signals are defined with respect to an

independent variable that takes only integer values, generically
indicated with the letter 𝑛.
 These signals are therefore represented by a sequence of numbers

indexed by the discrete time variable 𝑛 : 𝑥(𝑛), 𝑥[𝑛], 𝑥𝑛
 𝑥(𝑛) is called "numeric" (or "digital") if it assumes only discrete

amplitudes.

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Discrete-Time signals
 «Intrinsically» Discrete signals:

 stock quotes, defined at regular time intervals
 numbers deriving from lottery draws
 temperature measurements made at discrete time intervals.
 Discrete signals obtained by "sampling" analog signals:

 samples of a musical signal stored on a CD or on the hard disk of our PC
 samples of an image transmitted over the network.

9
Duration of a sequence
 A sequence can have:

 finite duration, if it is identically zero outside a finite interval of time [𝑛1, 𝑛2]
 infinite duration, if it lasts in an infinite time interval, which can be bilateral (−∞, +∞) or
monolateral [𝑛1, + ∞) 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, 𝑛2).
 The temporal support of a sequence of finite duration is equal to 𝑁 = 𝑛2 − 𝑛1 +
1.
x n 
n1 n2 n

10
Causality
 A sequence is said to be causal if it is identically null for values 𝑛 < 0,

anti-casual if it is identically null for values 𝑛 ≥ 0.
 A sequence that presents non-zero samples in both the positive and
negative axes of the discrete time is called the bilateral.
x n  x n 
causal anti-causal
n n
11
Parity
 A real sequence 𝑥(𝑛) (i.e. made of real values) is:

 Even (symmetric) , if 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑥(−𝑛)
 Odd (anti-symmetric), if 𝑥(𝑛) = −𝑥(−𝑛)
x n  x n 
even odd
n
n
12
Parity
 A complex sequence 𝑥(𝑛) (i.e. made of complex values) is:

 conjugate symmetric, if 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑥 ∗ (−𝑛)
 conjugate anti-symmetric, if 𝑥(𝑛) = −𝑥 ∗ (−𝑛)
 Any complex sequence 𝑥(𝑛) can be written as the sum of a conjugate

symmetric sequence 𝑥𝑠 (𝑛) and a congjugate anti-symmetric one 𝑥𝑎𝑠 (𝑛):
1 1 ∗
𝑥𝑠 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 −𝑛
2 2
1 1 ∗
𝑥𝑎𝑠 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 −𝑛
2 2
13
Parity
 conjugate symmetric,
if 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑥 ∗ (−𝑛)
14
Periodicity
 A sequence 𝑥(𝑛) is periodic if it is possible to find a discrete time

interval N so that 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥(𝑛 ± 𝑁)
 The period is the smallest positive integer value 𝑁 for which the
previous relation is valid.
 Note that if a sequence is periodic of period 𝑁 it is periodic also of 𝑘𝑁 (being
𝑘 a positive integer value).
x n 
15
Sequences with limited amplitude
 A sequence 𝑥(𝑛) is limited if for any dicrete time value 𝑛 it takes

values in a finite interval, i.e.:
xn   X 0   , n
being 𝑋0 a real finite constant and positive value.
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Summable sequences
Sequences summable in absolute sense


 xn  
n  
Sequences summable in quadratic sense

 xn  
2
n  
17

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01OGGPT - Signal analysis and processing

PROF. FABIO DOVIS

Prof. Fabio Dovis

 Digital signal processing (DSP) is the application of an appropriate

 Purposes of the processing:

 DSP is now extensively used in the largest part of electronic devices

Master Veicoli Speciali

 Recently, the unstoppable rise in performance of Personal Computers made

Master Veicoli Speciali

 VOICE SIGNALS PROCESSING

 PROCESSING OF SEISMIC SIGNALS

 PROCESSING OF RADAR SIGNALS

Master Veicoli Speciali

 The image captured by the lens of the camera is transformed into a

Master Veicoli Speciali

 DSP works with digital signals, i.e. represented by vectors of integer

Master Veicoli Speciali

 The "understandable" signals to a PC or DSP are instead numbers

 To apply DSP techniques to "real" signals, it is necessary to convert

Analog Digital DAC

Master Veicoli Speciali

 In general, discrete-time signals are defined with respect to an

 These signals are therefore represented by a sequence of numbers

 𝑥(𝑛) is called "numeric" (or "digital") if it assumes only discrete

Master Veicoli Speciali

 «Intrinsically» Discrete signals:

 Discrete signals obtained by "sampling" analog signals:

Master Veicoli Speciali

 A sequence can have:

Master Veicoli Speciali

 A sequence is said to be causal if it is identically null for values 𝑛 < 0,

 A real sequence 𝑥(𝑛) (i.e. made of real values) is:

 A complex sequence 𝑥(𝑛) (i.e. made of complex values) is:

 Any complex sequence 𝑥(𝑛) can be written as the sum of a conjugate

 A sequence 𝑥(𝑛) is periodic if it is possible to find a discrete time

 A sequence 𝑥(𝑛) is limited if for any dicrete time value 𝑛 it takes

being 𝑋0 a real finite constant and positive value.

Sequences summable in absolute sense

Sequences summable in quadratic sense

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