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LCS Assignment 1

This document presents a circuit design for controlling the speed of a permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor using pulse width modulation (PWM). It includes: 1) Block diagrams and descriptions of the equivalent circuit and mathematical model of a PMDC motor. 2) An explanation of how PWM works and how duty cycle controls motor speed. 3) A circuit diagram of a 555 timer PWM generator and simulations showing different duty cycles. 4) A block diagram integrating the 555 timer controller with a PMDC motor to allow speed control via the potentiometer-adjusted duty cycle.

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Ahad Munawar
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134 views7 pages

LCS Assignment 1

This document presents a circuit design for controlling the speed of a permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor using pulse width modulation (PWM). It includes: 1) Block diagrams and descriptions of the equivalent circuit and mathematical model of a PMDC motor. 2) An explanation of how PWM works and how duty cycle controls motor speed. 3) A circuit diagram of a 555 timer PWM generator and simulations showing different duty cycles. 4) A block diagram integrating the 555 timer controller with a PMDC motor to allow speed control via the potentiometer-adjusted duty cycle.

Uploaded by

Ahad Munawar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hardware Design Assignment

NAME: MUHAMMAD AHAD MUNAWAR


REG NO: BSEE02183092
SECTOIN: B
SUBJECT: LINEAR CONTROL SYSTEM
SUBMITTED TO: SIR ABDUL REHMAN YASEEN
Present a complete block diagram along with your proposed
electronic circuit for speed control of a permanent magnet DC
motor.

PMDC Motor:
DC motor and generator are the examples of electromechanical system which are used in
various control system applications. PMDC machine used in electrical systems and
mechanical systems which is composed of field poles, armature winding and later comprises
of commutator and load. This inhibits low inertia, high starting torque and starting current.
The mechanical and electrical properties of electromechanical devices are needed to derive
mathematical models.

PMDC motor schematic diagram:


The equivalent circuit of the PMDC motor is shown in Figure below,

Figure 1: Equivalent Circuit of PMDC Motor

where Va is the input voltage to the PMDC motor in volts, Ra and ia are the resistance and
current of the armature, La is the inductance of the armature windings, and Eb is the back
emf. Te is the electromechanical torque (N.m), Jeq is the moment of inertia of the motor plus
flywheel plus generator (Kg.m2), B is the viscous friction coefficient (N.m.s/rad), and ω is
the angular speed of the DC motor (rad/sec). Kb is back emf constant (V/rad/s) and Kt is
torque constant (N.m/A).

Block diagram of PMDC Motor Model:


The mathematical model of the electrical circuit of the PMDC motor is shown below:

Figure 2: Block diagram of PMDC Motor Model


PWM Signal for controlling the speed of PMDC Motor:

Method of controlling the speed of a permanent magnet DC motor, is by using something


called a Pulse Width Modulation signal, or PWM signal for short. PWM is widely used for
motor controlling, lighting controlling etc. A rectangular wave with fixed amplitude (a fixed
voltage power supply switched on & off) with a variable duty cycle is main idea behind
PWM wave. Duty cycle of the PWM: The percentage of time in which the PWM signal
remains HIGH (on time) is called as duty cycle. If the signal is always ON it is in 100% duty
cycle and if it is always off it is 0`)/0 duty cycle. Duty Cycle =Turn ON time/ (Turn ON time
+ Turn OFF time)

Figure 3: PWM Duty Cycle

Speed Controller Simulation Circuit:

U1(VCC)
R1
1k

U1
8

4 3
R2
VCC

R Q
33 A
7
DC
B
D3 D1 5
CV
1N4001 1N4001 C

D
GND

2 6
TR TH
51%

RV1
1

555
50k
C1
C3
0.1uF
0.01uF

Figure 4: 555 Timer PWM Generator Circuit Diagram


Here we have controlled the output frequency of the PWM signal by selecting resistor RV1
and capacitor C1. We have used a variable resistor in place of fixed resistor for changing duty
cycle of the output signal. Capacitor Charging through D1 diode and Discharge through D2
diode will generates PWM signal at 555 timer's output pin. Output

Output Results:

At 99% Duty Cycle:

At 90% Duty Cycle:

At 50% Duty Cycle:


At 25% Duty Cycle:

At 0% Duty Cycle:

Speed Controller Circuit Block Diagram:

Figure 5: Block Diagram of PWM Generator 555 Timer Controller


Circuit Diagram of Speed Controller with PMDC Motor:

Figure 6: Circuit if 555 IC Controller with PMDC Motor

Complete Proposed circuit for Speed Control of PMDC Motor:

U1(VCC)
R1
1k

U1
8

4 3
R2
VCC

R Q
33
7
DC

D3 D1
kRPM

5
-0.50

CV
1N4001 1N4001
GND

2 6
TR TH
11%

RV1
1

555
50k
C1
C3
0.1uF
0.01uF

Figure 7: Simulated circuit if 555 IC Controller with PMDC Motor


In figure 7 circuit the speed of PMDC Motor can be control by changing the value of
potentiometer which will actually changes the duty cycle of PWM signal, which will be
behave as a input of PMDC motor.
Increases the duty cycle will increases the speed of PMDC motor and similarly decreases the
duty cycle will decreases the speed of PMDC motor.

Complete Block diagram of PMDC motor with Controller:

Figure 8: Complete block diagram for speed control of PMDC motor.

Figure 8 shows a complete block diagram for speed control of PMDC motor in which in start
we will set our desired speed and then a 555 Timer Controller is attached which will gets its
power from DC Power Supply and then generates a PWM signal then further attaching a
signal amplifier will increases the power of the PWM signal then that signal will be supplied
to the PMDC motor and to maintain a speed a tachometer is attached in negative feedback
which will give feedback to increase or decrease the speed of PMDC motor.

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