12/16/2020

Addis Ababa Science and Technology University Initial Probing Questions

• Why this course?
College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering – Open content course!
– Expected to fill the dynamism of the field of
Department of Computer Engineering computing.
Selected Topics in Computer • What do you expect from this course?
Engineering (CoEg5851) • What content (specific topics) are we going to
By discuss?
Asrat M. (PhD)

December 2020
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Topics to be covered What is CE?

• Introduction
– What is Computing • Specific Applications in • Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting
– What is CE? – Agriculture from, or creating a mathematical sequence of steps known as
– CE Technical Spectrum – Aviation an algorithm — e.g. through computers.
• Emerging trends in Computing – Medicine
– Networking, Wireless and mobile – Materials and textile science
• Computing includes
systems
– Construction and architecture – designing, developing and building hardware and software
•
•
5G/6G, IoT and IoE, Li-Fi
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) – Optoelectronics
systems;
• Software Defined Networks (SDN) – Energy – processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of
• Cognitive Radio (CR)
– Entertainment and movie information;
– Blockchain or Distributed Ledger
Technology industry – doing scientific research on and with computers;
– AI and Robotics – Neuroscience – making computer systems behave intelligently; and
• Self driving cars – Military – creating and using communications and entertainment media;
– Storage Technologies – Space exploration
• Nonvolatile Memory – finding and gathering information relevant to any particular
• DNA digital data storage
– Robotics purpose, and so on.
• – Transportation
•
Emergent memory technologies
4G optical discs
– The list is virtually endless, and the possibilities are vast.
– Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality • That is taken from ACM’s definition of the term COMPUTING!
– Cyber Physical Systems (CPS)
– Quantum Computing
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What is CE? What is CS?

• By the same organization, computing is also • The field of computing includes
defined as a discipline – computer science,
– The discipline of computing is the systematic study – computer engineering,
of algorithmic processes that describe and
transform information: their theory, analysis, – information systems,
design, efficiency, implementation, and – information technology, and
application. – software engineering.
– The fundamental question underlying all
computing is "What can be (efficiently)
automated?"

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Evolution of Computing Disciplines Comparison Framework: The Problem

Space of Computing
• EE: Electrical
Engineering
• CE: Computer
Engineering
• CS: Computer
Science
• SE: Software
Engineering
• IT: Information
Technology
• IS: Information
Systems
Configuration

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Computer Engineering Computer Science

• From theory to
• Design and programming
construction of • Design and
computers and implement software
computer-based • Devise new ways to
systems use computers
–Challenging
• Hardware, software, applications: robotics,
communications, artificial intelligence,
computer vision,
and interaction bioinformatics, etc.
among them • Develop effective
• Digital hardware ways to solve
• Software for digital computing
devices and problems
– Better ways to store
interfaces to other and access data, process
systems data, send data over a
network, display data
• Embedded systems and images

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Information Systems Information Technology

• Integrate •Meet computer
information technology needs
technology of business,
solutions and
government,
business processes
healthcare,
• Focus on
schools, etc.
information aspects
more than on •Focus on
technology aspects technology
– (Compare to aspects more
Information than information
Technology) aspects
– Business and – (Compare to
enterprise Information
applications to Systems)
achieve business
goals

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CE
Software Engineering
Knowledge Areas or Technical Spectrum
•Develop and
maintain software
systems that
–Behave reliably
and efficiently
–Are affordable to
develop and
maintain
–Satisfy all
customer
requirements
•Large, expensive,
complex systems
•Safety-critical and
mission-critical
applications

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Networking, Wireless and Mobile

Probing Questions
Systems
• What have you learnt in Computer • 5G/6G, IoT and IoE, Li-Fi
Networking? • Network Function Virtualization (NFV)
– Five keywords or phrases • Software Defined Networks (SDN)
• Technologies/Brands/Systems/etc
• Cognitive Radio (CR)
• Name at least three key new trends in
networking that exist today but not included
in your classes?

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• IoT
IoT and IoE – describes the network of physical objects—
“things”—that are embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies for the purpose
of connecting and exchanging data with other
devices and systems over the Internet.
– The definition of the IoTs has evolved due to the
convergence of multiple technologies
• real-time analytics, machine learning, sensors,
and embedded systems.
• Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor
networks, control systems, automation (including home
and building), and others contribute to enabling the
IoTs.

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• Applications of IoTs
– Since its advent around 1980s (a modified Coca-Cola vending machine at Carnegie
Mellon Univ. as the first Internet-connected appliance.) it has many application
Sample Papers
categories like
– Consumer
• connected vehicles, home automation, wearable technology, connected health, and • Paper 011 - Internet of Medical Things: A Review of Recent
appliances with remote monitoring capabilities Contributions Dealing with Cyber-Physical Systems in Medicine
• Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)
• vehicle-to-everything communication (V2X) • Paper 012 - Understanding the Mirai Botnet
– Commercial
• Product digitization efforts like Internet of Packaging, digital watermarking, copy detection patterns
– Industrial and
• Paper 013 - The Effect of IoT New Features on Security and
• IIoTs - Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools and service Privacy: New Threats, Existing Solutions, and Challenges Yet to Be
information systems Solved
• Toyota with Microsoft created Fish Farming tools in Japan in 2018
– Infrastructure
• Smart cities like South Korean Songdo, Spanish - Santander, and Sino-Singapore Guangzhou Knowledge
• Paper 014 - Twenty security considerations for cloud-
City supported Internet of Things
• Cloud based energy management, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
•
•
Environmental monitoring like movements of wildlife, earthquake or tsunami early warning systems
Living labs • Paper 015 - The Internet of Everything Global: Public Sector
• Enabling technologies, standardization, and challenges??? Economic Analysis

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• The NFV framework consists of three main components:

• Network Function Virtualization (NFV) – Virtualized network functions (VNFs) are software implementations of
network functions that can be deployed on a network functions virtualization
– a network architecture concept that uses the infrastructure (NFVI).
– Network functions virtualization infrastructure (NFVI) is the totality of all
technologies of IT virtualization to virtualize entire hardware and software components that build the environment where NFVs
are deployed.
classes of network node functions into building • The NFV infrastructure can span several locations. The network providing connectivity
between these locations is considered as part of the NFV infrastructure.
blocks that may connect, or chain together, to – Network functions virtualization management and orchestration architectural
framework (NFV-MANO Architectural Framework) is the collection of all
create communication services. functional blocks, data repositories used by these blocks, and reference points
and interfaces through which these functional blocks exchange information for
– may consist of one or more virtual the purpose of managing and orchestrating NFVI and VNFs.
machines running different software and • The building block for both the NFVI and the NFV-MANO is the NFV
processes, on top of standard high-volume platform.
• In the NFVI role, it consists of both virtual and physical processing and
servers, switches and storage devices, or storage resources, and virtualization software.
even cloud computing infrastructure, instead of • In its NFV-MANO role it consists of VNF and NFVI managers and
virtualization software operating on a hardware controller.
having custom hardware appliances for each • The NFV platform implements carrier-grade features used to manage and
network function. monitor the platform components, recover from failures and provide
effective security – all required for the public carrier network.
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Point Cognitive radio (CR) Intelligent antenna (IA)

• CR is a radio that can be • SDN is an approach to computer
programmed and configured networking that allows network Principal goal Open spectrum sharing Ambient spatial reuse
dynamically to use the administrators to
Avoidance by spectrum
Cancellation by
best wireless channels in its programmatically initialize, control, Interference processing spatial precoding/post-
change, and manage network sensing
vicinity to avoid user coding
behavior dynamically via open
interference and congestion. interfaces and provide abstraction of Key cost
Spectrum sensing and multi- Multiple- or cooperative-
band RF antenna arrays
• Such a radio automatically lower-level functionality.
Intelligent
detects available channels • SDN is meant to address the fact that
the static architecture of traditional Challenging algorithm Spectrum management tech spatial beamforming/coding
in wireless spectrum, then networks doesn't support the tech
accordingly changes dynamic, scalable computing and Generalized dirty paper
its transmission or reception storage needs of more modern Applied techniques Cognitive software radio coding and Wyner-Ziv
computing environments such as data coding
parameters to allow more centers. Basement approach Orthogonal modulation Cellular based smaller cell
concurrent wireless • This is done by decoupling or
communications in a given disassociating the system that makes Competitive technology
Ultra-wideband for greater Multi-sectoring (3, 6, 9, so
spectrum band at one decisions about where traffic is sent band utilization on) for higher spatial reuse
location. (the SDN controller, or control plane)
Summary
Cognitive spectrum-sharing Intelligent spectrum reuse
from the underlying systems that technology technology
• This process is a form forward traffic to the selected
of dynamic spectrum destination (the data plane). • Note that both techniques can be combined as illustrated in many
management. contemporary transmission scenarios.
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Modeling and Simulating CRNs • 5G

– 5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation
• At present, modeling & simulation is the only paradigm which
allows the simulation of complex behavior in a given environment's wireless systems.
cognitive radio networks. – higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher
• Network simulators like OPNET, NetSim, MATLAB and ns2 can be
used to simulate a cognitive radio network. density of mobile broadband users, and
• CogNS is an open-source NS2-based simulation framework for supporting device-to-device, ultra reliable, and
cognitive radio networks.
• Areas of research using network simulators include:
massive machine communications.
– Spectrum sensing & incumbent detection – lower latency than 4G equipment and lower
– Spectrum allocation
– Measurement and/or modeling of spectrum usage
battery consumption, for better implementation
– Efficiency of spectrum utilization of the Internet of things.
• Network Simulator 3 (ns-3) is also a viable option for simulating CR.
– ns-3 can be also used to emulate and experiment CR networks with
the aid from commodity hardware like Atheros WiFi devices.

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• The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance defines

the following requirements that a 5G standard should
• 5G NR (New Radio) is a new air
fulfill: interface developed for the 5G network.
– Data rates of tens of megabits per second for tens of • It is supposed to be the global standard for the air
thousands of users interface of 3GPP 5G networks.
– Data rates of 100 megabits per second for metropolitan • In the Internet of Things (IoT), 3GPP is going to
areas
submit evolution of NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT)
– 1 Gb per second simultaneously to many workers on the
same office floor and eMTC (LTE-M) as 5G technologies for
– Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous the LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) use case.
connections for wireless sensors • Concerns
– Spectral efficiency significantly enhanced compared to 4G – Interference issues
– Coverage improved
– Surveillance concerns
– Signaling efficiency enhanced
– Health concerns
– Latency reduced significantly compared to LTE.
– Security concerns
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6G • Li-Fi
• It is the planned successor to 5G and will be likely to be significantly faster, at – is wireless communication technology which utilizes light to transmit
speeds of ~95 Gbit/s. data and position between devices.
• Like its predecessors, 6G networks will be broadband cellular networks, in which – The term was first introduced by Harald Haas during a 2011.
the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells.
– is a light communication system that is capable of transmitting data at
• Several companies (i.e. Nokia, Samsung, LG, Apple) have shown interest in 6G. high speeds over the visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared spectrums.
• China, South Korea and Japan also reportedly have interest.
– In terms of its end use, the technology is similar to Wi-Fi -- the key
• 6G will likely become commercially available in the 2030s. technical difference being that Wi-Fi uses radio frequency to induce a
• Amplifier progress voltage in an antenna to transmit data.
– Recent studies have contributed to marked progress in the 6G industry. A group based at
the University of California, Santa Barbara has claimed significant progress by building a device – Whereas Li-Fi uses the modulation of light intensity to transmit data.
that can speed up the process of development and save substantial amounts of time during
the design phase.
– Li-Fi can theoretically transmit at speeds of up to 100 Gbit/s.
– They reported key aspects of the device, including an "n-polar" gallium nitride high-electron- – Li-Fi's ability to safely function in areas otherwise susceptible to
mobility transistor (HEMT), in two papers which were published in IEEE Electron Device electromagnetic interference (e.g. aircraft cabins, hospitals, military) is
Letters.
an advantage.
– The presence of this charge in the transistor gives the device the ability to operate at high
frequencies, because the electrons are free to move quickly through it without obstruction. – The technology is being developed by several organizations across the
– Although the data has not been published yet, the researchers claim it shows promising globe.
results, and, according to their plan, they will eventually test the new devices at even higher
frequencies than before (140 GHz and 230 GHz, with both firmly in the terahertz range). – PureLiFi demonstrated the first commercially available Li-Fi system,
• Test satellite launch the Li-1st, at the 2014 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona.
– On November 6, 2020, China successfully launched an experimental 6G test satellite into orbit,
along with 12 other satellites, using a single Long March 6 launch vehicle rocket.
– The satellite will "verify the terahertz (THz) communication technology in space, a
breakthrough in space communication", according to the Global Times newspaper.
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• Li-Fi Applications • Migration from IPv4 to IPv6

– Home and building automation
– from 32 to 128 bits per address
– Underwater application
– IPv6
– Aviation
• More Efficient Routing,
– Hospital
• Simplified Network Configuration,
– Vehicles
• More Efficient Packet Processing,
– Industrial automation
• Directed Data Flows,
– Advertising
• Support For New Services and
– Education
• Security components for encryption and
• Sample papers authentication.
– Papers 02 and 03
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Wireless and Mobile Systems

• Modernizing operations
• More Simplification
• Digitization
• Softwarization
• Network upgrades
• Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
• Breaking Moore’s Law
• 5G and Small Cells
• Wave Millimeter Technology
• MIMO
• 5G and IoT
• Gigabit Wireless (GiFi)
• Power line communication
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• The future of telecommunications

– The content contest Sample Papers
– Connectivity is capturing an ever-smaller proportion of the
information value chain, while content, service, and product • Paper 016 – Green Cloud Multimedia Networking
deliverers capture ever-more. • Paper 017 – NFV: Proof of Concept, Framework
– The traffic explosion • Paper 022 – 5G Best Choice Architecture
• Paper 023 – Network Slicing for 5G with SDN/NFV: Concepts, Architectures
– explosion of connected device due to “Thingification” and Challenges
– The great wireless migration • Paper 024 – A formal Analysis of 5G Authentication
– mobile is cheaper, more convenient, and more useful • Paper 025 – Comparative Study of IPv4 and IPv6 Point to Point
Architecture on Various OS Platforms
– The network is the threat • Paper 026 – Interoperability Issue between IPv4 and IPv6 in OpenFlow
– Security and privacy - more proactive protection from the entire Enabled Network
internet value chain, and carriers will be expected to support these • Paper 027 – Why Service Providers Need an NFV Platform
expectations with a range of technical and operational innovations. • RFC 2460 – IPv6 Specification
• RFC 4862 – IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
– Skynet • ITU-R M.2410-0 – Minimum Requirements related to technical
– space-, balloon-, or drone-based systems will provide high-quality performance for IMT-2020 radio interfaces
broadband access to anywhere and everywhere in the world
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