Experiment No.2: Operation of D.C Motors, Running and Reversing

MINISTIRY OF HIGHIER EDUCATION AND SCIENTEFIC RESEARCHES
ERBIL POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

TECHNICAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL AND ENERGY ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY (2019-2020)
EXPERIMENT NO.2
Operation of D.C motors, running and reversing
Prepared by: 1-Wrya luqman Hussein

2-Hazhar aziz qadir
3-Rekan ismail fatah
Theory:
For the (D.C) motors the armature current (Ia) is:
Ia = (V- Eb) / Ra ………………….… (1) E = KN∅
N = (V – Ia × Ra) / K∅ …...………… (2)
Where:
V = Voltage across the armature
Ra = Armature resistance
Eb = Back induced E.M.F
N = Speed
∅ = Magnetic flux
K = Constant
Equation (2) shows that:
1) - The speed of the motor is proportional to the voltage across the

armature.
2) - The speed of the motor inversely proportional with excitation

current.
1
Circuit:
2
Procedure:
1) – Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1).
2) – Ensure that the resistance of the armature circuit is in its

maximum value, and the field circuit resistance is in its minimum
value.
3) – Switch on the motor and adjust the armature voltage to (180v) by

increasing current of armature (decreasing armature resistance)
4) – Now by changing the field current measures the speed of motor

step by step and write the results.
5) – Adjust the field current on (0.8A) and by changing voltage across

the armature measure the speed and write the results.
6) – Stop the motor by switching off the mains.
Note: the direction of rotation for the above steps can be reversed by:
A – Changing the polarity of armature circuit only.
B – Changing the polarity of field circuit only.
Note: if we change both field and armature polarity’s the direction of

rotation will not change.
7) – Stop the motor.
3
Reading Table:
A)- If= (0.8 A) constant B)- V = (180 v) constant

V (v) N (r.p.m) If (A) N (r.p.m)
60 428 1 1096
90 550 0.9 1117
100 611 0.85 1121
120 880 0.8 1144
140 897 0.75 1183
150 984 0.7 1216
Discussion:
1) - How the torque is developed by a D.C motor?
On which factor dose it depends?
4
Ans: Torque means that the turning or twisting moment of a force
about an axis, it measures by the product of the force and the radius
at which this force acts.
The torque developed by the armature of motor running which is

make the armature to rotate, and produced from the field which field
winding make it.
The torque of a motor is depending on the flux, number of poles,

conductors and armature current yet it is independent of speed. In
fact, it is the speed which depends on torque and not vice versa.
2) - What is the backing (E.M.F) of a D.C motor?
Is it more or less than the voltage applied to the armature?
Ans: It is a reverse voltage that produced in the motor when it is

rotating, at the beginning when the armature is not rotating. Its value
equals to zero this is means that the back (E.M.F) depends on the
armature speed.
The (E.M.F) of D.C motor is less than the voltage applied to the
armature at the instep of switching the speed and there force the back
(E.M.F) is zero, if full voltage is applied across the armature it will draw
a vary current (Ra) is very small.
Eb=VL−(Ia Ra)
3) - How can the direction of rotation change?
If the line terminals are reversed, will the direction of rotation change?
Why?
Ans: We can change the direction of the rotation by:
5
A) - change polarity of the armature circuit only.
B) - change polarity of the field circuit only.
The line terminus are reversed means, that if we changed the

armature and field polarities the direction of the rotation will not be
changed because the current flowing through the armature through
the field.
4) - What is the function of the field winding?
The field winding is used as electromagnetic in the electrical machine,

in the motor is used for provides necessary flux for developing a
torque, which is rotating the armature and this rotation is known as
mechanical energy.
1
N∝  If = field current.
Q
1
N∝  N = speed of motor.
If
5) - Plot the relation between:
A: speed and field current (N & If).
6
va=180V
1250
1200
1150
speed r.p.m
1100
1050
1000
0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05
field current Amp
The relationship between voltage and the speed (armature voltage)
7
If=0.8A
1200
1000
800
speed r.p.m
600
400
200
0
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
armature voltage V
(N & Va)
Conclusion:
8
In this experiment we have a circuit contain a field and armature, our
porpoise in this experiment to measure the rotational speed of armature in
(r.p.m) for reading rotation speed of armature switch on the motor and
adjust the armature voltage to (180V) by increasing current of armature,
after this we go to the field circuit then by increasing field resistance, The
field current is decreasing and we measure the rotational speed of
armature.
We find that the rotational speed of armature increasing by decreasing

field current (If) in the result we saw that the relation between the field
current and speed of far mature are inverter.
Then adjust the field current in (0.8A) by increasing the armature

resistance, we read the voltage (Va) and measured.
Apparatus:

Experiment No.2: Operation of D.C Motors, Running and Reversing

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MINISTIRY OF HIGHIER EDUCATION AND SCIENTEFIC RESEARCHES

ERBIL POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

Prepared by: 1-Wrya luqman Hussein

Ia = (V- Eb) / Ra ………………….… (1) E = KN∅

N = (V – Ia × Ra) / K∅ …...………… (2)

V = Voltage across the armature

Eb = Back induced E.M.F

Equation (2) shows that:

1) - The speed of the motor is proportional to the voltage across the

2) - The speed of the motor inversely proportional with excitation

1) – Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1).

2) – Ensure that the resistance of the armature circuit is in its

3) – Switch on the motor and adjust the armature voltage to (180v) by

4) – Now by changing the field current measures the speed of motor

5) – Adjust the field current on (0.8A) and by changing voltage across

6) – Stop the motor by switching off the mains.

A – Changing the polarity of armature circuit only.

B – Changing the polarity of field circuit only.

Note: if we change both field and armature polarity’s the direction of

7) – Stop the motor.

A)- If= (0.8 A) constant B)- V = (180 v) constant

On which factor dose it depends?

The torque developed by the armature of motor running which is

The torque of a motor is depending on the flux, number of poles,

2) - What is the backing (E.M.F) of a D.C motor?

Is it more or less than the voltage applied to the armature?

Ans: It is a reverse voltage that produced in the motor when it is

3) - How can the direction of rotation change?

Ans: We can change the direction of the rotation by:

B) - change polarity of the field circuit only.

The line terminus are reversed means, that if we changed the

4) - What is the function of the field winding?

The field winding is used as electromagnetic in the electrical machine,

5) - Plot the relation between:

A: speed and field current (N & If).

field current Amp

The relationship between voltage and the speed (armature voltage)

We find that the rotational speed of armature increasing by decreasing

Then adjust the field current in (0.8A) by increasing the armature

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