ملخص بكتريا PDF
ملخص بكتريا PDF
ملخص بكتريا PDF
Staph. - beta- hemolytic normal flora: - hands - protein A binds Fc Inflammatory/ - gastroenteritis
aureus - coagulase (+) - nasal - sneezing components of pyogenic: is self-limiting
- ferments mucosa - surgical IgG, inhibits - furunculus
mannitol on - skin wounds phagocytosis - impetigo - for MRSA:
mannitol salt - contaminated - enterotoxin: fast - foliculitis vancomycin
agar food acting, heat stable
- lecitinase + - TSST-1: Toxin mediated: - for VRSA:
predisposing superantigen - food poisoning quinupristin/
* protein A on factors: - TSS dalfopristin
surface wounds/ - plasmid that - Scalded skin s.
surgery/ encodes beta- (exfoliatin toxin) - oxacillin
tampoons lactamase (degrade
penicillin) - osteomyelitis
- pneumonia
B. - G(+) rod found - spores in soil 1. cutaneous anthrax toxin: Anthrax - ciprofloxacin
antracis in chains anthrax: 1. Edema factor - doxycyline
- spore formation zoonosis spores in soil (adenylate cyclase) --> edema
enter wound 2. Lethal factor (protease)
2. pulmonary --> cleavage of phosphokinase (MAPK
anthrax: activator)--> inhibition of cell growth vaccine:
spores are purified
inhaled into the 2 exotoxins composed of: antigen
lung 1. B (binding) subunit- protective
antigen
2. A (active) subunit- enzymatic activity
C. tetani - large G(+) soil - puncture - spores germinate in the Tetanus - hyperimmun
spore forming wounds/trauma tissue, producing tetanus e humane
rod (human bites) toxin specific features: globulin to
neurotoxic - obligate - carried intra-axonally to CNS - lockjaw neutralize
clostridia anaerobe - binds to ganglioside (trismus) toxin
- produces receptors - rhisus
tetanus toxin - blocks release of inhibitory sardonicus vaccine:
mediators: GABA and - opisthotonus toxoid vaccine
Glycine - spastic paralysis
--> extreme muscle spasm
C. - large G(+) spore in: exotoxin in food the exotoxin is absorbed from Botulism: respiratory
botulinum spore forming - soil is ingested the gut and carried by to blood 1. wound support+
rod - contaminated to peripheral nerves synapse botulism trivalent
- anaerobe vegetables --> blocks the release of Ach 2. infant botulism antitoxin
neurotoxic - produces - contaminated --> descending weakness (made in
clostridia botulinum toxin meat and paralysis horses)
- home made - weakness and
cans paralysis
- accumulation 2 forms of botulism: - diplopia - no honey
in conserved 1. wound botulism- the spores - dysphagia below 1 year
food contaminate the wound - respiratory of age
2. infant botulism- the muscle failure
organism grow in the gut
and produce the toxin there
Bacteria Distinguishing Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Treatment/
features prevention
C. - large G(+) - soil - spores in soil - spores germinate under 1. Gas gangrene - debridement
perfringens spore-forming - human colon enter wound anaerobic conditions in - contamination of of wounds
rod - exotoxin in tissue wound with - cook food
- anaerobe food is soil.feces
- identified by ingested - toxin production: - acute and Gas
Nagler 1. lecithinase (alpha-toxin) increasing pain gangrene:
histotoxic reaction- egg --> damage cell membranes at wound site - penicillin
clostridia yolk agar plate 2. superantigen - clindmycin
is used to 2. food
demonstrate poisoning
the presence enterotoxin produced in - enterotoxin no vaccine
of lecithinase intestines in food poisoning: production in gut;
disrupt ion transport --> watery self limiting
diarrhea, cramps noninflammatory,
watery diarrhea
C. dificille - cant culture normal flora antibiotic - evade the immune response - antibiotic- caution in
because (colonization suppress and multiplies, producing associated over-
organism is part inhibited by normal flora toxins A and B diarrhea, prescribing
of normal flora normal flora) pseudo- broad-
opportunistic membraneous spectrum
pathogen! colitis antibiotics
- vancomycin
- metronidazol
Bacteria Distinguishing Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Treatment/
features /Diagnosis prevention
Listeria - small G(+) rod - animals -ingestion of the pathogenesis of listeriosis: - ampicilin
mono- arranged in V or (livestock, unpasteurized milk Listeria depends on the - meningitis - gentamycin
cytogenes L-shaped like cattle) products, organism’s ability to invade - sepsis
corynebacteria - unpateurized undercooked meat and survive within cells. - Intrauterine
- exhibit an unusual milk and raw vegetables Invasion of cells is or cervical
tumbling - plants - contact with farm mediated by internalin infections in
movement that - soil animals and their and E-cadherin on the pregnant
distinguishes it feces surface of human cells. women
from -
corynebacterim 2 clinical setting: *Upon entering the cell --> - intestinal
- narrow zone of 1. in the fetus- as a listeriolysin production --> infections
beta-hemolysis result of escape from the
on blood agar transmission phagosome into the cyto.
- Listeria grows across the --> escape destruction.
well at cold temp. placenta or
during delivery *actin rockets- filaments
2. in pregnant of actin polymerize and
women/ propel the bacteria through
immunosuppresse the membrane of one
d adults, human cell to another.
especially renal
transplant patient
Bacteria Distinguishing Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Prevention
features
Nocordia - aerobic soil and dust airborne or Aerobe bacteria Nocordiosis: trimethoprim-
asteroids - G(+) traumatic found in the abscesses in brain and sulfamethoxazole
branching transplantation environment. In kidney in immunodeficient
rods immunocomprom patient, pneumonia
- partially acid- ised individuals
fast they can produce
lung infection and
may disseminate
in tissues.
Gram (-) Cocci:
Bacteria Distinguishing Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease/ Diagnosis Prevention/
features Treatment
Diagnosis:
intracellular G(-) diplococci
in PMNs from urethral smear
from symptomatic male
Campyelo- - curved rods with intestinal fecal-oral - enterotoxin - Gastroenteritis/ Most infected
bacter polar flagella tracts of primarily from - low infectious dose enterocolitis persons with
jejuni (“gulls wings”) humans, poultry (as few as 500) Campylobact
- oxidase (+) cattle, - invades mucosa - in pregnancy --> abortion er will recover
- microaerophilic sheep, of the colon, - in immunocompetent --> without any
- grows well at dogs, cats, destroying sepsis, meningitis, specific
42’C on selective poultry mucosal surfaces; endocarditis treatment.
media: Skirrow (zoonotic) blood and pus in
agar (blood agar stools complications:
with antibiotics) (inflammatory -Guillain-Barre syndrome
diarrhea) (GBS): there is antigenic severe:
cross-reactivity between -erythromycin
Campyelobacter
oligosaccharides and
glycosphingolipids on
neural tissues-->
ascending paralysis
- Reactive arthritis
Vibrio - halophilic (thrive marine life consumption - enterotoxin food poisoning; mild to self limited
parahemo- in salty of production (similar severe watery diarrhea,
liticus environment) undercooked to cholera toxin nausea, abdominal cramps
seafood
Shigella - non-lactose human fecal-oral - endotoxin triggers Bacillary dysantery fluid and
fermenters colon spread, person- inflammation = a form of electrolyte
- Sonnei (colorless (no animal to-person - invasion plasmid: shigellosis: replacement
- flexneri colonies on carriers) shigella invade M cells,
- boydii EMB/ get into the cytoplasm, -most severe form
- dysenteriae MacConkey) replicate and then of dysentery severe:
- non-motile polymerize actin jet - organisms invade, antibiotics
- few (1-10) trails to go laterally--> producing bloody
organism are enter neighboring cells diarrhea
enough to start - fever, abdominal
infection! * invasion is the critical cramps
factor of pathogenesis - mucous (pus)
diarrhea
- Shiga-toxin: produced
by S. dysenteriae: Diagnosis:
1. neurotoxic - EMB/Mac.
2. cytotoxic - TSI
3. enterotoxic
Bacteria Distinguishing Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Treatment/
features Prevention
Yersinia - zoonosis fleas, rats - bite of rat flea - endotoxin 1. Bubonic plague: tetracylin (&
pestis - small rods with - human-to- - exotoxin flea bites infected rat streptomycin)
bipolar staining human by - envelope antigen (F-1) and then uninfected
(“safety pin” respiratory inhibits phagocytosis humans
- facultative droplets symptoms:
intracellular - fever
parasites Diagnosis: - regional buboes
- coagulase - EMB/Mac. - conjunctivis
positive - TSI
- rise in antibody titer 2. Pneumonic
plague
highly contagious,
high lethality
Salmonella - highly motile humans fecal-oral Typhoid fever Typhoid fever - fluoro-
enterica sub - Vi antigens only; no - organism ingested quinolons
species: on capsule animal - Salmonella reach basolateral (Rose spots are
- facultative reservoirs side of M cells, then mesenteric seen on the skin) - 3rd
- typhi anaerobe LN and blood--> bacteremia generation
- paratyphi - non-lactose - liver and spleen are infected with less milder: cephalo.
fermenting additional release of bacteria to Paratyphoid
- produce H2S bloodstream --> signs of fever
septicemia (mainly fever) vaccine:
- S. typhi survives killed
intracellularly & replicates in Diagnosis: S.typhi
macrophages; no macrophage - 1-2 weeks:
killing due to decreased fusion of blood/b.m
phagosome with lysosome sample
- invasion of the gallbladder--> - 2-3 weeks:
establishment of carrier state urine/stool
and excretion of the bacteria in culture
the feces for long period
Diagnosis: vaccine:
- blood or CSF on capsular
chocolate agar polysaccharide b
- antigen detection conjugated to
of capsule by latex diphteria toxoid/other
agglutination carrier protein
Mycoplasma: smallest free living bacteria, wall-less organisms, Culture: special media, slow, „fried-egg” colonies
Bacteria Distinguishing Reservoir Transmission Pathogenesis Disease Treatment/
features Prevention
Mycoplama - smallest free human respiratory - tapered tip that contain - Pneumonia - most - macrolides
pneumoniae living organisms droplets specific proteins that frequent cause in (erythromycin,
(0.3 micrometer) serve as the point of young adults (5-10% azithromycin)
attachment to the resp. of all community-
- absence of cell epithelium acquired pneumonia)
wall!! - inhibition of cilliary - the disease resolves no cell wall
movement and necrosis spontaneously in inhibitors!!
- only bacteria of the epithelium 10-14 days
that its - autoantibodies are - extra-pulmonary
membrane produced against manifestations
contains RBC’s’ => cold include:
cholesterol agglutinins. Stevens-Johnson
- auto-antibodies are also syndrome, erythema
produced agains the multiforme
brain, lung and liver cells
Diagnosis:
serologic testing: a
cold-agglutinin titer of
1:128 or higher is
indicative of recent
infection
Treponema - flexible, spiral human 1. STD - the organism infects the endothelium - Syphilis penicillin G
pallidum bacteria of small b.v, causing endarteritis. This - congenital
- no growth on occurs during all the stages of syphilis: syphilis (abortion/
bacteriologic 1. Primary syphilis: 14-21 days after Late manifes.:
media/cell 2. Placenta incubation, multiplication of the Hutchinson teeth,
culture bacteria at the site of inoculation saddle nose,
- grows very creating chancre (nontender ulcer) keratitis)
slowly that usually heals spontaneously but
(antibiotics the bacteria spread to the blood Diagnosis:
must be stream. - darkfield
present at an 2. Secondary syphilis: 3-8 wks after microscopy-
effective level appearance of chancre, (the spirochetes
for several maculopapular rash on the palms from the chancre or
weeks to kill and soles. Condylomata lata- moist condylomata-lata)
the organism) lesions on the genitals, rich in - serologic tests
spirochetes, may also seen at this (reagin- Ab against
stage (highly infectious!) syphilis)
associated symptoms: low-grade fever, - Complement
malaise, anorexia fixation test
*early stages (primary and (Wassermann test
secondary) may “cure” themselves for syphilis)
without treatment. - biopsy (obtained
3. Latent stage- no lesions appear but from gummas)
serologic tests are positive (divided - Wasserman test
into early and late stages) for syphilis-
4. Tertiary syphilis: may show Cardiolipin from
granulomma (gummas) especially of a cow heart is
skin and bones, CNS- tabes dorsalis used as an
cardiovascular involve. - aneurysm antigen
Bacteria Distinguishing Reservoi Trans. Pathogenesis Disease Treatment/
features r Prevention
Borrelia the most white- tick bite bite site--> bacteremia --> to various Lyme disease tetracycline
burgdofreri common footed (Ixodes organs: heart, joints and CNS or
vector-borne mouse, scapilaris) - virulence factors: Outer surface amoxicillin
disease in the deers protein A (OspA), OspB ,OspC Diagnosis: for acute;
U.S. - Lipoprotein variable major protein- - Erythema penicillin G
like sequence --> immune evasion migrans for chronic
- zoonosis clinical findings: 3 stages (clinically)
1. erythema chronicum migrans- - serological
expanding erythematous, macular tests mainly
rash (“bull’s eye” appearance) seen (culturing are
b.w 3-30 days after the tick bite. less effective)
2. cardiac and neurologic
involvement - seen weeks to * Both stages 2
months later and 3: arthritis
3. arthritis of large joints
Borrelia - Tick-born human human body- - arthropod bite --> spirochete into the Relapsing fever tetracycline
recurrentis & relapsing recurrentis louse blood --> multiplication
Borrelia fever (B. - during infection, the antigens of Diagnosis:
hermsii hermsii ) rodents these organisms undergo variation seeing the large
zoonosis hermsii (antigenic switching) --> relapses of spirochetes in
- Louse-born Tick illness (as Ab develop against one stained smears
relapsing antigen, variants emerge) of peripheral
fever (B. recu.) blood
Leptospira - zoonosis dogs animals excrete leptospiras are ingested/pass through Leptospirosis penicillin G
interrogans - obligate domestic leptospiras in mucous membrane/skin --> (biphasic illness:
aerobe livestock the urine which bacteremia -->multiplication in various acute vs.
- oxidase+ contaminates organs --> fever and liver dysfunction immune phase)
- catalase+ water and soil (jaundice), kidneys (uremia) and CNS Diagnosis:
(aseptic meningitis) microscopy
Chlamydiae: obligate intracellular bacteria (cell-cycle: use elementary body to invade and formation of reticulate body to multiply)
Bacteria Distinguishing Reservoir Trans. Pathogenesis Disease Treatment/
features Prevention
Chlamydia - most common human - sexual exist in more than 15 immunotypes (A-L): - urethritis doxycycline
trachomatis cause of STD contact- - A, B, C types => trachoma (chronic - pneumonia , erythro-
in the U.S STD conjunctivitis, endemic to Asia & Africa) - conjunctivitis mycin
- obligate - D-K types => STD -genital tract - lympho-
intracellular - perinatal infections (can occasionally transmitted to granuloma
- rigid cell wall, the eyes- inclusion conjunctivitis, and venerum
not typical respiratory tract). In men- its a common - trachoma
peptydoglycan cause of NGU (nongonococcal urethritis) (the bacteria is
characterized by urethral discharge and transmitted by
may progress to other genital finger-to-eye)
inflammations (prostatitis).
women- may develop cervicitis, Diagnosis:
endometritis, PID and salpingitis. inclusions in
- L1-L3 types => lymphogranuloma epithelial cells
venerum (STD) seen with
* patient with genital tract infections Giemsa stain /
have high incidence of Reiter’s syndrome immnofluor.
(autoimmune disease)
Chlamydia - obligate human aerosol upper and lower respiratory tract infections Atypical doxycycline
pneumoniae intracellular pneumonia;
- most common
atypical Diagnosis:
pneumoniae serologic test
Chlamydia - obligate birds inhaling epithelial cells of the lungs --> lung infection psittacosis doxycycline
psittaci intracellular organism (Atypical
- zoonosis s in dry pneumonia)
bird feces
Rickettsiae: obligate intracellular parasites. very short rods that barely visible in light microscope. stained poorly with gram stain
Diagnosis: in the past- Weil-Felix test (based on cross-reaction with proteus vulgaris O antigen), stain: Giemsa or Gimenez
Rickettsia - zoonosis dogs, ticks typical lesion- Rocky mountain spotted fever tetracycline
ricketsii - obligate rodents (exhibit vasculitis, (RMSF): and
intracellular trans- particularly in the - starts with acute onset non-specific chloram-
parasites ovarial endothelial lining of symptoms ( fever, headache. rash is phenicol
passage the vessel wall rarely seen (3%) )
from an where the - sudden onset of fever (>38-39°C) doxycycline
infected organism is found is the drug of
female tick - significant malaise, and severe choice
to her headache (patients often
progeny) describe the headache as the worst
endothelial cell
infection --> they have ever had)
phagocytosis of - typical rash starts 2-6 days later: starts on
the infected cell --> the wrists + ankles with subsequent
escape from centrifugal progression to the palms and
phagosome --> soles. Then the rash spreads
filopodium focal centripetally to the arms leg, and trunk
lysis of the cell
- Diagnosis:
Difficult: based on physical examination of
the patient and epidemiological data.
- clinical manifestations:
- the eruption becomes maculopapular with
central petechiae
- skin necrosis and gangrene (amputation)
- cough and pneumonia
- hepatomegaly (12–25%)
Bacteria Distinguishing Reservoir Trans. Pathogenesis Disease Treatment/
features Prevention
Coxiella - zoonosis cattle, aerosol main organ involved- lungs Q fever doxycycline
burnetii - the only sheep, - sporelike stage - acute disease, recovery
ricketssial goats is spontaneous Prevention:
infection Antigenic variation: - starts with influenza-like killed vaccine
which is not C burnetii exhibits an antigenic symptoms
transmitted variation that exist in 2 phases: - hepatitis may combine
by an 1. phase 1- organism is isolated with the pneumonia
arthopod from the patient, virulent - Q fever–associated
- has a (synthesize surface antigens). chronic fatigue
sporelike High levels of phase 1 syndrome may exist as
stage- highly antibodies are detected well. -
resistant, during chronic Q fever 10%–30% of all patients
infectious 2. phase 2- produced by with acute disease
- obligate repeated passage in culture, report persistent
intracellular not virulent, is the first to be symptoms (e.g.,
parasites detectable during acute Q fatigue, myalgia, night
fever. sweats) more than a
year after acute
- C. burnetii targets monocytes/ infection occurred
macrophages, multiplies in the
host monocyte or macrophage Diagnosis:
- The survival and multiplication indirect fluorescence is
of C burnetii in an acidic vacuole the gold standard:
prevents antibiotics from killing - acute disease: phase II
the bacteria antibodies are high
-chronic disease: phase I
antibodies are high
Rickettsia - human human human bite --> spreading through blood - Epidemic Typhus - Early antibiotic -
prowazekii infection is an body and lymph --> entire body. before
obligatory louse Attachment occurs through the confirmation of
stage in the adhesin protein. the diagnosis.
cycle (1st - Brill-Zinsser disease-
infected - Cellular injury leads to a recurrent form - tetracycline,
person-> generalised vasculitis with (the bacteria survive doxycycline
tick-> 2nd) increased vascular within adipose tissue)
-Delousing
permeability, oedema,
methods: by
- obligate hypovolemia, virtually all
Diagnosis: bathing the
intracellular organs can be involved
plate microagglutination patient, and
parasites
- Activation of humoral and indirect changing and
inflammatory and coagulation immunofluorescence test boiling infested
mechanisms (DIC) clothes.
- Eradication of
- progressive endothelial louse with an
damage leads to vascular insecticide (10%
dysfunction, microscopic and DDT, 1%
macroscopic foci of malathion, or 1%
hemorrhages, thrombi in small permethrin) is
vessels also an effective
method
-brain lesions with seizures and
coma, damage to the pulmonary
microcirculation with non-
cardiogenic pulmonary edema,
and rashes on the skin