ASSIGNMENT

PV Powered LED Street Light with Perturb-and Observe MPPT

EEE6008 Solar Photo Voltaic Systems

Submitted

By

JAYAPRAKASAN P

19PHD1003
 PV Powered LED Street Light with Perturb-and Observe MPPT

1.1 BLOCK DIAGREM

Figure 1. PV fed LED Light with MPPT

1.2 PV Array

If higher voltages or currents than are available from a single module are required, modules
must be connected into arrays. Series connections result in higher voltages, while parallel
connections result in higher currents. When modules are connected in series, it is desirable to have
each module’s maximum power production occur at the same current. When modules are
connected in parallel, it is desirable to have each module’s maximum power production occur at
the same voltage.

1.3 Boost Converter

The boost converter is capable of providing an output voltage, which is greater than the input voltage. It is
also known as a ringing choke or a step-up converter. The operation of boost converter can divided into two
modes.
The operation of the boost converter can also be mvided into two modes, depending on the switching
actions of its switching transistor.

3.1 Mode 1. (0< t ≤ ton )

Mode 1 begins when the switching transistor M is turned on at ωt = 0 amd terminating at ωt = ton .

The equivalent circuit is shown in the figure 3.

Figure 3 Mode 1 equivalent circuit of Boost converter

The diode D is reverse biased since the voltage drop across the switching transistor M is smaller than
the output voltage. The inductor current iL (t) ramps up from I1 to I2 in time ton .

I 2−I 1 L× ∆ I
Vs = L
ton
= ton

L× ∆ I
The duration of interval ton =
Vs
3.2 Mode 2. ( ton ≤ t < T )

Mode 2 begins when the switching transistor M is switched off. The diode now forward biased . The
inductor current falls until the switch is turned on again in the next cycle. The inductor delivers its stored
energy to the capacitor C and charges it through D to a voltage higher than Vs. The current through the
inductor linearly falls from I2 to I1 in time toff.

I 2−I 2 L∆I
Vs – Va = L
toff
= toff

L∆I
toff = Vs−Va

Since ∆I is same during ton and toff

ton ×Vs toff ×(Vs−Va)

Substituting ton = DT and toff + (1-D) T in the above equation

VsDT = (Vs- Va) (1- D)T = Va (1 – D)T – Vs (1 – D)T

Simplifying the above equation

VsDT = Va ( 1- D ) T – VsT + VsDT

Or

Vs = Va (1- D)

The average output voltage of the boost converter is

Vs
Va =
( 1−D )
4. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

MPPT is one of the most cost effective ways to improve the overall PV system efficiency. Also
MPPT improves the operating lifetime of the PV system. In the conventional MPPT techniques, the
power is calculated at any instant by sensing the voltage and current of the PV array and accordingly
the duty cycle of the converter is adjusted to match the maximum power point. Depending upon the
environmental conditions the location of the maximum power point (MPP) changes and is not known
a priori, but can be located by calculation models or by search algorithms. The purpose or the role of
various algorithms is to control the duty cycle (D) of the converter used. This is done in such a
manner that the actual load line as seen by the PV array coincides with that of a load at which
maximum power in extracted from the pane.

The MPPT methods include the Gradient Descent MPPT, Power Feedback MPPT, Curve Fitting
based MPPT, Transient based MPPT, Current based MPPT, Voltage based MPPT, Constant voltage
Controller MPPT, Ripple correlation MPPT, Sliding Mode MPPT, Incremental Resistance MPPT,
Perturb & Observe MPPT, Incremental Conductance MPPT, Beta method etc

4.1 Perturb-and Observe ( P&O)

The commonly used MPPT technique follows the Perturb-and Observe (P&O) algorithm. The Hill
Climbing (HC) algorithm and the P&O algorithm both have used nearly the same logic and can be
said to be two different means of envisaging the same method. In this process a perturbation in the
duty ratio of the power converter is involved, whereas P&O involves a perturbation in the operating
voltage of the PV array. Since a power converter is generally used with a PV array, so perturbing its
duty ratio will automatically perturb the working voltage and thus both the methods are almost same.

According to the structure of the Hill Climbing or the P and O MPPT systems, the required
parameters are only the voltage and current of PV array. Figure 11 shows the relationship between
the terminal voltage and output power generated by a PV module. It can be experienced that in spite
of the magnitude of suns irradiance and terminal voltage of PV modules, the MPP is obtained while
the condition 𝑑𝑃/ 𝑑𝑉 = 0 is accomplished. The slope 𝑑𝑃 /𝑑𝑉 of the power curve can be forced to be
zero by the successive output voltages and output currents, and can be expressed as follow

dP(n) P ( n )−P(n−1)
= V ( n )−V (n−1)
dV

The advantage of the P&O method is that it is easy to implement. However, it has some restrictions,
like oscillations around the MPP in steady state operation, slow response speed, and even tracking in
wrong way under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. The system oscillates around the MPP,
which causes power loss. The oscillation can be minimized by decreasing the size of the
perturbation. However, a too small perturbation considerably slows the tracking of the MPP. Then
there is a compromise between accuracy and speed.
5.Design

5.1 LED Street Light

. The lamp is formed by 60 LW W5SG power LEDs by Osram in a series array. The load rating
current is 350 mA, with an output power of 70 W and a total luminous flux of 1500 lm. Vγ = 170 V
and Rγ = 87 Ω. The selected switching frequency is 50 kHz. LED voltage is 100V.

Vγ + Rγ I LED
Equivalent load resistance R=
I LED

Rγ = 87Ω, Vγ = 170V ,ILED = 350mA.

170+(87∗.35)
So R= = 577 Ω
0.35

5.2 Boost Converter.

Input Voltage = 36 V

Out put voltage =100V

Output capacitor C = 100μF

Inductance L =1 mH

Switching frequency 50kHz

5.3 PV Array

Soltech ISTH-225P

Open Circuit voltage 36.9V

Voltage @ maximum power point 29.6V

Irradiance 1000

Temperature 250 C
5.4 Perturb-and Observe ( P&O)

5.6 Program.
function d = dutyCycle(Vpv,Ipv)
persistent Vpre Ppre dpre
if isempty (dpre)
Vpre = 10;
Ppre = 20;
dpre = 0.3;
end

Ppv = Vpv*Ipv;
DeltaD = 0.01;
if (Ppv == Ppre)
d = dpre;
else
if (Ppv > Ppre)
if (Vpv > Vpre)
d = dpre + DeltaD;
else
d = dpre - DeltaD;
end
else
if (Vpv > Vpre)
d = dpre - DeltaD;
 else
d = dpre + DeltaD;
end
end
end
Vpre = Vpv;
Ppre = Ppv;
dpre = d;

6. SIMULATION

6.1 Output Voltage

6.3 Inductor Current.

6.4 PV Voltage & Current