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Data Intro May08

This document provides an overview of data networks, including: 1) A brief history of computer networks and the evolution of distributed systems and the internet. 2) Descriptions of common network hardware components like transmission technologies, scales of networks from personal area networks to wide area networks, and how different networks are interconnected. 3) Explanations of network software concepts like protocol hierarchies, design issues for protocol layers, connection-oriented vs. connectionless services, and service primitives. 4) Examples of reference models like OSI and TCP/IP, and critiques of their approaches.

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themadbob cloud
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20 views

Data Intro May08

This document provides an overview of data networks, including: 1) A brief history of computer networks and the evolution of distributed systems and the internet. 2) Descriptions of common network hardware components like transmission technologies, scales of networks from personal area networks to wide area networks, and how different networks are interconnected. 3) Explanations of network software concepts like protocol hierarchies, design issues for protocol layers, connection-oriented vs. connectionless services, and service primitives. 4) Examples of reference models like OSI and TCP/IP, and critiques of their approaches.

Uploaded by

themadbob cloud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA

NETWORKS
Introduction
May 2008
History & Terminology
• Evolution
• Computer Network
• Distributed System & Middleware
• Internet
• Worldwide INTERNET
• WWW
Famous Quotes
“Four or five computers should be
enough for the entire world until the
year 2000”
- T.J. Watson 1945, Chairman IBM
“There is no reason for any individual to
have a computer at his home”
-Ken Olsen 1977, President DEC
Network Hardware
• Transmission Technology
• Scale
Network Hardware- Transmission Tech

Types of transmission technology


• Broadcast links
• Point-to-Point links
Network Hardware - Scale

Classification of interconnected processors by scale.


Network Hardware-PAN
Network Hardware-LAN

BUS based, Ethernet IEEE 802.3 RING based, IBM token ring IEEE 802.5
Network Hardware-MAN
Network Hardware-WAN
Wide Area Networks (2)

A stream of packets from sender to receiver.


Network Hardware-Internetworks
Different (H/W & S/W) and incompatible
networks are interconnected using
gateways
e.g Collection of LANs connected by
WAN
Network Software
• Protocol Hierarchies
• Design Issues for the Layers
• Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
• Service Primitives
• The Relationship of Services to Protocols
Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies

Layers, protocols, and interfaces.


Protocol Hierarchies (2)
Location A Location B

I like J'aime
Message Philosopher
rabbits bien les
lapins
3 3

Information
L: Dutch for the remote Translator L: Dutch
Ik vind translator Ik vind
konijnen konijnen
2 2
leuk leuk

Information
Fax #--- for the remote Fax #---
L: Dutch secretary Secretary L: Dutch
Ik vind Ik vind
1 1
konijnen konijnen
leuk leuk

The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.


Protocol Hierarchies (3)

Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5.


Design Issues for the Layers

• Addressing
• Error Control
• Flow Control
• Multiplexing
• Routing
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
Services

Six different types of service.


Service Primitives

Five service primitives for implementing a simple connection-


oriented service.
Service Primitives (2)

Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a


connection-oriented network.
Services to Protocols Relationship

The relationship between a service and a protocol.


Reference Models

• The OSI Reference Model


• The TCP/IP Reference Model
• A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
• A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
• A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
Reference Models

The OSI
reference
model.
Reference Models (2)

The TCP/IP reference model.


Reference Models (3)

Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.


Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models

Concepts central to the OSI model


• Services
• Interfaces
• Protocols
A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols

Why OSI did not take over the world


• Bad timing
• Bad technology
• Bad implementations
• Bad politics
Bad Timing

The apocalypse of the two elephants.


A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
Problems:
• Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished
• Not a general model
• Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer
• No mention of physical and data link layers
• Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace
Example Networks
• The Internet

• Connection-Oriented Networks:
X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM

• Ethernet

• Wireless LANs: 802:11


The ARPANET

(a) Structure of the telephone system.


(b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system.
The ARPANET (2)

The original ARPANET design.


The ARPANET (3)

Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970.


(c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972.
NSFNET

The NSFNET backbone in 1988.


Internet Usage

Traditional applications (1970 – 1990)


• E-mail
• News
• Remote login
• File transfer
Architecture of the Internet

Overview of the Internet.


Ethernet

Architecture of the original Ethernet.


Wireless LANs

(a) Wireless networking with a base station.


(b) Ad hoc networking.
Wireless LANs (2)

The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.
Wireless LANs (3)

A multicell 802.11 network.


Network Standardization

• Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World


• Who’s Who in the International Standards World
• Who’s Who in the Internet Standards World
ITU
• Main sectors
• Radiocommunications
• Telecommunications Standardization
• Development
• Classes of Members
• National governments
• Sector members
• Associate members
• Regulatory agencies
IEEE 802 Standards

The 802 working groups. The important ones are


marked with *. The ones marked with È are
hibernating. The one marked with † gave up.

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