A 

smartphone is a mobile phone that offers more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a contemporary basic feature phone.[1] Smartphones
and feature phones may be thought of as handheld computers integrated with a mobile telephone, but while most feature phones are able to run
applications based on platforms such as Java ME,[2] a smartphone usually allows the user to install and run more advanced applications. Smartphones run
complete operating system software providing a platform for application developers.[3]
Growth in demand for advanced mobile devices boasting powerful processors, abundant memory, larger screens, and open operating systems has outpaced
the rest of the mobile phone market for several years.[4] According to a study by ComScore, over 45.5 million people in the United States owned
smartphones in 2010 out of 234 million total subscribers.[5] Despite the large increase in smartphone sales in the last few years, smartphone shipments only
make up 20% of total handset shipments, as of the first half of 2010.[6]
Early years
The first smartphone was called Simon; it was designed by IBM in 1992 and shown as a concept product[7] that year at COMDEX, the computer industry
trade show held in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was released to the public in 1993 and sold by BellSouth. Besides being a mobile phone, it also contained a
calendar, address book, world clock, calculator, note pad, e-mail, send and receive fax, and games. It had no physical buttons to dial with. Instead customers
used a touchscreen to select telephone numbers with a finger or create facsimiles and memos with an optional stylus. Text was entered with a unique on-
screen "predictive" keyboard. By today's standards, the Simon would be a fairly low-end product; however, its feature set at the time was highly advanced.
The Nokia Communicator line was the first of Nokia's smartphones starting with the Nokia 9000, released in 1996. This distinctive palmtop computer style
smartphone was the result of a collaborative effort of an early successful and costly personal digital assistant (PDA) byHewlett Packard combined with
Nokia's bestselling phone around that time, and early prototype models had the two devices fixed via a hinge. The Nokia 9210 was the first color screen
Communicator model which was the first true smartphone with an open operating system; the 9500Communicator was also Nokia's first cameraphone
Communicator and Nokia's first WiFi phone. The 9300 Communicator was the third dimensional shift into a smaller form factor, and the
latest E90 Communicator includes GPS. The Nokia Communicator model is remarkable for also having been the most costly phone model sold by a major
brand for almost the full life of the model series, costing easily 20% and sometimes 40% more than the next most expensive smartphone by any major
producer.
In 1997 Ericsson released the concept phone GS88,[8][9] the first device labelled as 'smartphone'.[10]
Rise of Symbian and BlackBerry
In 2000 Ericsson released the touchscreen smartphone R380, the first device to use the new Symbian OS.[11] It was followed up by P800 in 2002, the first
camera smartphone.[12]
In 2001 Microsoft announced its Windows CE Pocket PC OS would be offered as "Microsoft Windows Powered Smartphone 2002."[13]Microsoft originally
defined its Windows Smartphone products as lacking a touchscreen and offering a lower screen resolution compared to its sibling Pocket PC devices.
In early 2002 Handspring released the Palm OS Treo smartphone, utilizing a full keyboard that combined wireless web browsing, email, calendar, and
contact organizer with mobile third-party applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer.[14]
In 2002 RIM released the first BlackBerry which was the first smartphone optimized for wireless email use and had achieved a total customer base of 32
million subscribers by December 2009.[15]
In 2007 Nokia launched the Nokia N95 which integrated a wide range of features into a consumer-oriented smartphone: GPS, a 5 megapixel camera with
autofocus and LED flash, 3G and wi-fi connectivity and TV-out. In the next few years these features would become standard on high-end smartphones.
In 2010 Nokia released the Nokia N8 smartphone, the first device to use the new Symbian^3 OS.[16] It featured a camera that Mobile Burn described as the
best camera in a phone[17], and satellite navigation that Mobile Choice described as the best on any phone.[18]

Rise of Android and iPhone

Later in 2007, Apple Inc. introduced its first iPhone. It was initially costly, priced at $500 for the cheaper of two models on top of a two year contract. It was
one of the first smartphones to be mainly controlled through its touchscreen, the others being the LG Prada and the HTC Touch (also released in 2007). It
was the first mobile phone to use a multi-touch interface, and it featured a web browser thatArs Technica then described as "far superior" to anything
offered by that of its competitors.[19] At the time of the launch of the iPhone it was arguable whether it was actually a smartphone as the first generation
lacked the ability to officially use third-party applications.[20] A process called jailbreaking emerged quickly to provide unofficial third-party applications.
Steve Jobs publicly stated that the iPhone lacked 3G support due to the immaturity, power use, and physical size requirements of 3G chipsets at the time.
[21]
 However, it has been rumored that the CDMA2000 Network Providers (Verizon, Sprint) refused to allow the iPhone on their network because Jobs
wanted total control of the application store associated with the iPhone.
The Android operating system for smartphones was released in 2008. Android is an open source platform backed by Google, along with major hardware and
software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Motorola and Samsung, to name a few), that form the Open Handset Alliance.[22] The first phone to use
the Android OS was the HTC Dream, branded for distribution by T-Mobile as the G1. The software suite included on the phone consists of integration with
Google's proprietary applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML web browser. Third-party apps are available via the Android
Market (released October 2008), including both free and paid apps.
Other application stores
Platforms other than the iPhone are able to download apps from any website, rather than only from a single app store; however, other companies have
more recently launched their own app stores. Google launched the Android Market in October 2008. RIM launched its app store, BlackBerry App World, in
April 2009. Nokia launched its Ovi Store in May 2009. Palm launched its Palm App Catalog in June 2009. Microsoft launched its Windows Marketplace for
Mobile in October 2009. Samsung launched Samsung Apps for its bada based phones
Operating systems
Main article:  Mobile operating system
Many mobile operating systems exist and are in use. As of 2010, the biggest selling smartphone operating system is Symbian OS,[29] Symbian's smaller rivals
include Android, Blackberry OS, iOSand the Windows Phone OS. Several mobile operating systems including Android and iOS are based on Linux and Unix.
Open source development
The open source culture has penetrated the smartphone market in several ways. There have been attempts to open source both hardware and software of
smartphones. The most notable project fromopen hardware development is most likely the Neo FreeRunner smartphone developed by Openmoko. Lately,
the Google Android OS is a popular open source mobile operating system. Nokia has an initiative around Symbian too, which open-sourced all Symbian
smartphone code in February 2010.[30]In the past Nokia had developed the GNU/Linux-based open source system Maemo. Maemo has since been merged
with Intel's project Moblin to form MeeGo operating system.
SMARTPHONE
(iPhone 4)
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system(GNSS) that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and
at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United
States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.
GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (USDOD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It was established in 1973 to overcome the
limitations of previous navigation systems.[1]
In addition to GPS other systems are in use or under development. The Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was for use by the Russian military
only until 2007. There are also the planned Chinese Compass navigation system and Galileo positioning systemof the European Union (EU).
History
The design of GPS is based partly on similar ground-based radio navigation systems, such as LORANand the Decca Navigator developed in the early 1940s, and used
during World War II. In 1956 Friedwardt Winterberg[2] proposed a test of general relativity using accurate atomic clocks placed in orbit in artificial satellites. To
achieve accuracy requirements, GPS uses principles of general relativity to correct the satellites' atomic clocks. Additional inspiration for GPS came when the Soviet
Union launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik in 1957. A team of U.S. scientists led by Dr. Richard B. Kershner were monitoring Sputnik's radio transmissions.
They discovered that, because of the Doppler effect, the frequency of the signal being transmitted by Sputnik was higher as the satellite approached, and lower as it
continued away from them. They realized that because they knew their exact location on the globe, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit by
measuring the Doppler distortion (see Transit (satellite)).
The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could
provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour. In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the Timation satellite that proved the ability to place accurate clocks in
space, a technology required by GPS. In the 1970s, the ground-based Omega Navigation System, based on phase comparison of signal transmission from pairs of
stations,[3] became the first worldwide radio navigation system. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater
accuracy.
While there were wide needs for accurate navigation in military and civilian sectors, almost none of those were seen as justification for the billions of dollars it would
cost in research, development, deployment, and operation for a constellation of navigation satellites. During theCold War arms race, the nuclear threat to the
existence of the United States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the US Congress. This deterrent effect is why GPS was funded. The nuclear
triad consisted of the US Navy's submarine-launched ballistic missiles(SLBMs) along with the US Air Force's strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic
missiles (ICBMs). Considered vital to the nuclear deterrence posture, accurate determination of the SLBM launch position was a force multiplier.

Basic concept of GPS

A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that
include
the time the message was transmitted
precise orbital information (the ephemeris)
the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac).
The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite. These distances along with the
satellites' locations are used with the possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm is used, to compute the position of the receiver. This position is then
displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units show derived information such as
direction and speed, calculated from position changes.
Position calculation introduction
To provide an introductory description of how a GPS receiver works, error effects are deferred to a later section. Using messages received from a minimum of four
visible satellites, a GPS receiver is able to determine the times sent and then the satellite positions corresponding to these times sent. The x, y, and z components of
position, and the time sent, are designated as   where the subscript i is the satellite number and has the value 1, 2, 3, or 4. Knowing the indicated time
the message was received  , the GPS receiver can compute the transit time of the message as  . Assuming the message traveled at the speed of light, c, the
distance traveled or pseudorange,   can be computed as  .
Structure
The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment (SS), a control segment (CS), and a user segment (US).[33] The U.S. Air Force develops,
maintains, and operates the space and control segments. GPS satellites broadcast signals from space, and each GPS receiver uses these signals to calculate its three-
dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the current time.[34]
The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also includes the payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into
orbit. The control segment is composed of a master control station, an alternate master control station, and a host of dedicated and shared ground antennas and
monitor stations. The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of
millions of civil, commercial, and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service (see GPS navigation devices).
Space segment
The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also includes the payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into
orbit. The control segment is composed of a master control station, an alternate master control station, and a host of dedicated and shared ground antennas and
monitor stations. The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of
millions of civil, commercial, and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service (see GPS navigation devices).
Control segment
The control segment is composed of
1. a master control station (MCS),
2. an alternate master control station,
3. four dedicated ground antennas and
4. six dedicated monitor stations
User segment
The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil,
commercial and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service. In general, GPS receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted by
the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly stable clock (often a crystal oscillator). They may also include a display for providing location and speed information to
the user. A receiver is often described by its number of channels: this signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously. Originally limited to four or five, this
has progressively increased over the years so that, as of 2007, receivers typically have between 12 and 20 channels.[45]
Applications
While originally a military project, GPS is considered a dual-use technology, meaning it has significant military and civilian applications.
GPS has become a widely deployed and useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking, and surveillance. GPS's accurate time facilitates everyday activities such as
banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids by allowing well synchronized hand-off switching. Farmers, surveyors, geologists, and
countless others perform their work more efficiently, safely, economically, and accurately.[34]
An electronic book (also e-book, ebook, digital book) is a text and image-based publication in digital form produced on, published by, and readable on computers or
other digital devices.[1]Sometimes the equivalent of a conventional printed book, e-books can also be born digital. TheOxford Dictionary of English defines the e-book
as "an electronic version of a printed book,"[2] but e-books can and do exist without any printed equivalent. E-books are usually read on dedicatedhardware devices
known as e-Readers or e-book devices. Personal computers and some cell phones can also be used to read e-books.
History
Among the earliest general e-books were those in Project Gutenberg, in 1971. An early e-book implementation were the desktop prototypes for a proposed notebook
computer, the Dynabook, in the 1970s at PARC, which would be a general-purpose portable personal computer, including reading books.[3]
Early e-books were generally written for specialty areas and a limited audience, meant to be read only by small and devoted interest groups. The scope of the subject
matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques and other subjects.[citation needed] In the 1990s, the general availability of
the Internet made transferring electronic files much easier, including e-books.
Numerous e-book formats emerged and proliferated, some supported by major software companies such as Adobe with its PDF format, and others supported by
independent and open-source programmers. Multiple readers followed multiple formats, most of them specializing in only one format, and thereby fragmenting the
e-book market even more. Due to exclusiveness and limited readerships of e-books, the fractured market of independents and specialty authors lacked consensus
regarding a standard for packaging and selling e-books. E-books continued to gain in their own underground markets. Many e-book publishers began distributing
books that were in thepublic domain. At the same time, authors with books that were not accepted by publishers offered their works online so they could be seen by
others. Unofficial (and occasionally unauthorized) catalogs of books became available over the web, and sites devoted to e-books began disseminating information
about e-books to the public.[citation needed]
U.S. Libraries began providing free e-books to the public in 1998 through their web sites and associated services,[4] although the e-books were primarily scholarly,
technical or professional in nature, and could not be downloaded. In 2003, libraries began offering free downloadable popular fiction and non-fiction e-books to the
public, launching an e-book lending model that worked much more successfully for public libraries.[5] The number of library e-book distributors and lending models
continued to increase over the next few years. In 2010, a Public Library Funding and Technology Access Study[6] found that 66% of public libraries in the U.S. were
offering e-books,[7]and a large movement in the library industry began seriously examining the issues related to lending e-books, acknowledging a tipping point of
broad e-book usage.[8]
As of 2009, new marketing models for e-books were being developed and dedicated reading hardware was produced. E-books (as opposed to ebook readers) have
yet to achieve global distribution. In the United States, as of September 2009, the Amazon Kindle model and Sony'sPRS-500 were the dominant e-reading devices.
[9]
 By March 2010, some reported that the Barnes & Noble Nook may be selling more units than the Kindle.[10] On January 27, 2010 Apple, Inc. launched a multi-
function device called the iPad[11] and announced agreements with five of the six largest publishers that would allow Apple to distribute e-books.[12] However, many
publishers and authors have not endorsed the concept of electronic publishing, citing issues with demand, piracy and proprietary devices.[13]
In July 2010, online bookseller Amazon.com reported sales of ebooks for its proprietary Kindle outnumbered sales of hardcover books for the first time ever during
the second quarter of 2010, saying it sold 140 e-books for every 100 hardcover books, including hardcovers for which there was no digital edition.[14] In July this
number had increased to 180 Kindle ebooks per 100 hardcovers.[15] Paperback book sales are still much larger than either hardcover or e-book; the American
Publishing Association estimated e-books represented 8.5% of sales as of mid-2010.[16] In Canada, the option of ebook publishing took a higher profile when the
novel, The Sentamentalists, won the prestigious nationalGiller Prize. Owing to the small scale of the novel's independent publisher, the book was initially not widely
available in printed form, but the ebook edition had no such problems with it becoming the top-selling title for Kobo devices.[17]
Formats
Main article: Comparison of e-book formats
There are a variety of e-book formats used to create and publish e-books. A writer or publisher has many options when it comes to choosing a format for production.
Every format has its proponents and champions, and debates over which format is best can become intense.
Advantages
There are over 2 million free books available for download as of August 2009.[20] Mobile availability of e-books may be provided for users with a mobile data
connection, so that these e-books need not be stored on the device. An e-book can be offered indefinitely, without ever going "out of print". In the space that a
comparably sized print book takes up, an e-reader can potentially contain thousands of e-books, limited only by its memory capacity. If space is at a premium, such as
in a backpack or at home, it can be an advantage that an e-book collection takes up little room or weight.
Drawbacks
Ebook formats and file types continue to develop and change through time through advances and developments in technology or the introduction of new proprietary
formats. While printed books remain readable for many years, e-books may need to be copied or converted to a new carrier or file type over time. PDF and epub are
growing standards, but are not universal. The lack of a single universal standard could significantly affect the longevity of some works and their availability or
readability in the future as a result of the format(s) used at the time of production.[25]
Not all books are available as e-books. Paper books can be bought and wrapped for a present and a library of books can provide visual appeal, while the digital nature
of e-books makes them non-visible or tangible. E-books cannot provide the physical feel of the cover, paper, and binding of the original printed work. An author who
publishes a book often puts more into the work than simply the words on the pages. E-books may cause people "to do the grazing and quick reading that screens
enable, rather than be by themselves with the author's ideas".[26] They may use the e-books simply for reference purposes rather than reading for pleasure and
leisure.[27] Books with large pictures (such as children's books) or diagrams are more inconvenient for viewing and reading.
Production
Some e-books are produced simultaneously with the production of a printed format, as described in electronic publishing, though in many instances they may not be
put on sale until later. Often, e-books are produced from pre-existing hard-copy books, generally by document scanning, sometimes with the use of robotic book
scanners, having the technology to quickly scan books without damaging the original print edition. Scanning a book produces a set of image files, which may
additionally be converted into text format by an OCR program.[34]Occasionally, as in some e-text projects, a book may be produced by re-entering the text from a
keyboard.
As a newer development, sometimes only the electronic version of a book is produced by the publisher. It is even possible to release an e-book chapter by chapter as
each chapter is written. This is useful in fields such as information technology where topics can change quickly in the months that it takes to write a typical book
(See: Realtime Publishers). It is also possible to convert an electronic book to a printed book by print on demand. However these are exceptions as tradition dictates
that a book be launched in the print format and later if the author wishes an electronic version is produced.
e-Readers
e-Readers may be specifically designed for that purpose, or intended for other purposes as well. The term is restricted to hardware devices and used to describe a
category type.
Specialized devices have the advantage of doing one thing well. Specifically, they tend to have the right screen size, battery lifespan, lighting and weight. A
disadvantage of such devices is that they are often expensive when compared to multi-purpose devices such as laptops andPDAs.
In 2010, competition sent the price for the most popular electronic reading devices below USD 200.[39]