Chapter4

Transport Layer Functionality and Protocols

IT 310
Dr-Eng. Manel Abdelkader, Dr-Eng. Abir Touati

Tunis Business School

Fall 2018
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What will we Learn from chapter 4?

 The role of Transport Layer protocols and

services.

 How to analyze the application and operation

of TCP mechanisms that support:
 reliability
 reassembly and manage data loss

 How to analyze the operation of UDP

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Transport Layer Role and Services

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Transport Layer Role and Services

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Transport Layer Role and Services

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Transport Layer Role and Services

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Transport Control Protocol (TCP)

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TCP Charactersrics

TCP is a transport layer protocol which has the

following main characteristics:

1. Session multiplexing
2. Segmentation
3. Connection-oriented
4. Reliability
5. Flow Control

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Application and Operation of TCP Mechanisms

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1. Session multiplexing

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 Port Numbers

F T S D T S R
T E M N F N I
Application P L T S T M P
Layer N P P P
E
T

21 23 25 53 69 161 520 Port

Numbers
TCP UDP
Transport
Layer
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Ports Distribution
 Three sets of ports are defined by the IANA:

 Well-known ports: 1-1023 are assigned by IANA to

applications that are fundamental to Internet.

 Registered ports: 1024 – 49151 are listed by IANA for

proprietary applications.

 Dynamically assigned ports: 49152- 65535are

dynamically assigned for the duration of a specific
session.

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Ports in use

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2. Segmentation

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3- Connection-Oriented Protocol

 TCP establishes a virtual circuit between the

sending and receiving applications, before starting
sending data.

 Three main phases characterize TCP:

1. Connection Establishment
2. Data Transfer
3. Connection Termination

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TCP Three-Way Handshake/Open Connection
Host A Host B

Send SYN
1 (seq = 0 ctl = SYN)
SYN Received

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TCP Three-Way Handshake/Open Connection

Host A Host B

1 Send SYN
(seq = 0 ctl = SYN) SYN Received

2
Send SYN, ACK
(seq = 0 ack = 1
ctl = syn,ack)
SYN Received

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TCP Three-Way Handshake/Open Connection

Host A Host B

Send SYN
1 (seq = 0 ctl = SYN)
SYN Received

2
Send SYN, ACK
SYN Received (seq = 0 ack = 1
ctl = syn,ack)
3 Established,
(seq = 1 ack = 1
ctl = ack) Send ACK

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Data Segments Transfer
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1

Send 2
Receive 2
Send 3
Receive 3
Send 4
Receive 4

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Session termination

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4. - Reliability

 TCP reliability has three objectives:

 Recognition and correction of data loss,

 Recognition and correction of duplicate or out-of-order
data,
 Avoidance of congestion in the network

 Acknowledgement is TCP basic mechanism.

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 TCP Simple Acknowledgment
Sender Receiver
Send 1
Receive 1
RTT
Send ACK 2
Receive ACK 2

Send 2
Receive 2
Send ACK 3
Receive ACK 3
Send 3
Receive 3

Receive ACK 4 Send ACK 4

 Window Size = 1
Round Trip Time

 R.T.T: Round Trip Time is the time between

sending data and receiveing acknowledgement.

 If RTT is significant, the overall transmission rate

may slow to an unacceptable level

 A mechanism called windowing increases

network efficiency

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Flow Control: Windowing

Windowing enables a receiving computer to advertise how much data

it is able to receive before transmitting an acknowledgement.

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TCP- Flow Control

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TCP- Flow Control
Sender Window
size =3
Receiver
Window Size = 3
Send 1 Window Size = 3

Window Size = 3
Send 2
Window Size = 3
Send 3
ACK 3 Packet 3 Is
Window Size = 2 Dropped
Window Size = 2
Send 3
Window Size = 2
Send 4
ACK 5
Window Size = 2
TCP – Flow Control

Go-Back-N vs Selective Repeat

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 Key Differences Between Go-Back-N and Selective Repeat
1. Go-Back-N protocol is design to retransmit all the frames that are arrived
after the damaged or a lost frame. On the other hand, Selective Repeat
protocol retransmits only that frame that is damaged or lost.

2. If the error rate is high i.e. more frames are being damaged and then
retransmitting all the frames that arrived after a damaged frame waste the
lots of bandwidth. On the other hand, selective repeat protocol re-transmits
only damaged frame hence, minimum bandwidth is wasted.
3. In Go-Back-N receiver discards all the frames after the damaged frame
hence, it don’t need to store any frames. Selective repeat protocol does not
discard the frames arrived after the damaged frame instead it stores those
frames till the damaged frame arrives successfully and is sorted in a proper
sequence.

4. Generally the Go-Back-N is more is use due to its less complex nature
instead of Selective Repeat protocol.
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TCP – Congestion and Flow Control

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TCP – Congestion
 Network congestion may occur when a sender overflows the network with
too many packets. At the time of congestion, the network cannot handle this
traffic properly, which results in a degraded quality of service (QoS). The typical
symptoms of a congestion are: excessive packet delay, packet loss and
retransmission.

 Congestion control ensures that the sender does not overflow the network.
Comparing to the flow control technique where the flow control mechanism
ensures that the source host does not overflow the destination host, congestion
control is more global. It ensures that the capability of the routers along the path
does not become overflowed.

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TCP- Ordered Data

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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

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UDP Characteristics

 UDP provides applications with access to the

network without overhead of reliability
mechanisms.
 Is a connectionless protocol.
 Provides limited error checking.
 Provides Best-effort delivery.
 Has no-data recovery features.

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UDP Segment Format

Bit
1 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

Source Port (16) Destination Port (16)

8
Bytes
Length (16) Checksum (16)

• No sequence orData
acknowledgment
(if Any) fields
UDP Protocol

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UDP Protocol

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UDP Protocol

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UDP Protocol

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Reliable vs Best-Effort Comparison

Reliable Best-Effort

Connection Type Connection-Oriented Connectionless

Protocol TCP UDP

Sequencing Yes No

Uses  E-mail  Voice streaming

 File sharing  Video streaming
 Downloading

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What did I Learn from chapter 4?

 Explain the role of Transport Layer protocols

and services.

 Analyze the application and operation of TCP

mechanisms that support:
 reliability
 reassembly and manage data loss

 Analyze the operation of UDP

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