Chapter 2

Host to host Communication Model

IT 310
Dr-Eng. Manel Abdelkader

Tunis Business School

Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to
perform the following tasks:

 Identify the requirements of a host to host

communication model.
 Define the purpose of the OSI reference model.
 Define the characteristics and the functions of each
layer of the OSI model.
 Describe the process of encapsulation/decapsulation.
 Understand how peer to peer communication works.
 Understand TCP/IP model.

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Outline
 OSI model
 Encapsulation- Decapsulation
 TCP/IP model

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The way to standardization
 Many of the computers and operating systems within an
organization are manufactured by different companies and use
different types of programs to operate.
 Older model:
 Proprietary.
 Application and combinations software controlled by one vendor.

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Networking Growing Pains

 Emerging network technologies were built

using different kinds of hardware and
software.

 Many of the new network technologies were

incompatible.

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Towards Standardization

 To address the problem, the International

Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched
leading networks schemes:
 Digital’s DECnet
 IBM’s SNA
 DoD’s TCP/IP (non-proprietary)

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The ISO’s Standard

 The ISO recognized there was a need to create a

network model that would help vendors create
networks that would work compatibly and
interoperably with other networks.

 In 1984, the ISO released their networking model.

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 The OSI Model

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ISO’s OSI Reference Model

 A Layered Model:

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Layered Model

 Layer refers to a set of services and functions and their

realization in hardware or software
n + 1 layer
 Interaction only between adjacent layers
 layer n uses services provided by layer n-1
 layer n provides service to layer n+1 n layer
 Bottom layer is physical media
 Top layer is application
n - 1 layer
 A layer is characterized by its protocol.

 The fundamental idea is that a particular piece of software (or

hardware) provides a service to its users but keeps the details of
its internal state and algorithms hidden from them.

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What is a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
 “what’s the time?”  machines rather than
 “I have a question” humans
 introductions  all communication activity
in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions taken
A protocol is an agreement between the
when msgs received, or
communicating parties on how
other events communication is to proceed.

Protocols define format, order of msgs sent

and received among network entities, and
actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
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What is a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? GET http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/index.html
2:00
<file>
time

Q: Other human protocols?

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Service vs Protocol

An analogy with programming languages: A service is like an abstract

data type or an object in an object-oriented language. It defines
operations that can be performed on an object but does not specify how
these operations are implemented. In contrast, a protocol relates to the
implementation of the service and as such is not visible to the user of the
service.
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Protocol Standardization
 All hosts must follow same protocol
 Very small modifications can make a big difference
 Or prevent it from working altogether

 This is why we have standards

 Can have multiple implementations of protocol
 Internet Engineering Task Force
 Based on working groups that focus on specific issues
 Produces “Request For Comments” (RFCs)
 IETF Web site is http://www.ietf.org
 RFCs archived at http://www.rfc-editor.org

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ISO’s OSI Reference Model

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Layers and communication
 Reduces complexity: It breaks network communication into smaller,
simpler parts.

 Standardizes interfaces: It standardizes network components to allow

multiple vendor development and support.

 Facilitates modular engineering: It allows different types of network

hardware and software to communicate with each other.

 Ensures interoperable technology: It prevents changes in one layer

from affecting the other layers, allowing for quicker development.

 Accelerates evolution: It provides for effective updates and

improvements to individual components without affecting other
components or having to rewrite the entire protocol.

 Simplifies teaching and learning: It breaks network communication

into smaller components to make learning easier.

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OSI Model layers Functions
Mutually-agreeable meaning of application
data (common semantics)
Mutually-agreeable binary representation
of application data (common syntax).
Negotiation of the establishment and
termination of connections (sessions).
Efficient and cost-effective transportation
of data across the network.

Routing of data packets within the

network and across multiple networks
Provision of a reliable communication line
to thenetwork layer.
Provision of a reliable communication line
to the network layer.

https://youtu.be/Cbqsm23zgMQ

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Application Layer

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Presentation Layer

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Session Layer

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Transport Layer

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Network Layer

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Data Link Layer

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Physical Layer

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Media Layers

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Host Layers

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Nodes use only the lower 3 layers.

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 Encapsulation/Decapsulation

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Data Encapsulation

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Data Encapsulation

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Data Decapsulation

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Peer-to-Peer Communication

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Addressing and Naming Schemes

How labels in encapsulation headers are used to

manage communication in data networks
Addressing and Naming Schemes

 Ethernet MAC Addresses, IP Addresses, and Port

numbers
Addressing and Naming Schemes

How labels in encapsulation headers are used to

manage communication
Addressing and Naming Schemes
How information in the encapsulated header is used
to identify the source and destination processes for
communication
 TCP/IP model

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TCP/IP stack

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TCP/IP layers
 Application layer: The application layer handles high-level protocols,
including issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control. The
TCP/IP model combines all application-related issues into one layer and
ensures that this data is properly packaged for the next layer.

 Transport layer: The transport layer deals with QoS issues of

reliability, flow control, and error correction. One of its protocols, TCP,
provides for reliable network communications.

 Internet layer: The purpose of the Internet layer is to send source

datagrams from any network on the internetwork and have them arrive
at the destination, regardless of the path they took to get there.

 Network access layer: The name of this layer is broad and somewhat
confusing. It is also called the host-to-network layer. It includes the LAN
and WAN protocols and all the details in the OSI physical and data link
layers.

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Conclusion
We learned to:

 Explain the function of protocols.

 Explain the advantages of using a layered model
 Describe the role of each layer In the:
 OSI model.
 TCP/IP model

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