sGr13OM EngiTechPracGuide

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<&
bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh
13 fY%aKsh
m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%yh

^2018 ckjdß isg l%shd;aul lsrSug kshñ; h'&
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

Y%S ,xldj'
www.nie.lk
bxcsfkare ;dlaIKfõoh
13 fY%aKsh
m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ix.%yh
© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
m%:u uqøKh ( 2018

ISBN:
;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u'
uqøKh(
wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh
Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk moaO;sh f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh yd f.da,h

S lrKh mokï
lr.;a ±kqï wd¾Ólh lrd fhduqfjñka mj;S' ±kqï wd¾Ólhka lrd hdfï §"
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh u.ska wfmalaIs; bf.kqï M, isiqka úiska idlaId;a
lr .ekSu ;yjqre lr .ekSug;a" ks¾udKYS,S;ajh yd ld¾hY+r;ajh we;slr .ekSu
i|yd;a m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlïj, fh§u w;HjYH fõ'
w'fmd'i' ^W$fm<& fndfyda úIhka i|yd m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%y

m< ù we;s w;r bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh úIh i|yd;a m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï
ix.%yh m%udKj;a uÜgñka ilia lr we;'
w'fmd'i' ^W$fm<& bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh úIh idOkh by< kexùu

i|yd .=rejreka iy isiqka hk fomd¾Yjh úiska u Ndú; l< yels .%ka:hl
wjYH;dj imqrd,kq jia fuu w'fmd'i' ^W$fm<& bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh
m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%yh cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ;dlaIK wOHdmk
fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska ilia lr we;'
w'fmd'i' ^W$fm<& bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%yh

ilia lsÍfï ld¾h id¾:l lr .ekSug Ydia;h S% yd m%dfhda.l
s w;a±lSï u; odhl;ajh
iemhQ ish¨ jD;a;slhkag;a" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ld¾h uKav,hg;a udf.a
ia;+;sh m< lrñ'
wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
i
ye¢kaùu
w'fmd'i' ^W$fm<& bxcsfkare ;dlaIKfõoh úIh ks¾foaYfha we;s ksmqK;d uÜgug

.e<fmk mßÈ yd úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh jk mßÈ fuu m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%yh
ilia lr we;'
hï ksmqK;djlg wod< úIh lreKq bf.kSfï § úIh lreKq ms<sn| j ;yjqre lr

.ekSug YsIHhdg m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%yh ;=<ska bv ie,fia' tfuka u .=rejrhdg
o ;uka b.ekajQ úIh lreKq m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï u.ska id¾:lj ;yjqre lsÍug fï
;=<ska myiq fõ' tu mrud¾:h bgq lsÍfuys,d fuu .%ka:fhka id¾:l msájy,la ,efnkq
we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'
w'fmd'i' ^W$fm<& úNd.fha § bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh m%Yak m;%fha nyqjrK

m%Yk
a 50 lg;a jHQy.; rpkd m%Yak y;rlg;a" rpkd m%Yk a yhla w;ßka y;rlg;a ms<s;r = e
,nd Èh hq;= h. fuu m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrï ix.%yfha § tu iEu ksmqK;djlska u ielfik
nyqjrK" jHqy.; rpkd yd rpkd m%Yk a i|yd ms<;
s r
= e iemhSug o fuu m%dfhda.l
s lsh
% dldrlï
ix.%yh odhl jkq we;'
bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh úIfha idOk uÜgï úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska m%ldY

lsÍfï§ ta i|yd meje;afjk m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKfhka ,ndfok ,l=Kq 25 ,nd .ekSug o
YsIHhdg ud¾f.damfoaYhla fuu m%dfhda.sl wNHdi ;=<ska ,efí'
fuu m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%yhg we;=<;a úh hq;= ixfYdaOk fõ kï tajd

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j fj; ±kqï §u bÈß ixfYdaOk i|yd msájy,la jkq
we;'

úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iii
mgqk
msgq wxlh
fmrjok i
ix{dmkh ii
ye|skaùu iii
mgqk iv
úIhud,d lñgqj v
m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlu msgq wxlh

2'4'1 m%;Hdj¾; Odrd Odrs;%l wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha tl,d fm%arK fudagrhl t;=ï
ksjerÈ j y÷kdf.k mßm:h ksjerÈ j iïnkaO lr Odjkh lsÍu 01-03
2'4'2 Odrs;%l wdrïNl yd Odjk tl,d m%;Hdj¾; fudagrhl N%uK ÈYdj m%;sj¾;H lsÍu04-07
2'4'3 f;l,d fudagrhl N%uK osYdj udre lsrSu 08-11
2'5'1 iaÓr pqïnl ir, Odrd fudagrhl wdfïp¾ Odrdj wkqj fõ.h fjkia jk
wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lsÍu 12-14
2'5'2 fudagrhla úÿ,s cklhla f,i Ndú; lrñka únr wkqj ,nd .kakd Odrdj
fjkia jk wkaou ksÍlaIKh lsÍu 15-16
2'5'3 ir, Odrd Wmm: lafIa;% t;=ï fudagrhl N%uK ÈYdj fjkia lsÍu 17-18
2'6'1 wjlr mßKdul folla Ndú;fhka wêlr mßKdul ls%hdj ,nd .ekSu iy
mßKdul ls%hdj,sfha § cj ydkshla isÿjk nj fmkaùu 19-21
3'2'1 m%;siu u,aá ógrh wOdrfhka úúO vfhdavj, w.% y÷kd .ekSu 22-23
3'3'1 wjlr mßKdulhla Ndú; lr wvq fjda,aàh;d iemhqula tl,ia lsÍu 24-28
3'3'2 wjlr mrsKdul fh¥ cj iemhqï m%;sodkhlg fjda,aàh;d hdulhla iïnkaO lr
ia:dhslrKh jQ m%;sodkhla ,nd .ekSu 29-31
3'4'1 g%dkaisiagrhl w.% y÷kd .ekSu 32-35
3'4'2 NPN g%dkaisiagrhla Ndú; lr g%dkaisiag¾ iaúphla ks¾udKh lsÍu 36-40
3'5'1 NPN g%dkaisiagrhla Ndú; lr l=vd ix{d j¾Olhla tl,ia lr fjda,aàh;d ,dNh
fiùu 41-43
3'6'1 m%ldY ixfõolhl ixfõ§;dj jeä lsÍu i|yd ldrld;aul j¾Olhla Ndú;fhka
ilia lrk ,o ixikaolhla fhdod .ekSu 44-46
3'6'2 ldrld;aul j¾Olhla Ndú; lr wmj¾;l j¾Olhla tl,ia lsrSu' 47-49
3'8'1 msúiqï fodrj,a ;=kla iys; ksjil fodrj,a újD; j ;sfí±hs mÍlaId lsÍug
;¾l oajdr Ndú;fhka wdrlaIl moaO;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu 50-52
3'8'2 AND iy OR oajdr Ndú; lr iajhx /|jqï mßm:hla tl,ia lsÍu 53-55
3'8'3 X-OR oajdr Ndú; lr ia:dk ;=klska md,kh jk myka mßm:hla tl,ia lsÍu
56-58
3'8'4 NE 555 ix.Dys; mßm:h Ndú; lr wia:dhS nyq lïml iy talia:dhS nyq lïml
mßm:hla tl,ia lsÍu 59-62
3'8'5 7493" 74192 fyda 4518 ix.Dys; mßm: Ndú; lr by<g .Kskhla ks¾udKh lsÍu 63-66
iv
m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlu msgq wxlh
3'8'6 by<g .Kskhla Ndú; lr 50Hz ixLHd;hlska 1Hz ixLHd;hla ,nd .ekSu 67-69
4'2'1 fldgiaj,g .,jd we;s flakaødmidÍ fmdïmhla fldgia y÷kdf.k ksjerÈj
tl,ia lsÍu 70-74
5'1'1 hï lsis ìï fldgil msysgd we;s jia;=ka f.a o< msysàu lvodishla u;
ksrEmKh lsÍu 75-77
5'1'2 hï lsis ìï fldgil msysgd we;s jia;+kaf.a idfmalaI msysàu lvodishla u;
ksrEmKh lsÍu 78-83
5'2'1 .il Wi .Kkh lsÍu 84-86
5'2'2 .`.l m<, .Kkh lsÍu 87-92
5'3'1 oïje,a uekqï l%u Ndú; lr l=vd ìï fldgila uek tys ìï ie,eiau
ms<sfh, lsÍu 93-97
5'5'1 uÜgï .ekSfï isoaOdka;h Ndú; lr flá ud¾. fldgil Èlalvla ms<sfh, lsÍu 98-105
5'7'1 ;shfvd,hsÜgqj Ndú;fhka l=vd bvula uek tys ìï ie,eiau ms<sfh, lsÍu 106-112
6'3'1 c, lrduhla" lmdghla iy kdk j;=r u,la we;=<;a c, iïmdok fldgila 113-119
ia:dmkh lsÍu
v
bxcsfkare ;dlaIKfõoh m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%yh
wkqYdil;ajh ( wdpd¾h à'ta'wd¾'fcA' .=Kfialr ñh
wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
WmfoaYl;ajh ( wdpd¾h à'ta'wd¾'fcA' .=Kfialr ñh
wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
úIh kdhl;ajh yd iïnkaëlrKh (
tka'à'fla f,dl=,shk uhd
wOHlaI
;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
cS'fla' .uf.a ñh
lÒldpd¾h
;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iïnkaëlrK iydh ( mS' B' b¨lal=Uqr ñh" iyldr lÒldpd¾h"

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
úIh lñgqj (
tka'à'fla' f,dl=,shk uhd wOHlaI"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ta' ã' kkaofiak uhd wOHlaI ^;dlaIK& - ^úY%dñl&
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" biqremdh" n;a;ruq,a,
wdpd¾h à' tka' úl%uwdrÉÑ ñh fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" bxcsfkare mSGh" reyqK úYajúoHd,h'
wdpd¾h cS'î' il=rd ñh fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
wdpd¾h hQ'whs'fla' .,mam;a;s uhd fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" bxcsfkare mSGh" reyqK úYajúoHd,h'
wdpd¾h fgrkaia frx.rdiq uhd fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" bxcsfkare mSGh" reyqK úYajúoHd,h'
wdpd¾h fla'tka' wfíisxy uhd fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" bxcsfkare mSGh" Y%S ,xld f;dr;=re
;dlaIK wdh;kh
wdpd¾h iqrdÊ ch;s,l uhd wxY m%Odk" fuldfg%dksla wxYh" jD;a;Sh yd ;dlaIK úYaj
úoHd,h" r;au,dk
mS' Ô' wd¾' tka' whs' mqiaie,a, uhd fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" N+ ú{dmk mSGh" inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h'
B'tÉ' ch;=x. uhd fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" bxcsfkare mSGh" reyqK úYajúoHd,h'
fÊ'wdßhisxy uhd fcHIAG WmfoaYl ^;dlaIK& - úY%dñl" ld¾ñl úoHd,h" urodk
ta'ta' kjr;ak uhd fcHIaG WmfoaYl" ;dlaIK úoHd,h" urodk
tia't,a' f,dl=,shk ñh lÓldpd¾h" mß.Kl úoHd mSGh" f;dr;=re ;dlaIK wdh;kh
ví'à'fca' fhda.dkkao uhd WmfoaYl" ld¾ñl bxcsfkare wNHdi wdh;kh'
ta' hQ' î' úoHdfialr uhd mdGud,d iïnkaëldrl" ,xld wfYdala f,a,kaâ iud.u
.dñKs .=Kfialr uhd mßY% l<ukdlre - úY%dñl" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh"
fld<U 07
tÉ' wd¾' ta' mS' .=K;s,l uhd fcHIaG WmfoaYl" ld¾ñl úoHd,h" fydaud.u
tÉ' fjdlaia,s fmf¾rd uhd .=re WmfoaYl ^;dlaIK& - ^úY%dñl& y,dj; wOHdmk l,dmh
î'ã' wdßhjxY uhd Y%S','.='fia'" ^;dlaIKfõoh& - ^úY%dñl& udr$isoaOd¾: úoHd,h"
je,s.u
fÊ'wd¾' ,xldmqr uhd Y%S','.='fia'" ^;dlaIKfõoh&" .srs$ úl%uYs,d u'ú" .sßW,a,
wd¾'tï'tka'tia' fikúr;ak ñh Y%S','.='fia'" ^bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh&" j,sisxy yßiapkaø
úoHd,h" wkqrdOmqr'
vi
ã'ví' r;=.u ñh Y%'S ,'.='fia'" ^bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh&" f.da;ó nd,sld úoHd,h"
fld<U 10'
î'ta'ã'tka'ã' ch;s,l ñh Y%S','.='fia'" ^bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh&" jE;r uyd úoHd,h"
fmd,a.ia´úg'
ù'tia' tosßisxy uhd Y%S','.='fia'" ^bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh&" YS% f¾j; uyd úoHd,h"
uvdgq.u
wd¾'mS'tia'ã' ch;s,l ñh Y%S','.='fia' ^bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh&" nKavdrkdhl uOH
úoHd,h" fõhkaf.dv
î' Ô' wd¾' ux., uhd Y%S','.='fia'" ^bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh&" isßmshr;k uOH
úoHd,h" mdÿlal
tï'tï'fca'iS' fiakdr;ak nKavdr Y%S','.='fia'" ^bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh&" uhqrmdo uOH úoHd,h"
uhd kdrïu,
isxy, NdId ixialrKh ( ta' ã' kkaofiak uhd" wOHlaI ^;dlaIK& - ^úY%dñl&
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" biqremdh" n;a;ruq,a,
rEm igyka ( ta'fla'tï uqiaks uhd

Y%S','.='fia'" udr$uyskao rdcmlaI úoHd,h" iriú Whk" ud;r
mß.Kl msgq ieliqu ( ,s,dks úl%uf.a ñh

cd;sl wdOqksl;aj iy ld¾ñl mqyqKq lsÍï wêldßh
vii
m% d fhda . s l ls % h dldrlï
2'4'1 m%;Hdj¾; Odrd Odrs ;% l wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha tl,d fm%a rK fudagrhl
t;=ï ksjerÈ j y÷kdf.k mßm:h ksjerÈ j iïnkaO lr Odjkh lsÍu
ks m q K;dj 2 ( úÿ,s cjh W;amdokh" iïfm%aIKh" fnod yeÍu iy Ndú;h ms<sn|

j úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 2'4 ( m%;Hdj¾; Odrd hka;%j, l%shdldÍ;ajh wOHhkh lrhs'
ld,Éfca o ixLHdj ( 02
bf.kq ï M,h ( ² tl,d Odß;%l wdrïNl iy Odjk fm%arK fudagrj, wka;¾.;

úÿ,s mßm:fha fldgia y÷kd .kshs'
² tl,d Odrs;l
% wdrïNl iy Odjk fm%r a K fudag¾j, o`.r iy wfkl=;a
Wmdx. ksjerÈ j iïnkaO fldg tl,d iemhqu ,nd § Odjkh lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² m%;Hdj¾; Odrd Odß;%l wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha tl,d fm%arK
fudagrhl úÿ,s mßm:hg iïnkaO fldgia y÷kd .ekSu
² wdrïNl yd Odjk o`.r fjka lr y÷kd .ekSu
² fudagrfha úÿ,s mßm:h tl,ia lsÍu
² iemhqu ,nd § fudagrh Odjkh lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( ² úÿ,s mxld" j;=r fmdïm wdÈfha Ndú; jk m%;Hdj¾; Odrd Odß;%l
wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha fudag¾j, N%uKh i|yd o`.r folla
fhdod .efka' tu o`.r fol fjka fjkaj y÷kd .ekSfuka o`.r fol
ksjerÈ j iïnkaO fldg tl,d úÿ,s iemhqu ,nd § Odjkh lrùu
fuu m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlfï wruqK hs'
uQ , O¾uh ( ² m%;Hdj¾; Odrd Odß;%l wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha tl,d fma%rK

fudagrhl o`.r folla wka;r.; fõ' o`.r fol wdrïNl t;=u yd
Odjk t;=u f,i y÷kajhs ' fuu l%shdldrlu ;=< tu t;=ï fjk
fjk u y÷kd.ekSug wjia:dj ie,fihs' wdrïNl o`.rhg Odß;%lh
fY%aKs.; j iïnkaO lr thg Odjk o`.rh iudka;r.; j iïnkaO
lr tu w.% folg iemhqu ,nd §fuka fudagrh Odjkh l< yels h'
;j o fuu j¾.fha fudag¾j, iemhqu ,nd § lsh
% d;aul jk wjia:dfõ
§ o wdrïNl o`.rh yd Odß;%lh iemhqu iu`. wLKav j iïnkaO j
mj;S'
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH (

² o`.rj, w.% fjk fjk u msg;g f.k we;s Odß;%l wdrïNl yd
Odjk j¾.fha fma%rK fudagrhla ^230 V, 50 Hz&
² m%;is u u,aá ógrh ^nyqudkh& (multimeter)
² nyq ld¾h w`vqjla
² 150 mm me;,s bial=remamq kshkla
² msßisÿ frÈ len,s
² 7/0.53 fhd;la ^ÿUqre3 m ks,a 3 m&
² ksfhdaka fgiagrh
² úÿ,s ld¾ñl msysh
² lmk w`vqj
l%ufõoh ( ² m%;Hdj¾; Odrd Odß;%l wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha fudagrh wdrlaIs;

j jev nxl=j u; ;nd .kak'
² fudagrfha msg; frÈ len,s u.ska msßisÿ lr th tl,d m%;Hdj¾;
Odrd Odß;%l wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha nj ;yjqre lr .kak'
² fudagrfha w.% iïnkaO;d bj;a lrkak'
1
² u,aá ógrh m%;sfrdaë mrdifha iqÿiq w.hlg fhduq lr Y+kH ilid
.kak'
² u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka Odß;%lfha w.% fol fjka lr y÷kd .kak'
² u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka wLKav;dj mÍlaId fldg o`.r fofla w.% fjka
fjkaj y÷kd.kak'
² y÷kd.;a tla tla o.rfha m%;sfrdaOh uek igyka lr.kak'
² ,nd .;a m%;sfrdaë w.hka mÍlaId lsÍfuka o`.r fol kï lr y÷kd
.kak' ^m%;sfrdaë w.h jeä o`.rh wdrïNl o`.rh jk w;r m%;sfrdaë
w.h wvq o`.rh Odjk o`.rh fõ&
² m%;sfrdaOh jeä o`.rfha tla fl<jrlg Odß;%lh fY%aKs.; jk mßÈ

iïnkaO lrkak'
² Odß;%lhg fYaK% s.; j iïnkaO l< miq tu moaO;sfha fofl<jr wfkla
o`.rfha fofl<jrg iudka;r.; j iïnkaO lrkak' ^my; rEmfha
mrso&s
² iudka;r moaO;sfha fofl<jrg iemhqï fhd;a iïnkaOlr mßjrKh
lrkak'
² fudagrh jev nxl=j u; p,kh ùu je<elaùu i|yd Wml%uhla Ndú;

lr úÿ,s iemhqu ,nd § fudagrh Odjkh lrjkak'
2
ks ß la I Khg u`. fmka ù u(
² o`.rj, m%;sfrdaOh uekSfï § m%;sfrdaë mrdifha tl u w.hl mj;ajd
.ekSfuka m%;sfrdaOh wvq fyda jeä o`.r myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels h'
² wdrïNl o`.rhg Odß;%lh fY%aKs.; lr o`.r iudka;r.; j iïnkaO
lr tl,d iemhqu ,nd §fuka fudagrh Odjkh fõ'
ks .ukh i|yd Wmfoia (

² o`.r fl<jrj,a j , m% ; s f rda O wkka ; jkq f ha tu fl<jrj,a a
iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s neúks' ô`.r foll fl<jrj,a ùu&
² m%;sfrdaë w.hla fmkajkqfha o`.r fofla fl<jrj,a h'
² wvq m%;sfrdaOhla fmkajk o`.rh Odjk o`.rh jk w;r jeä m%;sfrdaOhla
fmkajk o`.rh wdrïNl o`.rh fõ'
úfYaI lreKq ( ² fudagrhg úÿ,s iemhqu ,nd§ug fmr fhd;a iïnkaOl ia:dk mßjrK
má u.ska mßjrKh lrkak'
² Odjkhg fmr fudagrh jev nxl=j u; p,kh ùu je<elaùug Wml%uhla
fhod .kak'
² úÿ,s iemhqu ,nd § fudagrh Odjk lrùu .=reNj;d f.a wëlaIKh
hgf;a isÿ lrkak'
we.hS ï m;% s l dj - 01
mshjr kshñ; ,enq fjk;a

,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
fmr iQodku wjYH øjH f;dard .ekSu 03
wjYH wdjqo$WmlrK iQodkï lr .ekSu 03
iqÿiq we÷ulska wdhs;a;ïùu 03
fudagrfha msg; mshod msßisÿ lsÍu 03
fudagrfha we;=<;a o;a; igyk lshjd igyka lsÍu 05
fuda g rfha iemhq ï fhd;a w.% iïnka O l fmÜáfhka .,jd" 04
/yeka bj;a lsÍu
ls%hdj,sh
fhd;a bj;al< miq uqßÉÑ wod< weKj,g wuqKd ;eîu 03
o`.rj, iïnkaO;d úikaê lsÍu 05
Odß;%lh o`.rfhka .,jd bj;a lsÍu 04
u,aá ógrh m%;sfrdaOh uekSu i|yd wod< mrdihg fhduq lr Y+kH 05
ilid .ekSu
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka o`.r fofla m%;sfrdaO uek igyka lsÍu 10
m%;sfrdaO w.h ii|d wdrïNl o`.rh fjkalr y÷kd .ekSu 10
wdrïNl o`.rhg fY%aKs.;j Odß;%lh iïnkaO lsÍu 05
Odß;%lh fY%AKs.; lrk ,o o`.rh;a Odjk o`.rh;a iudka;r .; 10
jk iïnkaO lsÍu
iemhqï /yeka ,sys,a iïnkaO;d we;s fkdjk mßos iïnkaO lsÍu 05
fudagrh p,khùug je<elaùug Wml%uhla fhoSu 05
iemhqu ,ndoS Odjkh lrùu 05
lKavdhfï wka wh iu`. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu 03
wdl,am yd wdrlaIl ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh lsÍu 03
w.h moaO;s ld¾h wjika jQ miq wdjqo WmlrK msßisÿ lr ia:dk .; lsÍu 03
jev ia:dkh msßisÿ j mj;ajd .ekSu 03
tl;=j 100
3
m% d fhda . s l ls % h dldrlï
2'4'2 Odrs ;% l wdrïNl yd Odjk tl,d m% ;Hdj¾; fudagrhl N%u K ÈYdj m%;sj ¾;H
ls Í u
j úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 2'4 ( m%;Hdj¾; Odrd hka;%j, l%shdldÍ;ajh wOHhkh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( Odß;%l wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha fm%arK fudagrhl N%uK ÈYdj
udre lr Odjkh lrhs
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² fudagrfha wka;¾.; o`.rj, iïnkaO;dj fjkia lsÍu i|yd w;r
ueÈ iaúphla (D.P.D.T. iaúphla) iïnkaO lsÍu yd thg iemhqu
,efnk ;ksux iaúphla iïnkaO lsÍu
² w;rueÈ iaúph iïnkaO lsÍfuka miq tl,d iemhqu u.ska fudagrfha
N%uK ÈYdj fjkia lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( l¾udka; lafIa;%fha Ndú; jk hka;%j, we;s fudag¾ wdÈfha iy
msgl=re mxldj, (exhaust fan) we;s fudag¾ jeks úúO wjia:dj, §
N%uKh jk ÈYdj udrelr Odjkh lsÍug wjYH fõ' tjeks wjia:dj,
§ fuu l%uh Ndú; lr fudagrh wjYH ÈYdjg N%uKh lsÍug yels
nj fmkajd oSu fuu m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlfï wruqK hs'
uQ , O¾uh ( fudg¾j, o`.rj,g uQ,sl jYfhka iemhqu ,nd ÿka úg pqïnl n,

f¾Ld we;s ù fudagrh Odjkh fõ' o`.rj,g iemhqu ,ndfok w.%h
wkqj o`.rh yryd Odrdj .uka lrk ÈYdj yd tu.ska pqïNl n,
f¾Ld we;s jk ÈYdj ;SrKh fõ' pqïnl n, f¾Ld we;s jk ÈYdj
wkqj fudagrfha N%uKh jk ÈYdj ;SrKh fõ' tneúka o`.rfha w.%
iïnkaO lrk l%uh wkqj fudagrh N%uKh jk ÈYdj fjkia l<
yels h' tkï tla o`.rhl w. yd uq, udre l< úg Odrdj .uka lrk
ÈYdj fjkia ù pqïnl n,f¾Ldj, ÈYdj fjkia ù N%uKh jk
ÈYdj ;SrKh lrhs'

² o`.rj, w.% fjk fjk u msg;g f.k we;s Odß;%l wdrïNl yd
Odjk j¾.fha fma%rK fudgrhla ^230 V, 50 Hz&
² u,aá ógrhla
² ksfhdaka fgiagrh
² nyqld¾h w`vqjla
² lmk w`vqjlaa
² 150 mm me;,s bial=remamq kshkla
² msßisÿ frÈ len,s
² w;rueÈ iaúphla (intermediate switch / D.P.D.T.switch)
² ;ksux iaúphla (oneway switch / S.P.S.T.)
² 7/0.53 fhd;a ^ÿUqre 3 m iy ks,a 3 m&
l%ufõoh (
² m%;Hdj¾; Odrd Odß;%l wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha fudagrh wdrlaI;
s j
jev nxl=j u; ;nd .kak'
² fudagrfha msg; frÈ len,s u.ska msßisÿ lr th tl,d m%;Hdj¾;
Odrd Odß;%l wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha nj ;yjqre lr .kak'
² fudagrfha w.% iïnkaO;d bj;a lrkak'
² u,aá ógrh m%;sfrdaë mrdifha iqÿiq w.hlg fhduq lr Y+kH ilid
.kak'
4
² u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka Odß;%lfha w.% fol fjka lr y÷kd .kak'
² u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka wLKav;dj mÍlaId fldg o`.r fofla w.% fjka
fjkaj y÷kd.kak'
² y÷kd.;a tla tla o`.rfha m%;sfrdaOh uek igyka lr.kak'
² ,nd .;a m%;sfrdaë w.hka mÍlaId lsÍfuka o`.r fol kï lr y÷kd .kak'
^m%;sfrdaë w.h jeä o`.rh wdrïNl o`.rh jk w;r m%;sfrdaë w.h wvq
o`.rh Odjk o`.rh fõ&
² m%;fs rdaOh jeä o`.rfha tla fl<jrlg Odß;%lh fY%K
a .
s ; jk mßÈ iïnkaO
lrkak'
wdrïNl o`.rh
Odjk o`.rh
w;rueÈ
;ks ux jyrej
jyrej
rEmh 1
mßm:fha wdrïNl o`.rfha w.% udre lr N%uKh jk
ÈYdj udre lsÍfï mßm:h
wdrïNl o`.rh
Odjk o`.rh
w;rueÈ
;ks ux jyrej
jyrej
² mßm: rEm igyka wxl 1 mßÈ w;rueÈ iaúphg yd ;ks ux iaúphg fhd;a
iïnkaO lrkak'
² w;rueÈ iaúph tla me;a;lg ilid ;ks ux iaúph l%shd;aul lr fudagrh
Odjkh lrkak'
² N%uKh jk ÈYdj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
5
² ;ks ux iaúph újD; (off) lr fudagrh Odjkh kj;kak'

² w;rueÈ iaúpfha l=vqïìh (knob) fmr ;snQ ÈYdfjka udre lr wfkla
me;a;g fhduq lrkak'
² ;ks ux iaúph ixjD; (on) lr fudagrh úreoaO ÈYdjg N%uKh jkafka ±hs
ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² by; fuka u mßm: wxl 2ys mßÈ o`.r udre lr w;rueÈ jyrejg mßm:h
iïnkaO lrkak'
² iemhqug mßm:h iïnkaO lr ;ksux jyrej ixjD; lr fudagrh Odjkh
lrjkak'
² fudagrfha N%uK ÈYdj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
ks ß la I Khg u`. fmka ù u (

² o`.r mßm: foflka tlla yryd Odrdj .uka lrk ÈYdj fjkia l< úg
fudagrh N%uKh jk ÈYdj udrejk nj y÷kd .kak'
² by; mßm: rEmigykaj, mßÈ tla o`.rhlg ;ks ux iaúph yryd fl<ska
u iemhqu ,efí' wfkla o`.rhg w;r ueÈ iaúph yryd iemhqu ,efí'
w;rueÈ iaúpfha m<uq msysàfï § L iemhqu wxl 3 w.%hg ,nd foa' WodiSk
w.%h tkï N wxl 1 w.%h fj; iïnkaO fõ' túg fudagrh jdudj¾;j
N%uKh fõ hehs is;uq' kej; ;ksux iaúph újD; lr w;rueÈ iaúpfha
l=vqïìh fjkia lr ;ksux iaúph ixjD; lr iemhqu ,nd ÿka úg L
iemhqu wxl 1 w.%hg o N iemhqu wxl 3 w.%hg o ,efí' túg tu o`.rfha
w.% fol udre ù iemhqu ,efí' tneúka fudagrh olaIsKdj¾;j N%uKh
fõ'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia (

50 W jeks fudag¾j,g jvd jeä fudag¾j, wdrïNl o`.rh yd Odjk
o`.rh w;r m%;sfrdaO w.hka w;r fjki jeä h' tneúka N%uKh jk
ÈYdj fjkia lsÍu i|yd by; mßÈ wdrïNl o`.r mßm:fha w.% fol fyda
Odjk o`.r mßm:fha w.% fol udre l< hq;= h'
úfYa I lreKq ( fuu j¾.fha l=vd m%udKfha fudag¾j, wdrïNl o`.rh yd Odjk o`.rh
w;r m%;sfrdaë w.fha ie,lsh hq;= fjkila fkdue;' WodyrKhla f,i
20 W l Odß;%l wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha fm%arK fudagrhl wdrïNl
o`.rfha m%;sfrdaë w.h yd Odjk o`.rfha m%;sfrdaO w.h b;d wdikak
w.hka folla fõ' tneúka N%uKh jk ÈYdj udre lsÍu my; rEmfha
mßÈ Odß;%lh iïnkaO jk o`.rh udre lsÍfuka isÿ l< yels fõ'
6
we.hSï m;%sldj - 02

,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
wjYH wdjqo$WmlrK f;dard .ekSu 03
fudagrh ndysr j msßisÿ lsÍu 03
fudagrfha we;=<;a o;a; igyk lshjd igyka lsÍu 03
fuda g rfha iemhq ï fhd;a w.% iïnka O l fmÜáfhka .,jd" 04
/yeka bj;a lsÍu
ls%hdj,sh
fhd;a bj;al< miq uqßÉÑ wod< weKj,g wuqKd ;eîu 04
fudagrfha o`.rj, iïnkaO;d úikaê lsÍu 04
Odß;%lh mßm:fhka .,jd bj;a lsÍu 04
u,aá ógrh m%;sfrdaOh uekSu i|yd wod< mrdihg fhduq lr Y+kH 05
ilia lr .ekSu
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka o`.rj, m%;sfrdaO uek wdrïNl o`.rh fjka 10
lr .ekSu
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka w;r ueos iaúpfha fmdÿ w.% y÷kd .ekSu 05
imhd we;s mßm: igykg wkqj fudagrfha o`.rj, w.% fhd;a u.ska 10
iïnkaO lsÍu
w;r ueos iaúphg iemhqï fhd;a iïu; j¾K fhdod iïnkaO lsÍu 05
icSù fhd;a ;ksux iaúph yryd iïnkaO lsÍu 04
fudagrh p,khùu je<elaùug Wml%uhla fhdod .ekSu 05
iemhqu ,nd oS fudagrh Odjkh lrùu 05
w;r ueos jyrefõ ia:dkSh msysgqu fjkialï fudagrfha N%uK osYdj 05
fjkia lsÍu
wdl,am yd lKavdhfï wka wh iu`. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu 03
w.h moaO;s wdrlaIl ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh lsÍu 03
iïm;a M,odhS f,i fhdod .ekSu 03
wdjqo WmlrK msßisÿ lr ia:dk .; lsÍu 03
tl;=j 100
7
m% dfhda . s l ls %h dldrlu
2'4'3 f;l,d fudagrhl N%uK osYdj udre lsrSu

j úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 2'4 ( m%;Hdj¾; Odrd hka;%j, ls%hdldÍ;ajh wOHhkh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( f;l,d fudagrhl N%uK ÈYdj udre lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² f;l,d (3 ) fudagrhl t;=ï fl<jrj,a y÷kd .ekSu

² f;l,d fudagrhl N%uKh jk pqïnl lafIa;%fha wkqms<sfj< y÷kd
.ekSu
² f;l,d fudagrhl N%uKh jk pqïnl lafIa;%fha wkqms<sfj< udre
lsÍu
² úÿ,suh ld¾hkaj, § wdrlaIl mQ¾fjdamd wkq.ukh lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( ,shjk mÜg,a" fodUlr" úÿ,s fidamdk jeks p,s; ÈYdj udre lsÍug
wjYHjk hka;j % ,g Ndú; lrk fudag¾j, N%uK ÈYdj udre lsÍfuka
p,k ÈYdj udre lr .; yels h' fuu ld¾h b;d blauKska iy
ydksj,ska f;dr j isÿlr .ekSu o wjYH fõ' f;l,d fudag¾j,ska
ls%hdlrk hka;% ls%hdlrùfï § p,k ÈYdj udre lr .kakd wdldrh
ms<sn| yqrejla ,nd§u fuu m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlfï wruqK fõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( f;l,d fm%arK fudag¾j, N%uK ÈYdj ;SrKh jkqfha N%uKh jk

pqïnl lafIa;%hla Wmfhda.S lr f.k h' fuu N%uKh jk pqïnl
lafIa;%h úÿ,s iemhqfï l,d ;=klg iïnkaO lrk ,o o`.r ;=kla
u`.ska isÿ fõ'
f;l,d iemhqul fjda,aàh;djka + Wmßuh Y+kH yd - Wmßuh we;s
jkafka wkqms<sfj<ska wjia:d ;=kl § h' tu wjia:djka ;=k w;r
tlsfkl iemhqï fjda,aàh;djka w;r fjki 1200 fõ' tkï L1
l,dfõ Wmßu w.hg 1200lg miq L2 l,dfõ Wmßu w.h we;s fõ'
;j o L2 l,dfõ Wmßu w.h we;s ù ;j;a 1200lg miq L3 l,dfõ
Wmßuh we;s fõ' fï wkqj fuu wkqms<sfj<g u fudagrfha ia:dhqlfha
we;s o`.r ksid o N%uKh jk pqïnl Y%djhla we;s fõ' tu N%uKh
jk pqïnl Y%djh we;s jk wkqms<sfj<g u my; rEmfha mßÈ
fudagrfha N%ulh N%uKh fõ' N%uKh jk pqïnl Y%djfha wkqm< s sfj<
fjkia l< fyd;a tu fjkiajk wkqms<sfj< wkqj fudagrfha N%ulh
N%uKh jk ÈYdj o fjkia fõ' Wod my; rEmfha mßÈ ABC o`.r ;=k
wkqms<sfj<g msysgqjd thg L1, L2, L3 iemhqu wkqms<sfj<g ,nd ÿk
fyd;a fudagrh Trf,daiqfõ lgq hk ÈYdjg N%uKh fõ hehs is;uq'
fojkqj B o`.rhg L1 l,dj;a" A o`.rhg L2 l,dj;a" C o`.rhg L3
l,dj;a jYfhka l,djka folla udre l< úg ia:dhqlfha N%uKh
jk pqïnl Y%djh we;sjk wkqms<sfj< jkafka BAC jYfhks' ta
wkqj fudagrfha N%uKh jk ÈYdj l,djka folla udre l< úg
fjkia fõ'
8
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² f;l,d wYajn, 1 (1 HP) fudagrh

² oaùO%ej foúis iaúph (5 A 400 V)
² O%ej ;=fka on / off iaúph
² bial=remamq kshk
² ksfhdaka fgiagrh
² fmdÿ w;a w`vqj
² me;,s w;a w`vqj
² lmk w`vqjla
² 7/0.53 fhd;a 6 m
l% u fõoh ( ² f;l,d fudagrh" jev nxl=j u; ia:djrj ;nd .kak'

² oaúO%ej foúis iaúph yd O%ej ;=fka on/off iaúph mrsm:hg iïnkaO
lrkak'
² mßm: igyk wkqj fhd;a iïnkaO lrkak'
² iemhqu ,nd § u .=reNj;df.a wëlaIKh hgf;a muKla isÿ lrkak'
² iemhqu ,nd § O%ej ;=fka iaúph on lr fudagrfha N%uK ÈYdj
ksrSlaIKh lrkak'
² O%ej ;=fka iaúph off lr iemhqu úikaê lrkak'
² oaúO%ej foúis iaúpfha mj;sk wjia:dj fjkia lrkak'
² O%ej ;=fka iaúph on lr fudagrfha N%uK ÈYdj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² O%ej ;=fka iaúph off lr iemhqu úikaê lrkak'
9
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u( ² fudagrfha N%uK ÈYdj ksÍlaIKh myiqj i|yd fudagrfha wlaIhg
lvodis lene,a,la fyda frÈ lene,a,la w,jd .kak'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² iemhqfï ´kE u l,d folla oaúO%ej foúis iaúph yryd iïnkaO
lr iaúpfha msyg
s u
q fjkia lsÍfuka l,djka folla udre fõ' tneúka
fudagrfha N%uK ÈYdj fjkia lr .; yels h'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² fuu m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlu i|yd Ndú; lrk iaúÉ 400 V i|yd
Tfrd;a;= Èh hq;= neúka Ndú;hg fmr iaúÉ 400 V i|yd ks¾foaYs;
nj ;yjqre lr .kak'
² fuu mßm:hg m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;dj iDcqj u iïnkaO jk neúka
wdrlaIs; mQ¾fjdamd wkq.ukh lsÍu flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq
lrkak'
² úÿ,s iemhqu wdY%s; ls%hdldrlïj, § .=reNj;df.a u`. fmkaùu yd
Wmfoia mßÈ lghq;= lrkak'
² m%dfhda.sl Ndú;fha § l,d fol udre lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka
mßm:h Ndú; fõ' ta i|yd iam¾Y;S%h folla (contactors) Ndú; jk
w;r tajd ls%hd;aul jkafka K1 iy K2 hk o`.rj,g úÿ,sh
iemhSfuks' K1 ls%hd;aul jQ úg L1:L2:L3 ms<sfj<ska fudagrhg
,efnk w;r K2 ls%hd;aul jQ úg L2L1L3 ms<sfj<ska fudagrhg
,efí'
10
we.hSï m;%sldj - 03

,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
fmr iQodku wjYH øjH yd WmlrK f;dard .ekSu 04
wjYH wdjqo f;dard lr .ekSu 04
f;l,d úÿ,s fudagrh jev nxl=j u; ia:djr j ;nd .ekSu 10
O%ej ;=fka on/off iaúpfha m%Odk w.% iemhqu ,nd oSu i|yd m%udKj;a
os.lska hq;=j fhd;a iïnkaO lsÍu 10
O%ej ;=fka on/off iaúpfha m%;sodk w.% oaúO%ej foúis iaúpfha m%odkh
ls%hdj,sh
iu`. iïnkaO lsÍu 10
oaúO%ej foúis iaúphg f;l,d fhd;a m%;sodkh i|yd iú lsÍu 10
oaùO%ej foúis iaúpfha m%;sodkhg iïnkaO lrk ,o fhd;a fudagrhg
iïnkaO lsÍu 10
mßm: igyk wkqj fhd;a iïnkaO lsÍfï ksrjoH;dj ;yjqre lsÍu 08
wdrlaIs; l%ufõo wkq.ukh lrñka f;l,d iemhqu O%ej ;=fka 10
on/off iaúpfha m%;sodkhg iïnkaO lsÍu
oaú O%ej foúis iaúpfha ia:dkSh msysgqj fjkia lr fudagrfha N%uK
osYdj udrelr fmka ùu 05
wdl,am yd iïm;a wrmsßueiau hq;= j Ndú; lsÍu 03
w.h moaO;s mqoa., yd foam, wdrlaIdj ;yjqre jk mßos lghq;= lsÍu 03
tl;=j 100
11
2'5'1 ia Ór pq ïnl ir, Odrd fuda grhl wdfïp¾ Odrdj wkqj fõ.h
fjkia jk wdldrh ks ÍlaI Kh lsÍ u
ks m q K;dj 2 ( úÿ,s cjh W;a m dokh" iïfm% a I Kh" fnodyeÍu iy Ndú;h

ms<sn|úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ks m q K;d uÜgu 2'5 ( úúO ir, Odrd hka;%j, ,dlaIKsl wOHhkh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( ir, Odrd fudag¾j, wdfïp¾ Odrdj wkqj fõ.h iy jHdj¾;h
fjkiajk wdldrh m%ia:dßlj ksrEmKh lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² ir, Odrd fudagrhl w.% y÷kd .ekSu

² ir, Odrd fudagrhlg iemhqu ,nd §u
² úp,H m%;f
s rdaOlhla Ndú; lrñka fudagrhg .,dhk Odrdj md,kh
lsßu
² N%ufõ.udkh ^tacho meter& u.ska N%ul fõ.h uekSu
ye|skaùu ( fudag¾ u.ska úúO ld¾hka isÿ lr .ekSfï § tajdfha N%uK fõ.h
fjkia lsÍug isÿ fõ' ir, Odrd fudagrhl N%uK fõ.h fjkia
l< yels wkaou fuu m%dfhda.slfhka úia;r flf¾'
uQ , O¾uh ( pqïnl lafIa;%hla lefmk f,i Odrdjla f.k hk ikakdhlhla

mssysg jQ úg thg hï hdka;%sl Yla;shla ,efí' fuu ls%hdj fudag¾
ls%hdj f,i ye¢ka fõ' túg ikakdhlh p,kh fõ' pqïnl lafIa;%h
úÿ,s pqïnlhlska fyda iaÓr pqïnlhlska ,nd Èh yels h' úÿ,s
pqïnlhla f,i o`.rhla ^lafIa;% o`.rh& Ndú; l< fyd;a th
wdfïprhg fY%aKs.;j fyda iudka;r.;j iïnkaO l< hq;= h'
wdfïprhg iudka;r.;j lafIa;% o`.rh iïnkaO l< úg thg
ia:djr iemhqula ,efnk w;r iaÓr pqïnl lafIa;h % la msysghs' pqïnl
lafIa;%h ,nd .ekSu iòyd iaÓr pqïnl Ndú; lsÍfï § o iaÓr
pqïnl lafIa;%hla msysghs' tu ksid ia:djr pqïnl ir, Odrd
fudagrhl ls%hdj Wmm: fudagrhl ls%hdjg iudk fõ' fudagrhl
cjh wdfïprhg ,efnk pq ï nl Y% dj >k;a j h" wdfïprfha
ikakdhlj, È. iy ikakdhl ;=<ska .,k Odrdjg iudkqmd;sl
fõ' fudagrhl Y%dj >k;ajh iy ikakdhlj, È. fjkia lsÍu
wmyiq fõ' tneúka fudagrh ;=<ska .,d hk Odrdj fjkia lr
fõ.h fjkia l< yels h'

² wvq cjhlska hq;a 220 V ir, Odrd fudagrhla fyda 5 V fyda 6 V iaÓr
pqïnl ir, Odrd fudagrhla ^leiÜ hka;%hl fudagrh&
² 500  lïì t;=ï úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh (wire wound)
² N%ufõ.udkh ^tacho meter&
² úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh iú lsÍu i|yd L yevh iys; we¨ñkshï
yrialvla
² m%;siu u,aá ógrh
² ir, Odrd iemhqula
² iïnkaOl fhd;a
12
l% u fõoh ( ² úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh L yeve;s we¨ñkshï yrialvg iú lr .kak'
² rEmfha i|yka mßÈ mßm:h tl,ia lrkak'
² iemhqu ,nd § úp,H m%;f

s rdaOlh fjkia lrñka .,k Odrdj wjufha
isg Wmßuh olajd mshjr lsysmhlska fjkia lrkak'
² tla tla wjia:dfõ fudagrh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj wkqj fõ.h fjkia
ùu ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
Odrdj Ia fõ.h N
² tu m%;sM, u; iqÿiq mßudKhlg Odrdj wkqj fõ.h fjkia ùu

m%ia;dr .; lrkak'
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u (
² N%ufõ.udkh ^tachometer& u.ska lshfjk mdGdxlh ksrjoH lsÍug
fudag¾ wlaIhg lvodis máhla w,jkak'
² leiÜ hka;%hl fudagrh Ndú; lrkafka kï fudagrh msgqmi we;s
mßm:h .,jd bj;a lr .kak'

² N%ufõ.udkh mdGdxlh fjkia ù ia:djr fõ.hlg meñKs miq
fõ.h igyka lr .kak'
² Odrdj bÈßfha fõ.h m%ia;dr .; lsÍfuka tu rdYSka fol w;r
iïnkaOh fidhd .kak'
úfYa I lreKq (
² fudagrhg ,nd .kakd Odrd m%udKh (Ia) wkqj úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh
f;dard .kak'
13
we.hS ï m;% s l dj - 04

,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
wjYH wdjqo yd WmlrK f;dard lr .ekSu 04
iqÿiq we÷ulska wdhs;a;ï ùu 04
úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh L yeve;ss we¨ñkshï oKavg iúlsÍu 10
úp,H m%;sfrdaOlfha fomi w.% SPST iaúphla u`.ska ir, Odrd 10
iemhqug iïnkaO lsÍug l%ufõo fhdod .ekSu
úp,H m%;sfrdaOlfha ueos w.%h yd ir, Odrd fudagrfha iemhqï w.% 15
ls%hdj,sh
w;rg weógrh ksjeros O%eúh;djfhka iïnkaO lsÍu
fudagrfha N%ul wlaIhg N%ufõ.udkfha ixfõolh iïnkaO lsÍu 10
ir, Odrd iemhqu iïnkaOlr úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh iSre udre lrñka 15
Odrdj yd fõ.h igyka lsÍu
^wju mdGdxl ixLHdj 5 ls& ^3 5&
Odrdj bosßfha fõ.h m%ia;dr .; lsÍu 08
m%ia;drfha ksrjoH;dj 04
wdl,am yd WmlrKj, wdrlaIdj ;yjqrejk mßos lghq;= lsÍu 04
w.h moaO;s wdjqo WmlrK msßisÿ lr ia:dk .; lsÍu 04
tl;=j 100
14
m%dfhda. sl ls% hdldrlu
2'5'2 fuda grhla úÿ,s cklhla f,i Ndú; lrñka únr wkqj ,nd .kakd Odrdj
fjkia jk wkaou ksÍ laIKh lsrSu
ks m q K;dj 2 ( úÿ,s cjh W;amdokh" iïfm%aIKh" fnodyeÍu iy Ndú;h ms<sn| j

úu¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( ir, Odrd cklhl m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj jeä lr .; yels wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² ir, Odrd cklhlska ckkh jk fjda,aà;dj jeä lsÍu
² cklhlg iïnkaO lrk únr wkqj cklh N%uKh jk fõ.h
ia:djr lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( úÿ,s cklhla ia:djr fõ.hlska N%uKh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
cklhlg iïnkaO lrk únr wkqj tys fõ.h fjkia fõ' fuu
ls%hdj wdo¾Yhla u.ska ±laùu fuu m%dfhda.slfha wruqK fõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( úÿ,s cklhlg úÿ,s myka fyda fjk;a WjdrK iïnkaO l< úg ta
i|yd wjYH Odrdj cklfhka ,nd .kshs' túg cklh únrk
ls%hdjlg Ndckh jk ksid N%uK fõ.h wvq fõ' cklhl N%uK
fõ.h ia:djrj mj;ajd .ekSu m%Odk wjYH;djla neúka cklh
N%uKh lsÍug Ndú; lrk m%Njh úiska wjYH wjia:dj, § wod<
N%ul jHdj¾;h ,nd Èh hq;= h'
fudagrhla cklhla f,i Ndú; lrñka N%uKh lsÍug ;j;a
fudagrhla fhdod .; yels h' cklhg úÿ,s mykla fyda fjk;a
únrla iïnkaO l< úg cklh N%uKh lsÍug Ndú; lrk fudagrfha
fõ.h wvq jk nj fmfkhs' tu wjia:dfõ § ,nd .kakd Odrdj
uekSfuka cklh únrk ls%hdjlg Ndckh ù we;s nj ±laúh yelsh'
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² 6 V/ 12 V ia:sr pqïnl iys; 5 W g jvd wvq ir, Odrd fudag¾
folla ^fudag¾ fofla wlaI fol iudk úIalïNhlska hqla; úh
hq;= h'&
² iïnkaOl jh¾
² fudag¾ wlaI fol hdka;%slj iïnkaO l< yels rn¾ fyda ma,diaála
k<hla ^ldnka mEkl ;Ska; wjika jQ k<hla&
² m%;siu u,aáógrhla
² uQK;a myka 2la (dial bulb 02 /12 V)
l% u fõoh ( ² fudag¾ foflys wlaIh imhd.;a ma,diaála k<h Ndú; lr iïnkaO

lrkak'
15
² fudag¾ fofla fjda,aàh;d wiudk kï jeä fjda,aàh;dj iys;
fudagrh t<jqï fudagrh f,i Ndú; lrkak'
² m<uqj cklh f,i Ndú; lrk fudagrfha ikakdhl fol újD;j
;nd t<jqï fudagrhg ,nd .kakd Odrdj ukskak'
² cklh f,i Ndú; lrk fudagrfha m%;sodk w.%j,g uQK;a mykla
iïnkaO lr Odrdj ukskak'
² bkamiq m%;os dkhg uQK;a myka folla iudka;rj iïnkaO lr m%;os dk
Odrdj ukskak'
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u( ² Odrdj uekSfï § u,aá ógrfha by< mßudKhlg f;aÍï iaúph
fhduq lrkak' Odrd w.h iaj,am jYfhka fjkia úh yels neúka
m%;siu ógrh Ndú; lrkak'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² únr Odrdj jeäjk úg t<jqï fudagrhg ,nd.kakd Odrdj jeäfõ'
² ir, Odrd fudagrhla cklhla f,i Ndú; lrk ksid m%;sodk
fjda,aàh;dj iamkaodldr ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djla fõ' m%;sodk
Odrdj mss<sn| j ks.ukh lsÍfï § ta ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlu wdrïNhg fmr 6 V/ 12 V ia:sr pqïnl iys;

5 W g jvd wvq ir, Odrd fudagrfha msgqmi we;s mßm:h .,jd bj;a
lrkak'
we.hS ï m;% s l dj 05

,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
wjYH wdjqo WmlrK f;dard .ekSu 05
imhd.;a iaÒr pqïnl ir, Odrd fudg¾ fofla ^leiÜ fudag¾ kï& 10
msgqmi fhdod we;s mßm: .,jd bj;a lsÍu ^05 2&
fudag¾ folg fjk fjk u ir, Odrd iemhqu ,nd oS nyqudkh 10
wdOdrfhka m%odk fjda,aàh;dj uek .ekSu
fudag¾ foflka cklh f,i .e<fmk fudagrh f;dard .ekSu 05
ls%hdj,sh
fudag¾ fofla wlaI fol tlsfkl hdka;%sl j iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd 10
l%ufõohla Ndú; lsÍu
fudag¾ fofla wlaI tal f¾Çh j msysgk fia" fudag¾ fol ia:djrj 10
iúlr .ekSu i|yd fhda.H l%ufõohla Ndú; lsÍu
t<jqï fudagrhg ir, Odrd iemhqu ,nd oSu i|yd l%ufõohla fhdod 05
.ekSu
m%;sodkh f,i iïnkaO l< fudagrhg uQK;a mykla iïnkaO lr
² Odrdj uekSu 05
² fjda,aàh;dj uekSu 05
m%;sodkhg uQK;a myka folla iïnkaO lr
² Odrdj uekSu 08
² fjda,aàh;dj uekSu 07
03
wdl,am yd wdrlaIdj ;yjqre jk mßos lghq;= lsÍu
w.h moaO;s lKavdhfï wka wh iu`. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu 03
ld¾hg WÑ; l%ufõo ie,iqï lsÍu 03
ld¾h wjika jQ miq øjH yd WmlrK fjka lr ;eîu 03
tl;=j 1 00
16
2'5'3 ir, Odrd Wmm: lafIa;% t;=ï fudagrhl N%uK ÈYdj fjkia lsÍu
ks m q K;dj 2 ( úÿ,s cjh W;amdokh" iïfm%aIKh" fnodyeÍu iy Ndú;h ms<sn| j
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( Wmm: ir, Odrd fudagrhl N%uK ÈYd udre lr Odjkh lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² Wmm: ir, Odrd fudagrhl t;=ïj, fl<jrj,a y÷kd .ekSu
² ir, Odrd fudagrhlg iemhqu ,nd §u
² úúO wjYH;d i|yd iqÿiq iaúp Ndú; lsÍu
² fudagrhlg ,nd .kakd Odrdjg wkqj iaúp f;dard .ekSu
ye|s k a ù u ( f¾Çh fyda N%ul p,s;hl ÈYdj m%;sj¾;H lsÍu i|yd ÈYdj udre l<
yels fudagrhla Ndú; l< yels h' ta i|yd ir, Odrd fudagrhla
Ndú; l< yels wkaou fuu m%dfhda.slfhka úia;r flf¾'
uQ , O¾uh ( fudagrhl N%uKh isÿjkafka pqïnl lafIa;%hla ;=< ;nd we;s Odrdjla
f.k hk ikakdhlhl isÿjk p,kfha ÈYdj ms<sn| j *af,ñka
úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o kshuh wkqj h' tu kshuh wkqj Odrdj
.,dhk ÈYdj fyda pqïnl lafIa;%fha ÈYdj fjkia lsÍfuka N%ulh
N%uKh jk ÈYdj udre l< yels h' ir, Odrd fudagrhl pqïnl
lafIa;%h ,nd.ekSug iaÓr pqïnl fyda úÿ,s pqïnl Ndú; l< yels
h' pqïnl lafIa;%h ,nd .ekSug iaÓr pqïnl Ndú; lrk l=vd ir,
Odrd fudag¾j, pqïnl lafIa;%fha ÈYdj udre l< fkdyels w;r
wdfïprhg imhk Odrdfõ ÈYdj fjkia lsÍfuka N%ul ÈYdj fjkia
l< yels h'
úYd, m% u dKfha ir, Odrd fuda g¾j, pq ï nl la fIa ;% h úÿ,s
pqïnlj,ska ,nd .kakd ksid wdfïprfha .,dhk Odrdfõ ÈYdj
fjkia lsÍfuka fyda lafIa;% o`.rfha .,dhk Odrdfõ ÈYdj fjkia
lsÍfuka pqïnl lafIa;%fha ÈYdj udre lsÍu l< yels fõ' tu.ska
fudagrfha N%ul ÈYdj udre l< yels h' ir, Odrd fudag¾ j¾.
;=fkka Wmm: t;=ï fudag¾j, ^lafIa;% o`.rh wdfïp¾ o`.rhg
iudka;rj fhdod we;'& lafIa;%fha Odrdj .,dhk ÈYdj myiqfjka
udre l< yels h'
² 220 V, 50 W Wmm: t;=ï ir, Odrd fudag¾ 1
² oaúO%ej foúis (DPDT) iaúph
² iïnkaOl fhd;a
² ;ksO%ej ;ksúis (SPST) iaúph
² úp,H ir, Odrd iemhqu
l% u fõoh ( ² Wmm: t;=ï fudagrh iaÓr j iú lr .kak'
² fudagrfha t;=ï fol ksjerÈ j y÷kd .kak'
² lafIa;% o`.rhg iïnkaO ikakdhl fl<jr rEmfha i|yka mßÈ
iaúphg iïnkaO lrkak'
² wdfïpr o`.rhg iïnkaO fhd;a iDcq j iemhqug iïnkaO lrkak'
² iemhqu ;ks O%ej ;ksúis iaúphla yryd iïnkaO lrkak'
² oaúO%ej foúis iaúph tla milg fhduq lr fudagrh N%uKh jk
ÈYdj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² oaúO%ej foúis iaúph wfkla mig fhduq lr fudagrh N%uKh jk
ÈYdj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
17
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u( ² fudagrfha N%uK ÈYdj ksÍlaIKh lsÍu i|yd fudag¾ wlaIhg
lvodis ;Srejla w,jkak'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² Wmm: t;=ï fudagrhl lafIa;% o`.rfha iemhqu udre lsÍfuka
N%uK ÈYdj udre l< yels h'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² SPST iaúph md,k iaúph f,i Ndú; lrkak' fudagrhg
wod< fjda,aáh;dj ksjerÈ j ,nd fokak'

,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
wjYH wdjqo f;dard .ekSu 05
fudagrh p,s; fkdjk fia iaÒrj ;nd .ekSug l%ufõohla Ndú; 10
lsÍu
fudagrfha wdfïpr t;=u yd lafIa;% t;=u fjka fjka j y÷kd .ekSu 10
oaú O%ej foúis iaúpfha w.% u,aà ógrh Ndú;fhka fidhd .ekSu 10
wdfïpr o`.rhg iDcqj u iemhqu ,nd osh yels mßos fhd;a iïnkaO 10
ls%hdj,sh
lsÍu
lafIa;% t;=ug iemhqu ,nd oSu i|yd oaúO%ej foúis iaúphg /yeka 10
iïnkaO lsÍu
lafIa;% o`.rh yd oaú O%ej foúis iaúpfha m%;sodk w.% iïnkaO lsÍu 10
oaú O%ej foúis iaúphg iemhqu ,ndoSu i|yd ;ks O%ej ;ks úis iaúph 05
iïnkaO lsÍu
iemhqu ,nd oS fudagrh tla milg Odjkh lrùu 05
fudagrfha N%uK osYdj udre lr Odjkh lrùu 05
wdl,am yd wdrlaIl l%ufõo wkq.ukh lsÍu 03
w.h moaO;s iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; lsÍu 03
wdjqo" WmlrK msßisÿ lr ia:dk .; lsÍu 03
tl;=j 100
18
2'6'1 wjlr mßKdul folla Ndú;fhka wêlr mßKdul ls %hdj ,nd .ekSu yd
mßKdul ls %h dj,s fha § cj ydksh la is ÿjk nj fmka ùu
ks m q K;dj 2 ( úÿ,s cjh W;amdokh" iïfma%IKh" fnod yeÍu iy Ndú;h ms<sn|
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ks m q K;d uÜgu 2'6 ( úúO mßKdulj, Ndú; úu¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( ² mßKdulhl uQ, O¾uh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² m%odk fjda,à a h;dj 230 V jk cj mßKdulhl m%;os dk fjda,à
a h;dj
uek tu.ska mßKdulfha j¾.h y÷kd.kshs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² m%odk yd m%;sodk fjda,aàh;d uek mßKdul j¾.h y÷kd .ekSu
² iudk wjlr mßKdul folla fhdod wêlr mßKdul ls%hdj ,nd
.ekSu
² mßKdulfha § cj ydkshla isÿjk nj mÍlaId;aul j ;yjqre lsÍu
² cj mßKdulhl t;=ïj, m%;sfrdaOh uek m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl o`.r
fjk fjk u y÷kd.ekSu
ye|s k a ù u ( mßKdulhl m%odk fjda,aàh;djg jvd m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj wvq
kï th wjlr mßKdul f,i y`ÿkajhs' iudk wjlr mßKdul
folla Ndú;fhka tkï tla mßKdulhl m% ; s o dkh wfkla
mßKdulfha oaú;Shsl o`.rhg m%odkh lsÍfuka wêlr mßKdul
ls%hdj wdo¾Ykh l< yels fõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( mßKdulhl m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl o`.rj, fmdgj,a w;r wkqmd;h
fjda,aàh;d w;r wkqmd;hg iudk fõ'
mßKdulhl mßKduk ls%hdj,sfha § iq<s Odrd ydksh" ukaodhk
ydksh iy ;U ydksh ksid cj ydkshla we;sfõ'
² m%odk yd m%;so dk fjda,a àh;d iudk mßKdul folla
(230 V/ 12 V)
² ;=kal+re fmakqjla
² m%;siu nyqudkhla
² iïnkaOl fhd;a
² mßjrK má
l% u fõoh ( ² m%;siu nyqudkh ´ï mrdifha .e<fmk m%;sfrdaë w.hlg fhdod

taIKS w.% tl u; ;nd Y=kH ilia lr .kak'
² imhd f.k we;s wjlr mßKdulfha m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl t;=ïj,
m%;sfrdaOh uek igyka lr .kak' ^m%;sfrdaOh jeä t;=u m%d:ñl
t;=u f,i;a m%;f
s rdaOh wvq t;=u oaú;Shsl t;=u f,i;a kï lrkak&
² mßKdulfha m%d:ñl t;=fï fofl<jrg" iïnkaO fhd;a fjk fjk
u iúlr mßjrK má u.ska mßjrKh lrkak'
19
² iïnkaOl fhdf;a b;sß w.% fol ;=ka l+re fmaKqfõ L1 yd N1

hkqfjka olajd we;s w.%j,g w.%Kh lrkak'
² nyqudkh 250 V AC mrdihg fhduq lr iemhqu ,nd .kakd flfjks
msgqjdfka iÔù yd WodiSk w.% w;r fjda,aàh;dj uek igyka lr
.kak'
² mßKdulfha m%;sodk w.% tlsfklg fkd.efgk fia wE;a lr ;nd
mßKdulhg iïnkaO l< ;=ka l+re fmakqj m%Odk iemhqfï flfjks
msgqjdkg iïnkaO lr iaúph ixjD; lrkak'
² nyq u dkh 50 V AC mrdihg fhduq l r mßKdulfha m% ;s o dk
fjda,aàh;d uek igyka lr .kak'
² iemhqu úikaê lr" ;=ka l+re fmakqj .,jd mßKdulhg iïnkaO
l< fhd; o .<jd bj;a lr .kak'
² bj;a lr .;a iïnkaOl fhd; wfkla mßKdulfha m%d:ñl o`.rhg
iú lr" fmr mßÈ u ls%hd lrkak' ^ ta wkqj mßKdul folu iudk
m%;sodk fjda,aàh;d iys; nj ;yjqre lr .kak&
² iïnkaOl fhd; iú l< mßKdulfha oaú;shsl t;=ug wfkla
mßKdulfha m%;sodk w.% iïnkaO lr" mßjrK má u.ska mßjrKh
lrkak'
² mßKdulfha újD; j we;s fofl<jr tlg fkd.efgk fia wE;a
lr tl,fia ;=kal+re fmakqj m%Odk úÿ,s iemhqfï flfjks msgqjdkg
iïnkaO lr iaúph ixjD; (on) lrkak'
² nyqudkh 250 V AC mrdihg fhduq lr ^YÍrfha iam¾Y fkdjk
mßÈ& m%;sodk w.%j, fjda,aàh;d uek igyka lr .kak'
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u (² nyqudkh Ndú;fha § wod< rdYshg yd mrdihg nyqudkh ilia lr

.kak'
² m%Odk iemhqï fjda,aàh;d iïnkaO /yeka mßjrKh má fhdod
mßjrKh lr .ekSu u.ska wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lr .kak'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² wjlr mßKdulj, o`.rfha m%;sfrdaOh jeä o`.rh m%d:ñl o`.rh
f,i y÷kd .ekSu
² m<uq mßKdulfha m%odk fjda,aáh;djh 230 V ls'
tys m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj 12 V la kï o" fojk mßKdulh m<uq
mßKdulhg iu jk ksid" tys m%odk fjda,aàh;dj 12 V ls' ta wkqj
m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj 230 V úh hq;= h' tfy;a mÍlaIKfha m%;sM,
u; my; ;SrKj,g t<ôh yels h'
² m<uq wjlr mßKdulfha oaú;Shl s o`.rhg fojk wjlr mßKdulfha
oaú;Shl
s h iïnkaO lr m%d:ñl o`.rfha fofl<jßka wêlr mßKduk
ls%hdj ,nd .; yels ùuhs'
² fojk mßKdulfha m%;os dk w.%j, wfmalI a s; fjda,aàh;dj fkd,eìu
cj ydksh ksid isÿ ù we;'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² mßKdulhlska m%;sodk fjda,aáh;djla ,nd .ekSug m%;Hdj¾;

fjda,aàh;djla m%odkh l< hq;= h'
² ´kE u mßKdulhl oaú;Shsl o`.rfha m%;sodkfha w.% u.ska iDcqj u
ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djhla fkdmsysghs'
20

,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
m%;siu u,aá ógrh wjYH rdYshg yd mrdihg fhduq lsÍu ^5 2& 10
u,aá ógrh Ndú; lr mßKdul foflys 20
² m%d:ñl o`.r fjkalr .ekSu ^5 2&
² oaú;Shsl o`.r fjkalr .ekSu ^5 2&
ls%hdj,sh tla mßKdulhg m%d:ñl o`.r fofl<jrg iemhqï fhd;a iú lsÍu 05
iïnkaOl w.% ksis f,i mßjrKh lsÍu
iemhqï mßKdulfha oaú;Shsl o`.r w.% wfkla mßKdulfha m%d:ñl 05
o`.r w.% iu`. iïnkaO lsÍu
iïnkaOl w.% ksis f,i mßjrKh lsÍu 05
iemhqï fhd;a iïnkaO mßKdulhg iemhqu ,nd oSu 05
fojk mßKdulfha m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj uekSu i|yd u,aá ógrh 10
ilia lr .ekSu
² rdYshg fhduq lsÍu ^05&
² mrdihg fhduq lsÍu ^05&
fojk mßKdulfha m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj uek igyka lsÍu 05
m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djfha fjkiaùïj,g fya;= bosßm;a lsÍu 05
w.h moaO;s l%shdj,sh ;=< wdrlaIl l%ufõo wkq.ukh lsÍu 04
iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; lsÍu 04
tl;=j 100
21
3'2'1 m%;siu u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka úúO vfhdavj, w.% y÷kd.ekSu
ks m q K;dj 3 ( bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKh tosfkod Ndú; i|yd fhfok wdldrh
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 3'2 ( wjYH;dj wkqj úúO j¾.fha PN ikaê fhdod .kshs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( iDcqldrl vfhdav" fik¾ vfhdav" LED iy ,laISh iïnkaO;d
vfhdavj, ls%hdldÍ;ajh iy Ndú; meyeÈ,s lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² m%;siu u,aá ógrhl wfmalaIs; m%;sfrdaO mrdih f;dard .ekSu
² m%;siu u,aá ógrh Ndú;fhka vfhdavfha fmr keUqre wjia:dj
f;dard .ekSu
² ta weiqfrka vfhdavfha w.% fjka lr y÷kd .ekSu
ye|s k a ù u ( bf,lafg%dksl lafIa;%fha oS m%;Hdj¾; Odrd iDcqlrKh i|yd fuka
u" úúO ld¾hka i|yd vfhdav Ndú; flf¾' tjeks wjia:dj, oS
vfhdavh ksjeros j osYd .ekaùu l< hq;= w;r cj iemhqï moaO;sfha
fodaI we;s jQ úg vfhdav ksje/os ls%hdldÍ;ajfha mj;S oehs ;yjqre
lr .ekSug o isÿ fõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( vfhdavhla ksIamdokh lr we;af;a p yd n j¾.fha w¾O ikakdhl
u`.sks' fujeks vfhdavhla úÿ,shg iïnkaO l< úg fmr keUqre
wjia:dfõ muKla Odrdjla .,d hk w;r tu wjia:dfõ oS vfhdavfha
fofl<jr 0.6 V muK úNj wka;rhla r|jd .kS' miq keUqrefõ §
vfhdavh ;=<ska Odrdj .,d fkdhk w;r tu wjia:dfõ vfhdavfha
wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh wkka; jk ksid" vfhdavh fofl<jr iemhqï
úNjh msysghs' tu uQ,O¾uh fuu m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlfï oS fhdod
.efkhs'
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² 1N4001 iDcqldrl vfhdav" LED, fik¾ vfhdav" ,laISh iïnkaO
vfhdav
² jHdmD;s mqjrejla
² m%;siu u,aá ógrhla
l% u fõoh ( ² u,aá ógrh 10 ´ï mrdihg fhduq lrkak'
² u,aá ógrfha taIKSh w.% fol iam¾Y jk mßos iïnkaOlr Y=kH
ilikh wdOdrfhka o¾Ylh Y=kH jk mßos ilikak'
² iDcqldrl vfhdavh jHdmD;s mqjrefõ iïnkaO lrkak'
² u,aá ógrfha taIKSh w.% fol vfhdavfha iïnkaOl w.% folg ;nd
m%;sfrdaOh uek igyka lr .kak'
² u,aá ógrfha fofl<jr taIKSh w.% udre lr m%;sfrdaOh uek igyka
lr.kak'
² iDcqldrl vfhdach .,jd jrlg wfkla j¾.fha vfhdavh ne.ska
iïnkaO lr m<uq ls%hdj,sh u isÿ lrkak'
22
² m%;s frdaOh wvq wjia:dfõ § l¿ taIKsh iïnkaO w.%h
wefkdavhg o r;= taIKsh lef;davhg o iïnkaO ù we;'
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u( ² m%;siu u,aá ógrhl ´ï mrdifha § r;= taIKSh w.%fha iDK
O%eùh;djla o" l¿ taIKSh w.%fha Ok O%eùh;djla o mj;S'
² m%;f
s rdaOh igyka lsÍfï oS u,aá ógr mdGdxlh i|yka mdGdxl
w.h 10 ka .=K l< hq;= fõ' ^f;dard.;a mrdih 10 ksid&
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² m%;sfrdaOh wvq wjia:dfõ oS vfhdavh fmr keUqre ù we;'
² tu wjia:dfõ oS u,aá ógrfha l¿ taIKSh w.%h ^+ O%eùh;dj&
iïnkaO fldg we;af;a wefkdav w.%hg h'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² úúO m%udKfhka $ úúO fla; l%u iys; vfhdav ksheoshka
f;dard .kak'
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
iDcqldrl vfhdavh jHdmD;s mqjrejg iïnkaO lsÍu 05
m%;siu u,aá ógrh ilia lr .ekSu
² wod< rdYsh f;dard .ekSu ^05&
² wod< mrdih f;dard .ekSu ^05& 10
ls%hdj,sh u,a á ógrfha ta I KS w.% iDcq l drl vfhda v fha fofl<jrg ;nd 03
m%;sfrdaOh uek j.= .; lsÍu
u,aáógrfha taIKS w.%udrelr fmr mßos u vfhdavfha fofl<jr 04
m%;sfrdaë w.hka iiòñka vfhdavfha w.% kï lsÍu 05
,laIsh iïnkaO;d vfhdavh jHdmD;s mqjrefõ iúlsÍu 03
u,aá ógrfha taIkS w.% ,laISh iïnkaO;d vfhdavfha fofl<jrg 03
;nd m%;sfrdaOh uek j.= .; lsÍu
u,aá ógrfha taIKS w.% udre lr fmr mßos u vfhdavh fofl<jg 04
m%;sfrdaë w.hka ii|ñka ,laISh iïnkaO;d vfhdavfha w.% kï 05
lsÍu
jHdmD;s mqrefõ LED iïnkaOlr" u,aá ógrh LED w.% fofl<jrg 03
;nd m%;sfrdaOh uek j.=.; lsÍu
u,aá ógrfha taIKS w.% udrelr fmr mßos u LED fofl<jrg ;n 04
m%;sfrdaë w.h ii|ñka ^wvq m%;sfrdaë wjia:dfõ LED o,ajd LED w.% 05
kï lsÍu
fikd¾ vfhdavh jHdmD;s mqjrejg iïnkaO lsÍu 03
u,aá ógrfha taIKS w.% fikd¾ vfhdavfha fofl<jrg ;nd m%;sfrdaOh 03
uek j.= .; lsÍu
u,aá ógrfha taIKs w.% udre lr fikd¾ vfhdavfha fofl<jrg ;nd 05
m%;sfrdaOh uek j.=.l lsÍu
m%;sfrdaë w.hka ii|ñka fik¾ vfhdavfha w.% kï lsÍu 05
ld¾h wjika jQ miq u,aá ógrh Ndú;hg fkd.kakd mrdihg fhduq 05
lsÍu
tl;=j 100
23
3'3'1 wjlr mßKdulhla Ndú; lr wvq fjda,aàh;d iemhqula tl,ia lsÍu
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 3'3 ( PN ikaê fhdod .ksñka m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;dfjka ia:dhs ir,
Odrd fjda,aàh;djla ,nd .ekSfï l%u úu¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kqï M,h (
² ueo ijqk;a (center tapped) mßKdulhla Ndú; lr mQ¾K ;rx.
iDcqldrl mßm:hla uDÿ mEiaiSu u.ska tl,ia lrhs'
² fia;= iDcq ldrlhla Ndú; lr mQ¾K ;rx. iDcqldrl mßm:hlaa
tl,ia lrhs'
² fmrykla fh§fuka miq ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;d uÜgu jeä ù /<s;s
fjda,aàh;d uÜgu wvqjk nj olajhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d (
² mEiaiqï mqjrejla u; mEiaiSfï yelshdj ,nd .ekSu
² mßm: mqjrejla u; tl,ia lsÍfï § Wmdx. ia:dk.; lsÍu
² tl,ia lrk ,o mßm:hla mÍlaId lsÍu
² m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;djla ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djla njg mßj¾;kh
lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( úúO ir, Odrd wjYH;d i|yd iEu úg u úh<s fldaI Ndú; l<
fkdyels fõ' úfYaIfhka cx.u fkdjk wjYH;d i|yd m%;Hdj¾;
fjda,aàh;dj ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djla njg mßj¾;kh lr Ndú;
lsÍu jvd ld¾hlaIu iy ia:djr ir, Odrd iemhqï l%uh fõ' fuu
mßj¾;kfha § cj ydksh wju lsÍu ms<sn| j iy /<s;s bj;a lsÍu
ms<sn| j úfYaIfhka ie,ls,su;a ùu b;d jeo.;a fõ' fuu m%dfhda.l
s h
Ndú; lr wvq fjd,aàh;d iemhqï tl,ia lsÍfï l=i,;dj ,nd §u
o uDÿ mEiaiSfï l=i,;dj ,nd §u o wfmalaIs; h'
uQ , O¾uh ( vfhdavhla ;=<ska Odrdj tla ÈYdjlg muKla .,d hdfï yelshdj
m%fhdackhg f.k m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aáh;dj" ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djla
njg m;a lr .; yels fõ' m%Odk m%;Hdj¾; iemhqfï fjda,aàh;dj
230 V jk w;r" ld¾hg WÑ; jk mßÈ m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;dj wvq
lr .ekSug wjlr mßKdul fhdod .efkhs' wjlr mßKdul yd
vfhdav Ndú;fhka m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;d wvq fjda,aáh;d ir, Odrd
iemhqï ilia l< o tys /<s;s fjda,aàh;dj jeä w.hl mej;Su wjdis
odhl jk neúka" tjeks mßm:hlg fmryka fh§fuka ir, Odrd
fjda,aàh;d w.h jeä lr .; yels fõ'
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² lmk w`vqjla

² W,akeye w`vqjla
² u,aá ógrhla
² 1N4007 vfhdav 06
² 240 V / 12 V / 500 mA wjlr mßKdul
² 1000 F Odß;%l
² jHdmD;s mqjrejla
² fjfrda fndaâ (strip vero board)
² 30 W úÿ,s mdykhla
² mßjrK má
² mdyk Bhï ^fudf<dla fmdä&
² iïnkaOl lïì
² uQK;a myka 12 V (dial bulbs) 02
24
l% u fõoh ( ² ueo ijqk;a mßKdulfha m%d:ñl o`.rfha fofl<jrg foyr /yeka
folla fjk fjk u iïnkaO lr mßjrKh lr .kak'
² tu fofl<jr fmakqjlg ,sys,a iïnkaO;d we;s fkdjk fia iú
lrkak'
² mEiaiSu i|yd Ndú; lrk mqjrejl (strip veroboard) wLKav ;U
má isria j msysgd we;'
² mEiaiSu i|yd Ndú; lrk mqjrej u; vfhdav fhdod f.k by;

mßm:h f.dv k.kak'
² mEiaiqï mqjrefõ Â iy B iïnkaO& má folg mßKdulfha oaú;Shsl

w.% ;=fkka ueÈ w.%h b;sß jk mßÈ wfkla w.% fol A iy B
ia:dkj,g iïnkaO lr mdiaid .kak'
² mßKdul oaú;Shslfha b;sß w.%h mEiaiqï mqjrefõ lsisÿ Wmdx.hla
iïnkaO fkdjQ ;U máhlg iïnkaO lrkak'
² ilia lr .;a mßm:hlg m%Odk m%;Hdj¾; iemhqu ,nd §u i|yd
mßKdulfha m%d:ñl o`.rh iïnkaO l< fmakqj" flfjks msgqjdkg
iïnkaO lr iaúph ixjD; lrkak'
² G w.%hg idfmalaIj A iy B w.%j, m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;dj iy
ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;dj u,aá ógrfha kshñ; mrdij,g fhduqlr
uek .ekSfuka miq 1 j.=fõ igyka lr .kak'
VAG VBG
dc
ac
1 j.=j
25
² m%Odk iemhqfï iaúph újD; lr 1N4007 vfhdav iïnkaO lrkak'
² u,aá ógrh 50 dc mrdihg fhduq lr XY w;r ir, Odrd fjda,à
a h;dj
uek .kak'
² XY w;rg 1000 F Odß;%lh iïnkaO lr Odß;%l fomi ir, Odrd
fjda,aàh;dj u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka uek 2 j.=fõ igyka lr
.kak'
Odß;%l rys; Odß;%l iys; myka 1 fhdod myka 2 fhdod
VXY
dc
2 j.=j
² Odß;%lh fomig uQK;a mykla (12 V dial bulb) iïnkaO lr u,aá
ógrh wdOdrfhka ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;dj uek .kak'
² ;j;a uQK;a mykla m<uq mykg iudka;r.;j iïnkaO lr u,aá
ógrh wdOdrfhka ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;dj uek 2 j.=fõ igyka lr
.kak'
² jHdmD;s mqjrej u; by; wdldrhg vfhdav fia;=j tl,ia lrkak'

² mßKdulfha ueo w.%fha ikakdhl fl<jr mßjrK máhlska
wdjrKh lrkak'
² mßKdul oaú;shsl o`.rfha b;sß w.% fol by; mßm:fha A yd B
ia:dkj,g iïnkaO lrkak'
² mßKdulfha m%%odkh" m%Odk úÿ,s iemhqug iïnkaO lr úÿ,sh
imhkak'
² B g idfmalaIj A ,laIHfha m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aáh;dj yd ir, Odrd
fjda,aàh;dj u,aá ógrh kshñ; mrdij,g fhduqlr uek .ekSfuka
miq fjk fjk u 3 j.=fõ igyka lrkak'
VAB
dc
ac
3 j.=j
² u,aá ógrfha dc mrdifha 50 V fj;g fhduq lr Y g idfmalaIj X
,laIHfha ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;dj uek 4 j.=fõ igyka lrkak'
² XY w;rg 1000 F Odß;%lh iïnkaO lr Odß;%l fomi ir, Odrd
fjda,aàh;dj u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka 4 j.=fõ igyka lrkak'
² Odß;%lh fomig uQK;a mykla iïnkaO lr u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka
ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;dj uek 4 j.=fõ igyka lrkak'
26
² ;j;a uQK;a mykla m<uq mykg iudka;r.; j iïnkaO lr u,aá
ógrh wdOdrfhka ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;dj uek 4 j.=fõ igyka
lrkak'
Odß;%l rys; Odß;%l iys; myka 1 fhdod myka 2 fhdod

Vxy
dc
4 j.=j
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u (² ueo ijqk;a mßKdul Ndú;fhka iDcqlrKh lssÍfï § iDcqldrl

vfhdavj, lef;dav w.% fol tlg iïnkaOj mej;sh hq;= h'
² vfhdav fia;=j Ndú;fha § o" vfhdavj, w.% iïnkaO;dj flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
² u,aá ógrfha mrdi f;darKh kshñ; w.hg fhduq lrkak'
² mEiaiqï mqjrejg Wmdx. iïnkaO lsÍfï § ;U máj,g úreoaO
me;af;ka Wmdx. we;=¿ lr ;U má iu`. mdiaikak'
² ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;d uekSfï § u,aá ógrfha O%eùh;dj ksjerÈ j
iïnkaO lrkak'
² iDcqlrKh lrk ,o mßKdul m%;sodkfha ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;dj
muKla u,aá ógrfhka ukskak'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² by; j.=j, wvx.= mdGdxl weiqßka mßKdul m%;sodkfha ir, Odrd
fjda,aàh;djla fkdmj;sk nj ks.ukh lrkak'
² únr iu`. ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;dj tu mßm:fha m%fhdackj;a
fjda,aàh;dj f,i ks.ukh lrkak'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² m%Odk úÿ,sh mßKdulh fj; imhk neúka tys m%d:ñl o`.rfha
fofl<jr fhd;a iïnkaOl u.ska (connectors) m%Odk úÿ,shg
iïnkaO lrkak'
² mEiaiSfï § mdykh" mEiaish hq;= ia:dkfha ;;amr lsysmhla ;nd r;a
jQ úg mEiaiSu i|yd Ndú; Bhï r;a jQ ia:dkhg .eàug i,iajd
Bhï lene,a, bj;a lr Bhï fyd¢ka iïnkaO jk f;la mdykh
iam¾Yj ;nd miqj mdykh bj;a lrkak'
² mdykh ;eîug r|jkhla (holder) Ndú; lrkak'
² firñla ;=v iys; mdykhla kï lsisúgl ;=v iSÍfuka j<lskak'
;=v msßisÿ lsÍug c,h fm`.jQ frÈ lene,a,la Ndú; lrkak'
27
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
wjYH wdjqo WmlrK f;dard .ekSu 05
ueos ijqk;a mßKdulfha m%d:ñl o`.rfha fofl<jrg 10
² foyr /yek iïnkaO lsÍu ^03&
² újD; w.% fmakqjg iïnkaO lsÍu ^03&
² iïnkaO ia:dk mßjdrl fhdod mßjrKh lsÍu ^04&
mßm: igyk wkqj mßKdulufha w.% iïnkaO lr mEiaiSu 10
ls%hdj,sh
u,aá ógrh m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;dj uekSu i|yd fhduq lsÍu 10
² wod< rdYshg fhduq lsÍu ^05&
² wod< mrdihg fhduq lsÍu ^05&
mßm: igyk wkqj iïnkaOl mqjrejg O%eúh;dj ksjeros j vfhdav 10
iïnkaO lr mEiaiSu ^5 2&
iemhqu ,nd oS Wmfoia wkqj 2 j.=j iïmQ¾K lsÍu 05
vfhdav fla;= mßm:h jHdmD;s mqjrej u; tl,ia lsÍu 05
mßKdulfha b;sß w.% fol mßm:fha i|yka wdldrhg vfhdav fla;=jg 05
iïnkaO lsÍu
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka B j.=jg wod< o;a; ,ndf.k 3 j.=j 07
iïmQ¾K lsÍu
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka A j.=jg wod< o;a; ,ndf.k 4 j.=j 08
iïmQ¾K lsÍu
Wmfoia mßos wfkl=;a Wmdx. mßm:hg iïnkaO lrñka" u,aá ógrh 05
wdOdrfhka o;a; ,ndf.k 4 j.=fõ b;sß fldgi iïmQ¾K lsÍu
wdl,am yd l%shdj,sh ;=< wdrlaIl l%ufõo wkq.ukh lsÍu 03
w.h moaO;s iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka lghq;= lsÍu 03
tl;=j 100
28
3'3'2 wjlr mßKdul fh¥ cj iemhqï m% ;s o dkhlg fjda ,a àh;d hdulhla
iïnkaO lr ia:dhSlrKh jQ m%;sodkhla ,nd .ekSu'
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 3'3 ( PN ikaê fhdod .ksñka m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;djfhka ir, Odrd
fjda,aàh;djla ,nd .ekSfï l%u úu¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( ix.Dys; mßm: fjda,aàh;d hdulhla iïnkaO lsÍfuka m%;sodk
fjda,aàh;dj ia:djr lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² fjda,aàh;d hdul f,i Ndú; lrk ix.Dys; mßm:j, w.% y÷kd
.ekSu
² iDcqlrKh lrk ,o mßm:hlg fjda,aàh;d hdul ix.Dys; mßm:
iïnkaO lsßu
² fjda,aàh;d hdul fh¥ mßm:j, m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj mÍlaId lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( cj iemhqulska Odrdjla ,nd fkd.kakd wjia:dfõ § iy m%u;
Odrdjla (rated current) ,nd .kakd wjia:dfõ § m%;sodk fjda,à
a h;dj
fjkia fkdúh hq;= h' ;j o iemhqï fjda,aàh;djfha hï iSudjla
olajd fjkia jQj o m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj fjkia fkdúh hq;= h' ta
i|yd Ndú; jk fjda,aàh;d hdul yd tajdfha Ndú;h ms<sn|j fuu
m%dfhda.slfha úia;r fõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( úp,H iemhqï fjda,aàh;djl § iy úp,H únr Odrdj, § ksh;

m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djla mj;ajd .eksu ioyd fik¾ vfhdavhla Ndú;
l< yels h' tfy;a fik¾ vfhdavhlska hdukh l< yelafla b;d
mgq fjda,à
a h;d mr;rhls' tu ksid fik¾ vfhdavhla iu. g%dkaii s ga ¾
lSmhla fhdod tu g%dkaii
s g
a ¾ keUqre lsÍu i|yd Ndú; jk m%;fs rdaOl
o iu. ix.Dys; mßm: ksmojd we;' fuu ix.Dys; mßm:j, m%;os dkh
ÿq mßm: jqj o th úkdY fkdjk f,i wdrlaIl l%fudamdhka
fhdod we;' hï fjda,aàh;djla ,nd .ekSu i|yd idudkHfhka Ndú;
lrk hdulj,g ,nd Èh hq;= fjda,aàh;dj" thska ,nd .ekSug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk fjda,aàh;djg jvd 3 V muK jeä úh hqq;= h'
^fuu w.h fjda,aàh;d hdulfha j¾.h u; fjkia jk w;r o;a;
m;s%ldfjys tu w.h i|yka fõ&
WodyrK f,i hdukh lrk ,o fjda,aàh;dj 12 V la jk úg
m%odk fjda,aàh;dj hg;a msßfihska 15 V j;a úh hq;= h' 78 fY%aKfs ha
ix.Dys; mßm:j,ska Ok fjda,aàh;djla o" 79 fY%aKsfha ix.Dys;
mßm:j,ska iDK fjda,aàh;djla o" hdukh l< yels h'

² iDcqlrKh lr iqug lrk ,o cj iemhqula
² 7805, 7809, 7812, 7905, 7909, 7912" LM317" LM337
² 0.1 F Odß;%lhla
² 12 V uQK;a mykla (dial bulb)
29
l% u fõoh ( ² my; rEmigyka wdY%fhka imhd we;s ix.Dys; mßm:fha w.% y÷kd
.kak'
² tl,ia lrk ,o iDcqldrl mßm:hg 7809 ix.Dys; mßm:h Bhï

fhdod mdiaikak'
^fuu mßm:h i|yd 12 V l m%;sodkhla we;s wjlr mßKdulhla
Ndú; lrkak'&
² ix.Dys; mßm:fha m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj u,aá ógrfhka ukskak'
² ix.Dys; mßm:fha m%;sodkhg uQK;a myk (dial bulb) iïnkaO lr
m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj ukskak'
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u (² u,aá ógrfhka fjda,aàh;djla uekSfï § taIKsj, O%eùh;dj ksjerÈ

j iïnkaO l< hq;= h'
² jeä Odrdjla wjYH únrla ^úÿ,s mykla& iïnkaO l< úg m%;sodkh
wia:dhS jk ksid jeä fjdàh;djla iys; úÿ,s myka iïnkaO lsÍfuka
j<lskak'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² únr l%ufhka jeä lsÍfuka fjda,aàh;d hdukh jk iSudj ks.ukh
l< yels h' ^fï i|yd uQK;a myka tlska tl iudka;r.;j iïnkaO
l< yels h'&
úfYa I lreKq ( ² tlu fjda,aàh;dj ,nd .; yels ix.Dys; mßm:j, b;d l=vd
fjkialï m%;sodkfha olakg ,efí' kuq;a iuia;hla f,i ie,l+úg
th fkdi,ld yeßh yels h'
² LM317 ix.Dys; mßm:h 2 V isg 37 V olajd o LM337 ix.Dys;
mßm:h -2 V isg -37 V olajd o hdukh l< yels úp,H iemhqï
i|yd fhdod .; yels ix.Dys; mßm: fõ'
30
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
fmr iQodku mEiaiqï mqjrefõ mdiaik ,o mQ¾K ;rx. iDcqlrK mßm:h f;dard 05
.ekSu
ia:dëlrKh i|yd iqÿiq ix.Dys; mßm:h f;dard .ekSu 05
wjYH wdjqo yd WmlrK f;dard .ekSu 05
7809 ix.D;sl mßm:fha w.% kïlr y÷kd .ekSu 10
u,aá ógrh ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;dj uekSu i|yd ilia lsÍu 10
wod< rdYshg fhduq lsÍu ^05&
ls%hdj,sh
wod< mrdihg fhduq lsÍu ^05&
mßm: igyk wkqj ix.Dys; mßm:h wod< ia:dkj,g Bhï fhdod 15
mEiaiSu
^tla w.%h mEiau i|yd ,l=Kq 5 ne.ska w.% ;=k mEiaiSug&
u,aá ógrh m%;sodk m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;d uekSu i|yd ilia lsÍu 10
ix.Dys; mßm:fha m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj uekSu i|yd wod< rdYshg 10
yd mrdihg fhduq lr nyqudkH ilia lsÍu
tal,ia mßm:h m%;Hdj¾; 230 V iemhqug iïnkaO lr 10
² únr fkdfhdod ix.Dys; mßm:fha w.% 2 yd 3 w;r ir, Odrd
fjda,aàh;dj uek igyka lsÍu ^03&
² w.% 2 yd 3 w.%j,g uqyqK;a mykla fhdod tu w.% w;r ir,
Odrd fjda,aàh;dj uek igyka lsÍu ^05&
ix.Dys; mßm:fha w.% 2 yd w.% 3 w;rg uqyqK;a myka folla fhdod 05
fofl<jr fjda,aàh;dj uek igyka lsÍu ^05&
tl;=j 100
31
3'4'1 g%dkaisiagrhl w.% y÷kd.ekSu
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 3'4 ( oaùO%ej g%dkaisiagrhla iaúphla f,i fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj úuid
n,hs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( oaùO%ej g%dkaisiag¾ ;=< we;s PN ikaê fol keUqre l< hq;= wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lr wod< mßm: igyk w¢hs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² nyqudkh wod< m%;sfrdaë mrdih f;dard .ekSu

² g%dkaisiagrfha w.% w;r m%;sfrdaë w.hka ii|ñka g%dkaisiagrfha w.%
f;dard .ekSu
ye|s k a ù u ( úúO g%dkaisiag¾ Ndú; lsÍug fmr úfudaplh" mdou iy ix.%dylh

msysgk w.% y÷kd.ekSu b;du;a jeo.;a fõ' fuu ls%hdldrlfuys
m<uq fldgiska mdou iy O%eùh;djka ^PNP o NPN o hk j.& fidhd
.kakd wkaou;a fojk fldgiska ix.%dylh iy úfudaplh fidhd
.kakd wkaou;a úia;r fõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( g%dkaisiagrhla ks¾udKfha § p yd n w¾O ikakdhl ;=kla fhdod .kq

,nk w;r" tla w¾O ikakdhl ;=kS ia:rhla ueos jk mßÈ Bg m%;ú s reoaO
w¾O ikakdhl folla fomig iïnkaO flf¾' fï ksid NPN yd
PNP hkqfjka g%dkaii s g
a ¾ folla ksmojd .kS' P yd N iïnkaO ia:dkj,
PN ikaê we;s jk neúka g%dkaisiagrhl PN ikaê folla wka;¾.;
fõ' fuu ikaê fofla P fyda N fmdÿ jk f,i iïnkaO fõ'
tneúka vfhdavhl P iy N w.% fidhd .ekSfï uQ,O¾uh Ndú; lr
g%dkaisiagrfha O%eùh;dj;a mdou;a fidhd .; yels h'
g%dkaisiagrhla ks¾udKfha § fomi msysá w¾O ikakdhl ia:r tl u
w¾O ikakdhl j¾.fha jqj o tys yrialv j¾. M,h yd ud;%K
uÜgï fjkia fõ' ix.%dylfha (Collector) yrialv j¾. M,h
úfudaplfha (Emitter) yrialv j¾. M,hg idfmalaIj úYd, fõ'
tfy;a ix.%dyhg idfmalaIj úfudaplfha ud;%K uÜgu by< w.hla
mj;S' fï fya;=j ksid mdou úfudapl ikaêh fmr keUqre jQ úg
ix.%dyl úfudapl w;r m%;sfrdaOh fnfyúka wvq fõ' tneúka mdoug
ksjerÈ fjda,aàh;djla ,nd ÿka úg ix.%dyl úfudapl w;r Odrdjla
.,d hk neúka fuu uQ,O¾uh Ndú; lr ix.%dylh iy úfudaplh
fidhd .; yels h'
² NPN g%dkaisiag¾ ksheÈhla
² PNP g%dkaisiag¾ ksheÈhla
² m%;i
s u u,aá ógrhla (analog multimeter)
² jHdmD;s mqjrejla
² 100 km%;sfrdaOlhla
l% u fõoh ( ² g%dkaii
s g
a rfha kdulrKh i|yka me;a; bÈßhg msygs k mßÈ w.% ;=fkka
fofl<jr w.% fol uola wE;ajk mßÈ ilid jHdmD;s mqjrejg iïnkaO
lrkak'
² m%;siu u,aá ógrh m%;sfrdaë mrdifha 10 fyda 100 mrdihg fhduq
lr taIKs w.% tlg ;nd m%;sfrdaë o¾Ylh Y+kH jk f;la iSre udre
lrkak'
32
^m%;siu nyqudkhla m%;sfrdaë mrdihg fhduq l< úg l¿ taIKS
w.%fha O%eùh;dj + f,i;a r;= taIKS w.%fha O%eùh;djh - f,i;a
mj;S'&
² g%dkaisiagrfha kdulrKh i|yka me;a; bÈßhg msysgk mßÈ ;enQ

úg tys w.% ms<sfj<ska A, B yd C f,i kï lr .kak'
² ta wkq j my; j.= f õ wdldrhg nyq u dkfha ta I KS w.% u.s k a
g%dkaisiagrfha w.%j,g O%eùh;d imhd tla tla wjia:dfõ m%;f
s rdaOh
uek igyka lr .kak'
A B C m%;sfrdaë w.h
+ -
+ -
+ -
- +
- +
- +
² ksjerÈ j m%;sM, ,nd .;af;a kï wvq m%;sfrdaë w.h fmkakqï

flfrkqfha wjia:d foll § muKs' wfkla wjia:dj, m%;sfrdaOh
wkka; w.hla .kshs'
² wvq m%;sfrdaë w.h mej;s wjia:d fol ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq
lrkak'
tu wjia:d fofla § tla w.%hl O%eùh;dj fkdfjkiaj we;' tu
O%eùh;dj fkdfjkia j mj;ajd .;a w.%h mdou (Base) f,i y÷kd
.kak'
² tu wjia:dfõ § mdoug imhd we;s O%eùh;dj flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrkak'
² wvq m%;sfrdaë w.hka fmkajk wjia:d foflys u mdoug imhd we;s
O%eùh;dj mokï lr.ksñka tu g%dkaisiagrh NPN o PNP hkak
;SrKh l< yels h' mdoug + O%eùh;dj imhd we;akï tu g%dkaiis g
a rh
NPN jk w;r mdoug - O%eùh;dj imhd we;akï th PNP j¾.h
fõ'
² by; o;a; Ndú; lr g%dkaisiagrfha PN ikaê fol vfhdav iul
mßm:h u.ska we| .kak'
² g%dkaii
s agrfha mdou fidhd .ekSfuka miq my; mshjrj,a wkq.ukh
lsÍfuka ix.%dylh yd úfudaplh fidhd .; yels h'
- jHdmD;s mqjrefõ iïnkaO l< g%dkaisiagrh tfia u ;sìh §
m%;siu u,aá ógrfha mrdihka fjkia fkdlr ;nd .kak'
33
- mdou yer b;sß w.% folg m%;siu u,aá ógrfha taIKS fol
iïnkaO lrkak'
- NPN g%dkaisiga rhla kï + O%eùh;dj iemhQ g%dkaii
s g
a ¾
w.%h yd mdou w.%h 100k m%;fs rdaOlh u.ska iïnkaO
lr m%;sfrdaë w.h uek .kak'
- PNP g%dkaisiagrhla kï - O%eùh;d iemhQ g%dkaisiag¾
w.%h yd mdou w.%h" 100k m%;sfrdaOlh u.ska iïnkaO
lr nyqudkfha m%;sfrdaë w.h uek .kak'
² u,aá ógrh iy 100 km%;sfrdaOlh mßm:fhka bj;a lrkak'

² g%dkaii
s agrfha mdou yer b;sß w.% folg m%;i s u u,aá ógrfha w.% fol
óg fmr ;snQ O%eùh;dj udre jk mßÈ iïnkaO lrkak'
- NPN g%dkaisiagrhla kï + O%eùh;d iemhQ g%dkaisiag¾ w.%h
yd mdou w.%h 100k m%;sfrdaOlh u.ska iïnkaO lr m%;sfrdaë
w.h uek .kak'
- PNP g%dkaisiagrhla kï - O%eùh;d iemhQ g%dkaisiag¾ w.%h yd
mdou w.%h 100km%;f
s rdaOlh u.ska iïnkaO lr u,aá ógrfha
m%;sfrdaë w.h uek .kak'
² ,nd.;a m%;sfrdaë o;a; mokï lr .ksñka my; i|yka ks.uk ,nd
.ekSug yels h'
- NPN g%dkaisiagrhl m%;sfrdaë w.h wvq wjia:dfõ + O%eùh;dj
iïnkaOj jQ w.%h ix.%dylh fõ' ta wkqj b;sß w.%h úfudaplh
f,i y÷kd.; yels fõ'
- PNP g%dkaisiagrhl m%;sfrdaOh wvq wjia:dfõ + O%eùh;dj
iïnkaOj jQ w.%h úfudaplh fõ' ta wkqj b;sß w.%h ix.%dylh
fõ'
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u ( ² u,aá ógrfha taIKS" g%dkaisiag¾ w.%j,g iïnkaO lsÍfï §

w.% tlsfkl fkd.efgk mßÈ iïnkaO lrkak'
34
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² úfudaplh iy ix.%dylh fiùfï § mdoug fjda,aàh;dj

imhk wjia:djka fofla § u hï m%;sfrdaë ;;a;ajhka iuyr
g%dkaisiag¾j, fmkakqï flf¾' tjeks wjia:djl m%;sfrdaOh
wvq wjia:dj ksjerÈ O%eùh;dj ,nd ÿka wjia:dj f,i
i,lkak'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² g%dkaisiagrhl w.% y÷kd .ekSu i|yd g%dkaisiagrfha o;a;

m;%sld (data sheet) Ndú; l< yels kuq;a" m%dfhda.slj w.%
y÷kd .kqfha by; l%ufõoh Ndú;fhks'
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
fmr iQodku wjYH wdjqo yd WmlrK f;dard .ekSu 05
g%dkaisiagrfha fofl<jr w.% uola wE;a lr jHdmD;s mqjrefõ iú lr 05
.ekSu
m%;siu u,aá ógrh m%;sfrdaOh uekSu i|yd jQ mrdifha 10 fyda 05
100 mrdihg fhduq lr .ekSu
m%;siu u,aá ógrh m%;sfrdaOh uekSu i|yd jQ mrdihg fhuq l< úg 05
taIKS w.%j, O%eúh;dj y÷kd .ekSu
ls%hdj,sh
w.% w;r m%;sfrdaOh uekSfuka m%;sfrdaOh wvq wjia:d fofla fmdÿ 20
w.% h
- mdou f,i kï lsÍu ^10&
- fmdÿ w.%hg iïnkaO taIKSfha O%eúh;dj wkqj g%ekaisiag¾ j¾.h
NPN fyda PNP f,i m%ldY lsÍu ^10&
Wmfoia mßos g%ekaisiagrh yd 100K m%;sfrdaOl iïnkaO lr" u,aá 20
ógrfha O%eúh;dj ksje/os j ,nd oS m%;sfrdaë w.hla uek igyka
lsÍu ^10 2&
,nd.;a o;a; mokï lr .ksñka úfudapl w.%h kï lsÍu 10
,nd.;a o;a; mokï lr .ksñka ix.%dyl w.%h kï lsÍu 10
u,aá ógrh Ndú;fhka miq wdrlaIs; mrdihlg fhduq lsÍu 05
wdl,am yd 03
l%shdj,sh ;=< wdrlaIl l%ufõo wkq.ukh lsÍu
w.h moaO;s 03
iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka lghq;= lsÍu
tl;=j 1 00
35
3.4.2 NPN g%dkaisiagrhla Ndú; lr g%dkaisiag¾ iaúphla ks¾udKh lsÍu
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'4 ( oaùO%ej g%dkaisiagrhla iaúphla f,i fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj úuid
n,hs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( g%dkaii
s g
a rhl mßj¾;Sh ,dlaIKsl jl%h weiqßka iaúÖlrK l%h
s dj,sh
meyeos,s lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² g%dkaisiagrhl mrsj¾;Sh ,dlaIKslh
² m%foaY kï lsÍu
² lmd yeß wjia:dj yd ix;Dma; wjia:d m%fhdackhg f.k iólrK
ls%hdj ,nd .ekSu
² lemS.sh yd ix;Dma; wjia:dj, ix.%dyl úfudapl fjda,aàh;dj
VCE fjkia jk wdldrh w;ayod ne,Su
ye|s k a ù u ( hdka;%sl iaúphla fjkqjg g%dkaisiagrhla iaúphla f,i fhdod .;
yels úúO wjia:djka mj;S' iaúphla f,i g%dkaisiagrh Ndú;hg
.ekSfï § g%dkaisiagrfha yeisÍug wod< ;;a;aj y÷kd.; hq;= fõ' ta
i|yd wjYH uQ,sl lreKq fuys § u;= lr ±la fõ'
mq<s`.= mekSula isÿ fkdjk neúka o" wê fõ.hlska ls%hd;aul l<
yels ùu o" fjda,aàh;djla u.ska md,kh l< yels ùu ksid o" hdka;%sl
iaúphlg jvd g%dkaisiag¾ iaúph m%fhdackj;a fõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( g%dkaisiagrhl mdoug 0.5 V lg jvd wvq fjda,aàh;djla ,ndÿka úg
ix.%dylfha isg úfudaplhg Odrdjla .,d fkdhhs' mdou fj; 0.7
Vl muK fjda,aà;djla ,nd ÿka úg îuyr g%dkaisiag¾ i|yd 0.6 V
la iEfya'& ix.%dylfha isg úfudaplh olajd Wmßu Odrdjla .,d hhs'
fuu w.% fol yryd Odrdjla .,d fkdhk wjia:dfõ § tu w.% fol
w;r m%;sfrdaOh wkka; jk w;r tu wjia:dj lmd yeÍfï wjia:dj
fyj;a iaúph OFF wjia:dj fõ' fuu w.% yryd Wmßu Odrdjla .,d
hk úg tu w.% fol yryd m%;sfrdaOh Y=kHhg wdikak jk ksid tu
wjia:dj ix;Dma; wjia:dj fyj;a iaúph ON wjia:dj fõ'
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² 5 V ir, Odrd cj iemhqula

² jHdmD;s mqjrejla
² C828 fyda C1815 g%dkaisiag¾ 04la
² LED 04
² 220m%;sfrdaOl 04
² LDR 01
² NTC 01 wju m%;sfrdaOh (15 k)
² 20 k, 50 k, 100 k úp,H m%;sfrdaOh ^úNj udk&
² iïnkaOl fhd;a
² 10 k, 12 k, 15 k, 18 k, 22 k, 23 k, 33 k, 39 k, 47 k,
56 k, 68 k, 82 k m%;sfrdaOl 2 ne.ska
36
l% u fõoh ( ² rEmfha olajd we;af;a uQ,sl keUqre lsÍu iys; g%dkaisiag¾
iaúphl mßm:hls' fuys RB i|yd w.fhka l=vd m%;f
s rdaOlhla
iy úp,H m%;sfrdaOh i|yd w.fhka úYd, m%;sfrdaOlhla
Ndú; lrkak'
iam¾Y ixfõolhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu

² 1 mßm:h jHdmD;s mqjrejl tl,ia lrkak'
² iemhqu ,nd § AB w.% folg iam¾Y jk f,i we`.s,a,la
;nkak' túg LED h ±,a fõ'
² LED h ±,afjk úg iy ksù we;s úg VBE iy VCE ukskak'
c, ixfõolhla f,i Ndú; ls Í u

² 2 mßm:h tl,ia lrkak'
² AB w.% fol c, n÷kl iam¾Y lr LED fha ±,aùu ksÍlaIKh
lrkak'
² LED h ±,afjk úg iy ksù we;s úg VBE iy VCE ukskak'
² (A iy B w.% c, n÷kg nyd,k úg w.% fofla mr;rh 10 mm
g jeäfhka msysgqjd .kak' &
37
wdf,da l ixfõolhla f,i Ndú; ls Í u

² LDR fj;g wdf,dalh m;s; fkdjk f,i wdjrKh lr
LED h ±,afjk f;la úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh iSre udre lrkak'
² LDR ksrdjrKh lr LED h ksù hkafka ±hs ksÍlaIKh
lrkak' tfia fkdfõ kï LED h ksfjk f;la fiñka
úp,H m%;sfrdaOh iSreudre lrkak'
² LED h ±,afjk úg iy ksfjk úg VCE iy VBE ukskak'
(LED h m<uqj iQ¾hdf,dalh foig ksrdjrKh lr bka miq
15 cm la muK ÿßka fmd;la jeks wdjrKhlska wdjrKh l<
yels h'&
WIa K;a j ixfõ§ ia ú phla f,i Ndú; ls Í u

² LED h ±,afjk f;la úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh iSre udre lrkak'
² WIaK;ajh by< ±uQ úÿ,s mdykhla NTC fj;g ióm lr
LED h ksfõ±hs ksÍlaIKh lrkak' tfia fkdfõ kï úp,H
m%;fs rdaOlh iSreudre lrkak'
² LED h ksfjk úg iy ±,afjk úg VBE iy VCE ukskak'
(NTC fj;g úÿ,s mdykh ióm lrk úg mdykh NTC g
my<ska msysgqjd ixjyk Odrdj,ska WKqiqï ùug i,iajkak'&
by; wjia:d y;f¾ § ,efnk mdGdxl my; j.=fõ ioyka
lrkak'
38
3 mßm:h 2 mßm:h 3 mßm:h 4 mßm:h

VBE VCE VBE VCE VBE VCE VBE VCE
LED ±,afjk úg
LED ksfjk úg
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u (² LED h ±,afjk úg mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu'

^4 jk mßm:fha § LED h l%ufhka wf,dalh jeä fõ'&
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² LED h ±,afjk úg g%dkaisiag¾ iaúph iaúÖlrKh ù we;s nj;a th
ksfjk úg g%dkaisiag¾ iaúph lemS hk nj;a ks.ukh l< yels h'
túg ms<sfj<ska VCE = 0 iy VCE = 5 V úh hq;= h' tfy;a iaúph
iaúÖlrKh jk úg VCE = 0 fkdfõ' thg fya;=j g%dkaisiag¾
iaúÖlrKh jqj o l=vd m%;sfrdaOhla mej;Su hs' ;j o LED ±,aùug
g%dkaisiagrh iïmQ¾Kfhka iaúÖlrKh ùug wjYH ke;'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² m%dfhda.l

s j g%dkaisig
a rhla ix;Dma; wjia:dfõ VCE, 0.2 V g wdikak
fjda,aàh;djhl mj;S'
39
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
fmr iQodku mßm: 4 i|yd wjYH Wmdx. yd WmlrK f;dard .ekSu ^4 2& 08
jHdmD;s mqjrej u; 1 mßm:h tl,ia lsÍu 05
tl,ia mßm:h i|yd kshñ; O%eúh;djfhka iemhqu iïnkaO lsÍu 02
m%;siu u,aá ógrh ir, Odrd fjda,aáh;d uekSu i|yd .e<fmk 05
mrdihg ilia lsÍu
A yd B w.% f;;a lrk ,o we`.s,s ;=vq j,ska iam¾Y lr 05
LED oe,afjk úg
ls%hdj,sh
- mdou - úfudapl fjda,aàh;dj ^VBE& uek igyka lrkak ^02&
- ix.%dyl - úfudapl fjda,aàh;dj ^VCE& uek igyka lrkak ^03&
we`.s,s ;=v bj;g f.k ^túg LED fkeoe,afõ& uek igyka lsÍu
VBE (02), VCE (03) 05
jHdmD;s mqjrej u; 2jk mßm:h tl,ia lr ksjeros O%eúh;djfhka 05
iemhqu ,nd oSu
A yd B w.% c, n`ÿkla ;=<g we;=¿ lr LED oe,afjk úg u,aá 05
ógrfhka
- VBE (02), - VCE (03) uek igyka lsÍu
A w.%h c, n`ÿfkka bj;g f.k u,aá ógrfhka 05
- VBE (02), - VCE (03) uek igyka lsÍu
jHdmD;s mqjrefõ wxl 3 mßm:h tl,ia lr ksje/os O%eúh;djfhka 05
iemhqu ,nd oSu
LDR fj;g wdf,dalh fkd ,efnkfia wdjrKh lr LED oe,afjka 03
f;la úp,h m%;sfrdaOlh iSre udre lsÍu
LDR ksrdjrKh fldg LED ksù hk f;la fiñka úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh 02
iSre udre lsÍu
LED oe,afjk ;;a;ajhg m;alr my; i|yka o;a; u,aá ógrh 05
wdOdrfhka ,nd .ekSu
- VBE (02), - VCE (03)
(LED fkdoe,afjk úg& LDR ksrdjrKh fldg my; i|yka o;a; 05
u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka ,nd .ekSu
- VBE (02), - VCE (03)
jHdmD;s mqjrefõ 4 jk mßm:h tl,ia lr ksjeros O%eúh;djfhka 05
úÿ,s iemhqu iïnkaO lsÍu
LED oe,afjk f;la úp,h m%;sfrdaOlh iSreudre lsÍu 05
LED oe,afjk úg u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka my; o;a; ,nd .ekSu 05
- VBE (02), - VCE (03)
r;al< úÿ,s mdykhla NTC fj; ióm lr LED ksfjk f;la úp,H 05
m%;sfrdaOlh iSreudre lsÍu
LED ksù we;s úg u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka my; o;a; ,nd .ekSu 05
- VBE (02), - VCE (03)
l%shdj,sh ;=< wdrlaIl l%ufõo wkq.ukh lsÍu 02
wdl,am yd iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; lsÍu 02
w.h moaO;s wdjqo" WmlrK msßisÿ lr ia:dk .; lsÍu 02
tl;=j 100
40
3.5.1 NPN g% dkai siagrhla Ndú; lr l= vd ix{d j¾Olhla tl,ia lr fjda,aàh;d
,dNh fiùu ^fok ,o mßm:hg wkq j &
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ks m q K;d uÜgu 3'5 ( ix{d j¾Okh i|yd g%dkaisiag¾ Ndú;h úuid n,hs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( ² § we;s mßm: igyklg wkqj úNj fnÿï keUqrej Ndú; lr l=vd
ix{d j¾Olhla tl,ia lrhs'
² foda,fkalaIh Ndú;fhka m%odk iy m%;sodk ;rx.dldr ixikaokh
lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² jHdmD;s mqjrejl mßm:hla tl,ia lsÍu
² j¾Olhla f,i keUqre lsÍu
² j¾Olhl fjda,aàh;d j¾Okh mÍlaId lsÍu
² ix{d ckl Ndú;h
² foda,fkalaIfhka m%;Hj¾; fjda,aàh;djl úia;drh uekSu
² j¾Olhl ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djka uekSu
ye|s k a ù u ( w¾O ikakdhl Wmdx.hla jk oaù O%ej g%dkaisiagrh m%Odk jYfhka
iaúphla iy j¾Olhla f,i Ndú; l< yels h' j¾Olhlska ix.%dyl
cjh jeä lsÍu lrkq ,efí' ta ioyd fjda,aàh;dj fyda Odrdj fyda
ta fol u j¾Okh l< yels h' fuu m%dfhda.slfhka g%dkaisiag¾
j¾Olhlska m%odk fjda,aàh;dj j¾Okh l< yels wkaou úia;r fõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( oaù O%ej g%dkaisiagrh Odrd md,k Wml%uh ls' tkï mdou Odrdj hï
wkqmd;hlg j¾Okh lr ix.%dylh ;=<ska ,nd.; yels h' tneúka
g%dkaisiagrh ;=<g ix{djla .uka lrúh hq;af;a Odrd ;rx.hla
f,i h' j¾Olhg m%odkh lrkq ,nkafka ix{d fjda,aàh;djhls'
ix{dj m%;sodkh lrkq ,nkafka o fjda,aàh;d ix{djla f,i h'
tneúka g%dkaii s agrfha ir, Odrd keUqre fjda,á
a h;dj u.ska ix.%dylh
iemhqï fjda,aàh;djfhka Nd.hl mj;ajd .; hq;= h' ,ndfok
m%;Hdj¾; ix{dj fjkiajkafka mdoug ,ndfok uOH fjda,aàh;djg
idfmalaIj h' ir, Odrd keUqre fjda,aàh;dj uOH w.hl mj;ajd
.ekSu ioyd keUqre m%;f s rdaOlj, w.h fjkia l< hq;= w;r ta wkqj
m%;sodk fjda,aàh;d ix{dj m%;sodk ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djg
idfmalaIj ,efí'
fuu ix{d fol kd<S folla iys; (dual channel) foda,f a kalaIlhlska
tljr u ksÍlaIKh l< yels w;r tu ix{dj, úia;drh uekSfuka
m%;Hdj¾; ix{d ,dNh ,nd .; yels h'

² BC550 g%dkaisiagrhla
² 10 k úp,H m%;sfrdaOlhla
² 10 k m%;sfrdaOlhla
² 150  m%;sfrdaOlhla
² 10 V ir, Odrd ,nd.; yels úp,H cj iemhqula
² 10 FOdß;%l 2la
² 100 F Odß;%lhla
² oaú;aj kd<s foda,fkalaIhla
² ix{d cklhla
41
l% u fõoh ( ² rEmfha ±lafjk mßm:h jHdmD;s mqjrejl tl,ia lrkak'
² N+.;hg idfmalaIj ix.%dyl fjda,aàh;dj uek tu fjda,aàh;dj

iemhqï fjda,aàh;djfhka Nd.hla jk f,i R2 iSre udre lrkak'
² RE iy RC m%;sfrdaOl yryd msysgk úNj wka;rh iy VCE uek f.k
igyka lr .kak'
² m%odkh fj; 20 mV ihskdldr ix{djla ,nd § m%;sodk ix{dj
(VCE) foda,fkalaIh Ndú; lr ukskak'
² Vo / Vin = fjda,aàh;d ,dNh" f,i .Kkh lrkak'
² m%odk ix{d úia;drh jeä lr m%;sodk ix{dj lefmk wjia:dfõ §

Ys¾Idka;r fjda,aàh;d w.h ukskak'
² fuu w.h VRciy VCE j, tl;=j iu. ixikaokh lrkak'
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u( ² foda,fkalaIfha kd<S fol m%odk iy m%;sodkhg iïnkaO lsÍfï §

tla taIKshla muKla N+.; lrkak'
² mßm:h tl,ia lr ir, Odrd fjda , a à h;dj imhd iemhq ï
fjda,aàh;dj 10 V la f;la jeä lrkak'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² Vo / Vin = fjda,aàh;d ,dNh f,i ,efí'
² m%;sodk ix{dj lefmk wjia:dfõ § tla tla w¾O jl%fha úia;drh

ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djfha Wmßuh olajd meñfKa' tu ksid
Ys¾Idka;r w.h VCEiy VRc ir, Odrd w.hkaf.a tl;=jg iudk
fõ'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² iEu ñkqul § u iemhqï fjda,aàh;dj 10 V jkfia ;nd .kak'
42
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
imhd we;s mßm: igykg wkqj mßm:h tl,ia lsÍu 05
tl,ia mßm:h i|yd ksjeros O%eúh;djfhka iemhqu ,nd oSu 05
m%;siu u,aá ógrh ir, Odrd fjda,aáh;d uekSu i|yd .e<fmk 05
mrdihg ilia lsÍu
úp,h m%;sfrdaOlh ^R2& ix.%dyl fjda,à
a h;dj" iemhqï fjda,à
a h;dfjka 10
wvla jk mßos ilia lsÍu
ls%hdj,sh
ix{d cklh iemhqug iïnkaO lr iemhqu ,nd oS m%;Hdj¾; ix{dfõ 05
YS¾I fjd,aàh;dj ^Vm& 20 mV f;la iSreudre lsÍu
foda,fkalaIfha m<jk kd,sldj kshñ; mrdihg fhduq lr ix{dj 10
uekSu
20 mV fjda,aàh;d mßm:fha m%odk ix{dj f,i ,nd oSu 05
foda,fkalaIfha kd,sld 2 ^CH2& ys tAIKSh w.% ix.%dylhg iïnkaO 05
lsÍu
foda,fkalaIfha fojk kd,sldj m%;sodk ix{dj uekSu i|yd iSre 05
udre lsÍu
kd,sld 2 ys m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dfha YS¾I w.h uekSu 05
fjda,aàh;d ,dNh .Kkh lsÍu 05
úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh ^R2& fiñka iSreudre lrñka m%;sodk ix{dfõ 05
úia;dr lefmk wjia:dj ,nd .ekSu u`.ska tu wjia:dfõ m%odk
fjda,aàh;dfõ YS¾I w.h uekSu
m%;siu u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka Rc m%;sfrdaOlh yryd fjda,aàh;dj 05
uekSu
m%;siu u,aá ógrh wdOdrfhka ix.%dyl - úfudapl fjda,aàh;dj 05
uekSu
,nd.;a mdGxl fol tl;= lr iemhqï fjda,aàh;dj yd ixikaokh 05
lsÍu
wdl,am yd iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka lghq;= lsÍu 02
tl;=j 100
43
3'6'1 m% l dY ixfõolhl ixfõ§;dj jeä ls Í u ioyd ldrld;a u l j¾Olhla
Ndú;fhka ilia l rk ixika o lhla fhdod .ekS u
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ks m qK;d uÜgu 3'6 ( ldrld;aul j¾Olj, Ndú; úuid n,hs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( ² ldrld;aul j¾Olhla Ndú; lr ixfõ§;dj j¾Okh lsÍu ioyd
ixikaol mßm: tl,ia lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² ldrld;aul j¾Olhl w.% y÷kd .ekSu
² ldrld;aul j¾Olhl mßmQ¾K ,dlaIKsl wOHhkh lsÍu
² ldrld;aul j¾Ol mßm: jHdmD;s mqjrefõ tl,ia lsÍu
² ldrld;aul j¾Olhlg ksjerÈ O%eùh;dj iys; iemhqu ,nd §u
² wjYH ixfõ§;dj ,nd .ekSug wjYH iSre udre isÿ lsÍu
² ixikaol ls%hdj,sh fjk;a wjYH;d i|yd fhdod .ekSu
ye|s k a ù u ( ldrld;a u l j¾Olh (operational amplifier) hkq fjda , a à h;d
ixikaolhla (comparator) mdol lr.ksñka ks¾udKh lrk ,o
ix.Dys; mßm:h ls' ldrl j¾Olhla Ndú; lr ia:djr fjda,à a h;djla
wdfYah
% fjda,à
a h;djla (referance voltage) iu. ixfõolhlska ckkh
lr .; yels fjda,aàh;djla iei§fuka ixfõolhl ixfõ§;dj
j¾Okh l< yels wdldrh fuu m%dfhda.slfhka meyeÈ,s flf¾'
uQ , O¾uh ( wjl,k j¾Olhlg (differential amplifier) iudk fjda,aàh;d folla
,ndÿka úg m%;os dkhla fkd,efnk w;r b;d iq¿ fjda,à a h;d fjkila
we;s jQ úg m%;sodkh úYd, jYfhka fjkia fõ' fuu uQ,O¾uh
Ndú; lr wdfYa%h fjda,aàh;djlg idfmalaIj fjk;a ia:dkhl
fjkiajk fjda,aàh;djla iei§ug mq¿jk' ldrl j¾Olhl m<uqj
fhdod we;af;a wjl,k j¾Olh ls' bkamiq b;d iq¿ fjkila iys;
fjda,aàh;djka folla ,ndÿka úg m%;sodkfhka ,efnk fjda,aàh;dj
;j;a j¾Okh lr m%;sodkh lrkq ,efí' fï wkqj LDR jeks
wdf,dalhg ixfõ§ m%;sfrdaOlhl b;d iq¿ wdf,dal fjkia ùul §
fjkia jk m%;sfrdaë w.h ksid fjkiajk fjda,aàh;dj hï ia:djr
fjda,aàh;djla iu. iei§fuka b;d l=vd wdf,dal fjkiaùula jqj
o ixfõokh lr .; yels h'
(inverting input)
(Inverting Input)
(output)
(Output)
(Noninverting
(non Inverting Input)
input)
ldrl j¾Olhl m%odkhka folla mj;sk w;r tla m%;sodkhla we;'

m%odkhka foflys fjda,aàh;dj iudk kï m%;sodkhla fkd,efí'
m%;sodkhka fol wmj¾;l m%odkh ^-& f,i;a" wmj¾;l fkdjk
m%odkh (+) f,i;a ye¢ka fõ'
uQ,sl ldrl j¾Ol mßm:hlg oaú;aj iemhqula (- iy +) wjYH fõ'

wmj¾;l m% odkfha fjda , aàh;dj wmj¾;l fkdjk m% odkfha
fjda,aàh;djg jvd b;d iq¿ jYfhka jeä jQ úg m%;sodkh iemhqfï
iDK fjda,à
a h;d w.hg wdikakj ,efí' wmj¾;l fkdjk m%odkfha
44
fjda,à
a h;dj wmj¾;l m%odkfha fjda,aàh;djg jvd b;d iq¿ jYfhka
jeä jQ úg m%;sodkh iemhqfï Ok fjda,aàh;d w.hg wdikakj
,efí'
ldrl j¾Ol ixikaol f,i Ndú; lrk úg + iy - iemhqï fyda

+ iy N+.; (0 V) f,i ,ndÈh yels h' by; úia;r lr we;af;a ;ks
iemhqulska ls%hdlrk ixikaol ms<sn| j fõ' tu ixikaolj,
wmj¾;l fkdjk m%odkfha fjda,aàh;dj wmj¾;l m%odkhg jvd
b;d iq¿ jYfhka jeä jQ úg m%;sodkh Ok iemhqug wdikakj
,efí' wmj¾;l m%odkh wmj¾;l fkdjk m%odkhg jvd jeä jQ úg
m%;sodkh Y=kH fõ'
ixikaol f,i Ndú; l< yels ldrld;aul j¾Ol fjk u ksmojd
we;' ta i|yd + fjda,aàh;djla muKla iEfya' LM324, TA 084 jeks
ix.Dys; mßm: fï i|yd iqÿiq fõ' tu ix.Dys; mßm:j, o;a;
my; ±la fõ'
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² LM324 fyda TL084 ix.Dys; mßm:

² 5.6 V fik¾ vfhdavhla
² 100 k úp,H m%;sfrdaOlhla
² 10 V ir, Odrd iemhqula
² 1 k, 1/4W m%;sfrdaOlhla
² LED 1 la
² jHdmD;s mqjrejla
² ixLHdxl u,aá ógrhla
l% u fõoh ( ² mßm:h i|yd wjYH øjH yd WmlrK f;dard .kak'

² ix.Dys; mßm:fha w.% wkqms<sfj<g y÷kd .kak'
² my; i|yka mßm: jHdmD;s mqjrej u; tl,ia lrkak'
² tl,ia l< mßm:hg úÿ,s iemhqu ,nd fokak'

² LDR wdf,dalfhka wdjrKh lr LED ±,afjk ;=re 100 k
m%;sfrdaOh fjkia lrkak'
² LDR fj;g ,efnk wdf,dalh b;d iq¿ jYfhka wvq jQ úg § o LED
±,afjk f,i 100 k m%;sfrdaOlh iSreudre lrkak'
² fufia mßm:fha ixfõ§;dj jeä lr .kak'
45
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u (² LDR fj;g tl t,af,a ,efnk wdf,dalh muKla ,efnk f,i
2 cm muK È. l=vd PVC fyda ldâfndaâ k< lene,a,la LDRh g
bÈßmig iú lrkak'
² LDR fj; wdf,dalh §u iaÓr m%Njhlska flfrkafka kï Wiia
m%;sM, ,nd.; yels h'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² ldrl j¾Ol u.ska ixfõolj, ixfõ§;dj jeä l< yels h'
² fuu ixikaolh WIaK;aj ixfõol fyda iam¾Y ixfõol ioyd o
Ndú; l< yels h'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² m%;os dk u.ska m%Odk úÿ,sh md,kh lsÍu fyda fjk;a únrla lsh
% d;aul
lsÍug fhdod.kafka kï m%;sodkh u.ska g%dkaisiagrfhka keUqre lr
ms<shjkhla ls%hd;aul l< hq;= h'
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
fmr iQodku wjYH øjH wkqj yd WmlrK f;dard .ekSu 05
f;dard.;a ix.Dys; mßm:fha w.% wkq ms<sfj< y÷kd .ekSu 05
jHdmD;s mqjrefõ ix.Dys; mßm:h iú lsÍu 10
mßm: igyk wkqj ix.Dys; mßm:fha w.%j,g wfkla Wmdx. iïnkaO 21
lsÍu ^Wmdx. 7 iïnkaO lsÍu 7 3&
ix.Dys; mßm:fha Ok úNj iemhqï w.%h iy iDK úNj iemhqï w.% 04
ls%hdj,sh
ikakdhl u.ska iïnkaOl lsÍu
mßm:h i|yd ir, Odrd iemhqï iïnkaO lsÍu 05
mßm:fha ksis ls%hdldÍ;ajh ,efnk f;la úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh iSre 10
udre lsÍu
LDR u; wdf,dalh fkdjefgk úg yd LDR u; wdf,dalh jefgk 10
úg LED fha ls%hdj wdo¾Ykh lr fmkaùu
tl,ia mßm:fha ksudj 10
w.h moaO;s iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; lsÍu 03
tl;=j 100
46
3'6'2 ldrld;aul j¾Olhla Ndú; lr wmj¾;l j¾Olhla tl,ia lsÍu

úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 3'6( ldrld;aul j¾Olj, Ndú;h úuid n,hs'
ld,Éfca o ixLHdj( 01
bf.kq ï M,h ( ldrld;aul j¾Ol Ndú;fha jeo.;alu ú.%y lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d(
² ldrld;aul j¾Olhl w.% y÷kd .ekSu
² ldrld;aul j¾Olhl mßmQ¾K ,dlaIKsl wOHhkh lsÍu
² ldrld;aul j¾Ol mßm: jHdmD;s mqjrefõ tl,ia lsÍu
² ldrld;aul j¾Olhlg iemhqu ksjerÈ O%eùh;djfhka ,nd §u
² ldrld;aul j¾Olhlg m%odk ix{djla ,nd §u
² m%;sodk ix{dfõ úia;drh uekSu
² fjda,aàh;d ,dNh .Kkh lsÍu
² foda,fkalaIfhka ix{djl úia;drh uekSu
ye|s k a ù u ( ldrl j¾Olhl uQ , s l Ndú;h ixika o l ls % h dj jq j o iDK
m%;f
s mdaIKhla (negative feedback) fh§fuka j¾Olhla f,i o Ndú;
l< yels h' fuu m%dfhda.ls fhka ldrl j¾Olhla wmj¾;l j¾Olhla
(inverting amplifier) f,i fhdod .kakd wdldrh úia;r fõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( ldrl j¾Olhla wmj¾;l j¾Olhla f,i Ndú; lsÍfï § + iy -

w¾O jl% fol u j¾Okh l< hq;= neúka oaú;aj iemhqula (dual
supply) wjYH fõ' oaú;aj iemhqula ,nd.ekSu i|yd iudk w.hlska
hq;a m%;sfrdaOl folla fhdod úNj fnÿula ilia l< yels h'
Bg wu;r j ueo iejqk wjlr mßKdul (center tapped) m%;sodkhla"
vfhdav fia;=jla fhdod iDcqlrKh lsÍfï § mßKdul oaú;Slfha
uOHhg idfmalaIj + iy - fjda,aàh;djla ,nd.; yels h'
ldrl j¾Olhl m%;os dkfhka b;d l=vd m%udKhla wmj¾;l m%odkhg
,nd§fuka j¾Ol wjia:djg m;a l< yels h' m%;sodkfhka l=vd
fldgila ,nd .ekSug úYd, m%;f s rdaOhla yryd m%;sodkh yd m%odkh
iïnkaO l< hq;= h' m%;sodkh úYd, m%;sfrdaOlhla yryd wmj¾;l
m%odkhg ,nd ÿka úg m%;os dkh by< hdu md,kh lsÍug;a m%;os dkh
wvq jk úg th jeä lsÍug;a fuu.ska yelshdj we;' fuh iDK
m%;sfmdaIKh f,i y÷kajk w;r m%;sodkh ia:djr lsÍug WmldÍ
fõ'
j¾Olhla f,i fhdod .ekSfï § j¾Ok ,dNh m%odk m%;sfrdaOfha
(Rin) iy m%;sfmdaIK m%;sfrdaOfha (Rf) wkqmd;h u; r|d mej;Su
.Kkh lsÍïj, § b;d myiq fõ' wmj¾;l j¾Olhla f,i Ndú;
lr we;s wdldrh my; rEmfha ±lafõ'
+V
-V
47
Vout R
fjda,aàh;d ,dNh = = - f
Vin Rin
741 wxlh orK ix.Dys; mßm:h j¾Olhla f,i Ndú; l< yels
mßm:hls' tys o;a; by; ±la fõ'
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² jHmD;s mqjrejla

² iïnkaOl lïì
² oaú;aj cj iemhqula
² ix{d cklhla
² 741 ix.Dys; mßm:la
² foda,fkalaIhla
² 100 k m%;sfrdaOhla
² ixLHdxl u,aá ógrhla
l% u fõoh ( ² ,nd § we;s mßm:h i|yd wjYH øjH yd WmlrK imhd .kak'
² my; ioyka mßm:h jHdmD;s mqjrej u; tl,ia lrkak'
² m%odkh fj; ix{d cklh wdOdrfhka YS¾I fjda,aàh;dj (20 mV)

muK b;d l=vd ix{djla ,nd fokak'
² ,efnk m%;sodkh foda,fkalaIfhka ukskak'
² m%;sM, my; j.=fõ ksjerÈ j igyka lrkak'
² R2 yd Vo ii|kak'
R1 Vin
R1 R2 R2/R1 Vout /Vin
10 k 100 k
47 k 100 k
100 k 47 k
100 k 100 k
48
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u( ² m%odkhg ,nd fok ix{dfõ iy m%;sodkfhka ,efnk ix{dfõ
l,d fjki (phase difference) ii|kak'
² foda,fkalaIh l%udxlkh lr mÍlaIKh wdrïN lrkak'
² ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djla jqj o m%odkh fj; fhÈh yels h'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² tla tla wjia:dfõ § m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj fiùu i|yd my; m%ldYh
fhÈh yels h'
m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj (VO)

fjda,aàh;d ,dNh (Av) =
m%odk fjda,aàh;dj (Vin)
m%;sfmdaIK m%;sfrdaOl w.h Rf

= g
m%odk m%;sfrdaOl w.h Rin
² m%;sodkfha l,dj iy m%odkfha l,dj w;r l,d fjki 1800 laa

fõ' thg fya;=j wmj¾;l j¾Olhla f,i ls%hdlsÍu hs'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² ldrl j¾Olh u.ska ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djla jqj o j¾Okh lr
.; yels h' tneúka m%;Hdj¾; ix{djla ,nd Èh fkdyels kï ir,
Odrd fjda,aàh;djla ,nd Èh yels h' fuh wmj¾;l j¾Olhla jk
ksid m%;sodkh 1800 l l,d fjkila iys; j msysg hs'
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
ix.Dys; mßm:fha w.% ksje/os j y÷kd .ekSu 10
imhd we;s mßm: igyk wkqj ix.Dys; mßm:fha w.% iu`. Wmdx. 10
iïnkaO lsÍu ^5 2&
ix.Dys; mßm:fha ls%hdldß;ajh i|yd ksje/os O%eúh;djfhka WÑ;j 10
ir, Odrd iemhqu iïnkaO lsÍu
ix{dcklh úÿ,s iemhqug iïnkaO lr tys m%;sodkh foda,fkalaIh 05
ls%hdj,sh Ndú; lr uekSu u`.ska YS¾I w.h 20 mV f;la iqir lr ieliSu
ix{dcklfha 20 mV fjda,aàh;dj mßm:fha N+.; w.%hg idfmalaIj 05
wmj¾;k m%odkhg iïnkaO lsÍu
foda,fkalaIfha fojk kd,sldfõ ^CH2& taIKS w.% m%;sodkhg iïnkaO 05
lsÍu
m%;sodk fjda,aàh;djfha YS¾I fjda,aàh;dj uekSu 10
Rf yd Rin fj; iïnkaO l< hq;= m%;sfrdaë w.hka fjkia lrñka 10
m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj uekSu ^2 5&
tla tla wjia:dfõ fjda,aàh;d ,dNh yd wkqmd;h w;r 10

iïnkaO;dj fiùu
wdl,am yd 04
iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; lsÍu
w.h moaO;s
tl;=j 100
49
m% d fhda . s l l% s h dldrlu
3'8'1 msú iq ï fodrj,a ;= kla iys; ksjil fodrj,a újD;j ;sfí±hs mÍlaI d ls Íug ;¾l
oa jdr Nú;fhka wdrlaI l moaO ;s hla ks ¾udKh ls Íu'

úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 3'8'1( wjYH;dj wkqj hï l%shdj,shla md,kh lsßu i|yd ixLHdxl
;dlaIKh Ndú; lrhs'
ld,õfPa o ixLHdj ( 01
bf,kq ï M,h ( úúO m%odkhkaf.a iïnkaO;dj wkqj m%;sodkh ,nd.; yels ir,
ldrl mßm: tl,ia lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² jHdmD;s mqjrejl ix.Dys; mßm:hla (IC) fhdod mßm:hla tl,ia
lsÍu
² ;¾l oajdrhlg m%odkhka ,nd §u
² ;¾l oajdr mßm:hlska m%;sodkhka ,nd .ekSu
² ;¾l oajdr mßm:hl m%odkhka ixLHdj wkqj i;H;d j.=j ,sùu
² ;¾l oajdrhl i;H;d j.=j wkqj wjYH;djg .e<fmk ;¾l oajdr
f;dard .ekSu
ye|s k a ù u ( ;¾l l%shdjlska isÿ flfrkqfha hï isoaëka folla fydaa Bg jeä

.Kkl iïnkaO;djfhka ,efnk m%;sM, u; wjYH;dj wkqj
m%;sodkhla ,nd .ekSu hs' ;¾l oajdr Ndú; lr isoaê lsysmhl
iïnkaO;dj ,nd .kakd wkaou fuu m%dfhda.slfhka úia;r fõ'
uQ,O¾uh ( iEu isoaêhla u úl,am isoaëka follska hqla; jk f,i ielish

yels ksid ta i|yd ;¾l" 1" iy 0 fhÈh yels h' ta wkqj jdykhl
fyda ksjil fodrla újD; j we;s úg ;¾l 1 f,i o ixjD;j we;s
úg ^jeiS we;s úg& ;¾l 0 f,i o ie,lsh yels h' túg ta nj
o¾Ykh jk myk ±,afjk úg 1 o fkd±,a ù we;s úg 0 f,i
ie,l=jfyd;a fodrj,a folla i|yd wjYH;dj u; tla fodrla fyda
újD; j ;sfíkï o¾Yl myk ±,aùu $ fkd±,aùu wkqj my; i;H
igyk f.dvke.sh yels h' fodrj,a folla A iy B hkqfjka kï
lr i;H;d igyk my; mßÈ f.dvke.sh yels h'
A B myk A B myk
újD; újD; ±,afõ 1 1 1

újD; ixjD; ±,afõ 1 0 1
ixjD; újD; ±,afõ 0 1 1
ixjD; ixjD; fkd±,afõ 0 0 0
by; i;H;d j.=j igyk u.ska ksrEmKh flfrkqfha OR oajdrhl

l%shdj hs' tu ksid m%odk fofla OR oajdrhlska fuu iïnkaO;djfha
m%;sodkh ,nd.; yels fõ'
50
wjYH øjH yd WmlrK (² SPDT iaúp 03 la fyda l%shd;aul l< úg úikaê jk tnqï iaúp
(push off) 03 la
² ir, Odrd iemhqu (5 V)
² LED 1 la
² 7432/4075 ix.Dys; mrsm:h
² iïnkaOl /yeka
l% u fõoh ( ² my; ±lafjk mßm:h jHdmD;s mqjrejla u; tl,ia lrkak'

^msúiqï fodrj,a ;=k A, B yd C fõ'&
C B A m%;sodkh
0 0 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
51
² ;¾l oajdrj, m%odkhkag tnqï iaúÉj, w.% ksjerÈ j iïnkaO

lrkak'
² 5 V ia:dhS ir, Odrd iemhqu ix.Dys; mßm:hg ,nd fokak'
² by; i|yka j.=j wkqj iaúÉ l%shd;aul lr m%;sodkh igyka
lrkak'
ks Í la I Khg u. fmka ù u ( fodrla újD; j we;s úg ;¾l 1 f,i o ixjD;j we;s úg

;¾l 0 f,i o ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
ks.ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( i;H;d j.=j wkqj fodrj,a 1la fyda újD;j mj;Skï LED h
±,aúh hq;= h'
úfYa I lreKq ( m%odk fofla OR oajdr Ndú; lrkafka kï m%odkhka 3la ,nd
.ekSug OR oajdr 2 la Ndú; l< yels h' m%odk ;=fka OR oajdr
Ndú; lrkafka kï tla oajdrhla m%udKj;a fõ' m%odk ;¾l
;;a;ajh fjkia kï ^Wod -( fodrj,a újD; j we;s úg ;¾l
"0" o ixjD; jQ úg ;¾l "1" kï o& Bg .e<fmk oajdr l%shdjla
f;dard .; hq;= h'
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
o;a; m;s%ld Ndú; lr ix.Dys; mßm:fha kdulrK wxlh wkqj 05
m%odk fofla $ m%odk ;=fka oajdr f;dard .ekSu
f;dard.;a ix.Dys; mßm:fha w.% y÷kd .ekSu 05
m%odkhka i|yd iaúp ;=fka ueo w.%h iïnkaO lsÍu ^3 5& 15
SPDT iaúp ;=fka b;sß tla w.%h ne.ska iïnkaO lr iemhqfï Ok 10
w.%hg iïnkaO lsÍu
ls%hdj,sh
SPDT iaúp ;=fka b;sß wks;a w.%h ne.ska iïnkaO lr iemhqfï Ok 10
w.%hg iïnkaO lsÍu
m%;sodk w.%hg 220 m%;sfrdaOlh yd LED O%eúh;dj ksje/os j 05
iïnkaO lsÍu
tl,ia mßm:hg O%eúh;dj ksje/os j iemhqu ,nd oSu 05
i;H igyk wkqj iaúp tlsfkl ls%hd;aul i;H igykl iïmQ¾K 10
lsÍu
i;H igyk Ndú; lr ls%hdldß;ajh úia;r lsÍu 10
mßm:fha ksudj 05
wdl,am yd
w.h moaO;s
tl;=j 100
52
3'8'2 AND iy OR oAjdr Ndú; lr iajhx /|jqï mßm:hla tl,ia lsÍu
ksmqK;dj 3 ( bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKh tÈfkod Ndú; i|yd fhfok wdldrh
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 3'8 ( wjYH;djh wkqj hï ls%hdj,shla md,kh lsÍu i|yd ixLHdxl
;dlaIKh Ndú; lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( úúO m%odkhkaf.a iïnkaO;dj wkqj m%;sodkh ,nd .; yels ir,
;¾l mßm: tl,ia lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² ixLHdxl ix.Dys; mßm:hl w.% y÷kd .ekSu

² ixLHdxl mßm:fha wka;¾.; oajdr j¾.h yd m%odk" m%;sodk w.%
y÷kd .ekSu
² ix.Dys; mßm: jHdmD;s mqjrejl tl,ia lsÍu
² mßm: igyk wkqj jHdmD;s mqjrej u.ska ix.Dys; mßm: w.% iïnkaO
lsÍu
² ix.Dys; mßm: i|yd O%eùh;dj fkdfjkia j iemhqï fjda,aàh;dj
iïnkaO lsÍu
² ixLHdxl mßm:hlg ksYaÑ; m%odk iamkaohla ,nd §u
² ixLHdxl mßm:hl m%;sodkh ,nd .ekSu
ye|s k a ù u ( iajhx /|jqï mßm:hl m%Odk wjYH;dj jkafka l=vd ix{djlska

úYd, cjhla md,kh lsÍu;a" mßm:fha wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsÍu;a
fõ' idudkHfhka iajhx /|jqï mßm: (self holding circuit) ks¾udKh
lrkafka ms<shjk wdOdrfhks' tfy;a ms<shjk fh§ug fkdyels
WmlrKj, ;¾l oajdr Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh jQ iajhx /|jqï mßm:
Ndú; lrhs' tjeks mßm:hla Ndú; lr úÿ,s mykla md,kh lsÍu
fuu m%dfhda.sl wNHdifhka wfmalaId lrk w;r" ks¾udKYS,S;ajh
mokï lr .ksñka fuu l=i,;d ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh lr .; yels fõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( ms<shjk Ndú; lr tl,ia lr .kakd iajhx /|jqï mßm:hla my;

±la fõ' ^54 msgqj&
tys S1 ilS%h l< úg R ms<shjkh ils%h jk w;r tys iaúphla jk

R1 u.ska fkdlvjd ms<shjkhg úÿ,sh imhhs' ta wkqj R2 iaúph
u`.ska úÿ,s myk ±,a fõ' S2 ils%h l< úg mßm:h iïmQ¾Kfhka
úikaê fõ' fuys m<uqjk mßm:h i|yd l=vd úÿ,s Odrdjla m%udKj;a
jk w;r hï wjia:djl úÿ,s n,h weKysàula isÿù kej; úÿ,sh
,enqk úg mßm:h ls%hd fkdlrhs' úÿ,s myk kej; ±,aùug S1
ils%h l< hq;= h' fuu ls%hdj my; oajdr mßm:fhka ,nd.; yels h'
S1 ils%h l< úg OR oajdrfha m%;sodkh 1 jk w;r tu m%;sodkh
AND oajdrfhatla m%odkhlg iïnkaO lr we;' túg AND oajdrfha
m%;sodkh 1 fõ' ÂND oajdrfha wfkla m%odkhg S2 yryd ;¾l 1 ,eî
we;'& th kej; OR oajdrhg m%;f s mdaIKh ,nd oS we;s ksid fkdlvjd
m%;sodkh ,efí' S2 ils%h l< úg AND oajdrfha tl m%odkhla 0 jk
ksid mßm:h úikaê fõ'
53
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² 7408 ix.Dys; mßm:

² 7432 ix.Dys; mßm:
² 1 k m%;sfrdaOl 2
² 220  m%;sfrdaOl 1
² jHdmD;s mqjrej
² iïnkaOl lïì
² 5 V cj iemhqula
² LED 01
² idudkH újD; (N/O) tnqï fnd;a;ï iaúph (S1)
² idudkH ixjD; (N/C) tnqï fnd;a;ï iaúph (S2)
² ix.Dys; mßm:j, o;a; m;s%ld
l% u fõoh ( ² ix.Dys; mßm:j, w.% y÷kd .kak'

² ix.Dys; mßm:j, o;a; igyk wkqj tys w.%j, wxlh y÷kd .kak'
² ix.Dys; mßm:j, m%odk" m%;sodk yd fjda,aàh;d iemhqï w.% y÷kd
.kak'
² ix.Dys; mßm: fol jHdmD;s mqjrej u; iú lrkak'
² o;a; igyk wkqj ix.Dys; mßm: folg iemhqu iïnkaO lrkak'
² mßm:fha mßÈ ix.Dys; mßm:j, w.% iïnkaO lr oajdr mßm:h
ilia lr .kak'
² AND oa j drfha m% ; s o dkhg LED fha wefkda v h o" lef;da v h

220 m%;sfrdaOlh yryd iemhqfï - w.%hg o iïnkaO flfrk
mßÈ jHdmD;s mqjrefõ Wmdx. iïnkaO lrkak'
² by; rEmfha mßÈ tnqï fnd;a;ï iaúÉ ksjerÈj f;dard f.k w.%
iïnkaO lrkak'
² S1 jrla Tnd w; yßkak' ^myk fkdlvjd ±,a fõ&
² S2 jrla Tnd w; yßkak' ^myk ksù hhs'&
² iemhqu úikaê lr kej; iïnkaO lrkak'
54
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u (² jHdmD;s mqjrejg ix.Dys; mßm: iïnkaO lsÍfï § fma<s fofla w.%
tlsfklg iïnkaO fkdjk mßÈ iú lrkak'
² mßm:h ksjerÈj iïnkaO jQfha kï S1 jrla Tnd w; yeßh úg
myk fkdlvjd ±,a fõ'
² myk ksùug wjYH kï S2 jrla Tnd w; yeßh hq;= h'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² iaúÉ j¾. fol kshñ; mßÈ ls%hdlrkafka ±hs m<uqj mÍlaId lrkak'
² iemhqu úikaê lr kej; iïnkaO l< úg LED fkd±,aùfuka
mßm:h wl%sh ù wdrlaId ù we;s nj ks.ukh l< yels h'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² ix.Dys; mßm: m%;sodkfhka jeä Odrdjla ,nd.; fkdyels ksid
m%;sfrdaOhla yryd g%dkaisiagrhla keUqrelr jeä Odrdjlska
ls%hd;aul lrk Wmdx.hka md,kh l< yels h'
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
fmr iQodku wjYH øjH" wdjqo WmlrK f;dard .ekSu 05
wod< iaúÉ fjkalr y÷kd .ekSu 05
jHdmD;s mqjrej u; ix.Dys; mßm: fol iú lsÍu 05
ix.Dys; mßm: o;a; Ndú; lr tajdfha wka;¾.; oajdr y÷kd .ekSu
^5 2& 10
OR oajdrhg m%odkhla ,nd §u 05
AND oajdrhg m%odkhla ,nd §u 05
ls%hdj,sh
imhd we;s mßm: igyk wkqj jHdmD;s mqjrej u; mßm:h tl,ia
lsÍu 10
imhd we;s iaúp fol mßm:hg iïnka lsrSu ^5 2& 10
tl,ia lrk ,o mßm:hg ksje/È O%eúh;djfhka iemhqu ,nd §u 05
iaúp ls%hdlrjd mßm:fha ls%hdldÍ;ajh fmkajd §u 10
mßm:fha ksudj ^mßm: mqjrefjys iïnkaOl lïì t<Su& 10
tl;=j 100
55
m% d fhda . s l l% s h dldrlu
3.8.3 X-OR oajdr Ndú; lr ia:dk ;=klska md,kh jk myka mßm:hla tl,ia
ls Í u'
ksmqK;dj 3 ( bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKh tÈfkod Ndú; i|yd fhfok wdldrh

úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 3'8 ( wjYH;dj wkqj hï ls%hdj,shla md,kh lsÍu i|yd ixLHdxl
;dlaIKh Ndú; lrhs
ld,ÉfPao ixLdj ( 02
bf.kqï M,h ( úúO m%odkhkaf.a iïnkaO;dj wkqj m%;sodkh ,nd.; yels ir,
;¾l mßm: tl,ia lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² jHdmD;s mqjrejl ix.Dys; mßm: fhdod mßm:hla tl,ia lsrSu
² ;¾l mßm:hg m%odkhka ksjerÈ j ,nd §u
² ;¾l oajdrhlg fhduq flfrk m%odkhka ixLHdj wkqj i;H igyk
,sùu
² ;¾l mßm: m%;sodkhla u.ska cj mßm:hla l%shd;aul lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( ia :dk ls ys m hls k a úÿ,s mykla ±,a ù ug wjYH jka fka ;Ügq
f.dvke.s,, a l ;rmamq fm<la i|yd wdf,dalh imhk mykla md,kh
lsrSug fyda fldßfvdajl (corridor) fhdod we;s mykla md,kh lsÍug
h' fï i|yd foux iaúp folla iy w;rueÈ iaúp wjYH fõ' by;
l%shdj,sfha Ndú; jk md,k mßm:h oajdr mßm:hla u.ska isÿ lrk
wdldrh fuu m%dfhda.slfhka úia;r flfrhs'
uQ , O¾uh ( X-OR oajdr mßm: u.ska ixLHdxl ixLHd fldgil "1" ixLHd ;sfnk
m%udKh T;af;a ixLHdjla o" ke;fyd;a brÜfÜ ixLHdjla ±hs ks.ukh
l< yels h' ;sfnk "1" ixLHd .Kk T;af;a kï "1" o" brÜfÜ kï
"0" o m%;sodkh f,i ,efí' fï wkqj ia:dk ;=kla i|yd m%odk
;=fka X-OR oajdr mßm:hla fh¥ úg my; wdldrhg i;H igyk
,súh yels h'
mshjr C B A F
1. 0 0 0 0
2. 0 0 1 1 ^T;af;a&
3. 0 1 0 1 ^T;af;a&
4. 0 1 1 0 ^brÜfÜ&
5. 1 0 0 1 ^T;af;a&
6. 1 0 1 0 ^brÜfÜ&
7. 1 1 0 0 ^brÜfÜ&
8. 1 1 1 1 ^T;af;a&
56
by; i;H;d j.=j wkqj A, B iy C hkq m%odkh ,nd §u i|yd fh¥
iaúp 3ls' m<uq ;;a;ajfha mj;sk wjia:djl tu iaúp ;=fkka ´kE
u iaúphl muKla mj;sk ;;a;ajh fjkia l< úg m%;sodkh o
fjkia jk nj fmfka' iaúÉ ;=k u by<g fhduq l< úg ;¾l "0"
o my<g fhduql< úg ;¾l zz1ZZ o fõ' 1 mßm:hg 5 V iemhqula
iïnkaO lr we;ehs is;uq' m<uq wjia:dfõ § A, B iy C iaúÉ
by<g fhduq lr we;' túg m%;sodkh zz0ZZ fõ' fojk" ;=kajk yd
miajk mshjrj, § tla iaúphla muKla my<g fhduqlr we;s úg
m%;os dkh "1" fõ' tkï m%;os dkhg iïnkaO l< myk ±,a fõ' y;rjk
mshjfrys A iaúph my<g fhduq lr we;s úg B iaúph o my<g
fhduqlr we;'
túg m%;sodkh "0" fõ' A, B, C hkq ;Ügq f.dvke.s,,
a l uy,a ;=kla
i|yd fhdod we;s iaúp ;=kl iy F hkq tu ;Ügq ;=kg .uka lsÍug
fhdod we;s mykls' tla tla ;Ügqfõ fldßfvdafõ msgjk fldgfia
fh¥ iaúph mj;sk ;;a;ajh fjkia l< úg myk ±,afõ' fjk;a
´kE u ;Ügqjlg f.dia tu ;Ügqfõ fh¥ iaúpfha mj;sk ;;a;ajh
fjkia lsÍfuka myk ksúh yels h'
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH(

² 7486/4030 ix.Dys; mßm:hla
² SPDT iaúp 03 la
² ir, Odrd iemhqu (5 V)
² 220  m%;sfrdaOlh
² LED 1 la
² jHdmD;s mqjrej
² iïnkaOl fhd;a
l% u fõoh ( ² jHdmD;s mqjrej u; my; oajdr mßm:h tl,ia lrkak'
² ish¨ u iaúp tla ÈYdjlg fhduq lrkak'

² mßm:fha l%shdldß;ajhg wjYH iemhqu ,nd fokak'
² tla jrlg tla iaúphla ne.ska mj;sk ;;a;ajhka fjkia lrkak'
² m%;sodkfha iïnkaO lr we;s LED ±,afjk fkd±,afjk wdldrh
ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² kssÍlaIK igyka lr wfmalaIs; l%shdj,sh bgqù we;s ±hs ;yjqre lr
.kak'
57
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u (² LED fhka ksÍlaIKh l< yelafla mßm:fha m%;sodkh muKls'
²ls%hdldrlu i|yd ilia l< mßm:fha X iy Y hkqfjka i|yka w.%

úikaê fldg by; mßm:h tu ia:dkj,g iïnkaO lsÍfuka m%Odk
úÿ,sfhka ls%hdlrk mykla ±,aùu iòyd by; mßm:h ixj¾Okh
lr .; yels h'
² tu mßm:fha úÿ,s mykg iudka;rj wjYH;dj wkqj ;j;a myka
lsysmhla iïnkaO l< yels h'
² ia:dk y;rlska fyda jeä .Kklska myk ±,aúh yels jk f,i
mßm:h ixj¾Okh lrkak'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² ia:dk y;rlska mykl ±,aùu$ ksùu md,kh lsÍug wjYH;dj
i|yd m%odk fofla X-OR oajdr ;=kla Ndú; lrkak ^fj<|fmdf<a
ñ, § .ekSug yelsjkqfha m%odk folla iys; X-OR muKs'&
úfYa I lrKq ( ² 7486 ix.Dys; mßm:h i|yd 5 V l ia:dhS fjda,aàh;djla muKla
,ndÈh hq;= fõ' tfy;a 4030 ix.Dys; mßm:h i|yd 5 V isg 18 V
fjda,aàh;djla ,ndÈh yels h'
² 12 V fyda 6 V ms<shjkhla m%;sodkhg iïnkaO lrkafka kï 030
ix.Dys; mßm:h Ndú;h jvd iqÿiq fõ'
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
ix.Dys ; mßm: o;a ; Ndú; fldg
tys wka;¾.; oajdr j¾.h kï lsÍu 05
ix.Dys; mßm:fha wka;¾.; oajdr ixLHdj fidhd .ekSu 05
ix.Dys; mßm:fha m%odk w.% yd m%;sodk w.% fjkalr y÷kd .ekSu 10
ix.Dys; mßm: jHdmD;s mqjrejg iú lsÍu 10
ls%hdj,sh imhd we;s mßm: igykg wkqj mßm:h tl,ia lsÍu 10
SPDTiaúp ;=k mßm: igyk wkqj mßm:hg iïnkaO lsÍu ^53& 15
ix.Dys; mßm:hg iemhqï iïnkaO lsÍu 05
iaúÉp l%shdlrjd mßm:fha ls%hdldÍ;ajh fmkajd §u 10
mßm:fha ksudj 05
wdl,am yd iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; lsÍu
w.h moaO;s 03
tl;=j 100
58
m% d fhda . s l ls % h dldrlu
3.8.4 NE555 ix.Dys; mrsm: Ndú; lr wia:dhS nyq lïml iy talia:dhS nyq lïml
mßm:hla tl,ia ls Í u
ks m q K;dj 3 ( bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKh tÈfkod Ndú; i|yd fhfok wdldrh
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
;dlaIKh Ndú; lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 04
bf.kq ï M,h ( NE555 ld,mßm:h wia:dhS iy talia:dhS nyqlïml f,i Ndú;

lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² NE555 ix.Dys; mßm:fha w.% y÷kd.ekSu

² jHdmD;s mqjrejl ix.Dys; mßm:hla iys; mßm:hla tl,ia lsÍu
² ix.Dys; mßm:hlg iemhqu ,nd§u
² m%;sodkh foda,fkalaIhlska uekSu
² ;rx.hl ixLHd;h ld,dj¾;h Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍu
² wia:dhS nyq lïml m%;sodkh úúO ld¾hka i|yd fhdod .ekSu
ye¢kaùu ( hï ld,iSudjla" hï wjia:djla ^hï ld¾hla wdrïN l< hq;=

wjia:djla& fyda ksh; ld,dj¾;hlg jrla iamkaokhla ,nd .ekSu
i|yd ld,h ixfõokh l< yels mßm: wjYH fõ' fï i|yd
bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKfha § Ndú; jk Wmdx. iy mßm: Ndú;fhka
ix.Dys; mßm:hla ksujd we;' fuu ix.Dys; mßm: Ndú;fhka
tl,ialr .; yels uQ,sl mßm: ms<sn| j fuu m%dfhda.slfha §
úia;r fõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( ldrl j¾Ol" m%;sfrdaOl" SR ms<sfmd<" g%dkaisiag¾ iy wmj¾;l
tl,ia lr NE555 ld, mßm:h ksujd we;' fuu mßm:h Ndú;
lr uQ,ls mßm: folla tl,ia l< yels w;r tu mßm:j,g iïnkaO
lrk ndysr Wmdx. fjkia lr úúO ld¾hka i|yd fhdod .;
yels h'
uQ,sl mßm: foflka tlla wia:dhS nyq lïml f,i ye¢kafõ'
tu.ska fkdlvjd hï ld,dj¾:hlg jrla y;/ia ;rx. ,nd .;
yels h' wfkla mßm:h talia:dhS nyq lïmlh f,i ye¢kafõ' tu
mßm:h u.ska m%;os dkh hï ksh; ld,hla by< fjda,à
a h;djl mj;ajd
bka miq kej; m<uq ;;a;ajhg m;a l< yels h'
wia:dhS nyq lïmlh talia:dhS nyq lïmlh
wia:dhS nyqlïmlj, iamkao ld,dj¾;h iy talia:dhS nyqlïmlj,

m%;sodkh by< fjda,aàh;djfhka mj;sk ld,h (T) ;SrKh jkafka
ndysßka ix.Dys; mßm:hg iïnkaO lrk m%;sfrdaO iy Odß;%lj,
w.hka u; h' tu w.hka fjkia lr wia:dhS nyqlïml m%;sodkfha
iamkaoj, ld,dj¾;h iy talia:dhS nyqlïml m%;sodkfha iamkao
m<, fjkia lr.; yels h'
59
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH (-
² 5 V/ 12 V ir, Odrd iemhqu
² NE555 ix.Dys; mßm: 02
² 330 m%;sfrdaOl 02
² 1000 F Odß;%l 04
² 0.01 F Odß;%l 04
² 47 F Odß;%l 02
² 100 k úp,H m%;sfrdaOl 02
² 10 km%;sfrdaOl 02
² jHdmD;s mqjre 01
² 220 m%;sfrdaOl 02
² LED 04
² foda,fkalaIh
² u,aáógrh
² iïnkaOl lïì
l% u fõoh (- ² my; i|yka 1 mßm:h jHdmD;s mqjrefõ tl,ia lrkak'
NE555
60
² ksjerÈ O%eùh;djfhka 5 V iemhqï iïnkaO lrkak'

² LED ±,afjk ksfjk rgdj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² 100 k úp,H m%;sfrdaOh fjkia lrñka iamkao ixLHd;h
fjkia lrkak'
² ksjerÈ O%eùh;djfhka iemhqu ,nd § m%;os dkh foda,fkalI
a hg
iïnkaO lrkak'
² 100 k úp,H m%;f s rdaOh fjkia lr foda,fkalaIfha ±lafjk
;rx.dldrfha ld,dj¾;h fjkia lrkak'
² Wmßu iy wju ld,dj¾; uek wju iy Wmßu ixLHd;h
.Kkh lrkak'
² iemhqu ksjerÈ O%eùh;djfhka ,nd fokak'
² PB 1 iaúph b;d flá ld,hla ils%h lrkak'
² m%;sodk LED ±,aù mj;sk fõ,dj ksÍlaIKh lrkak
² 100 k m%;sfrdaOfha w.h fjkia lr LED ±,aù mj;sk ld,h
fjkia lrkak'
ksÍ la I Khg u. fmkaù u ( ² m<uq jk mßm:fha m%;sodk iamkao mshú weig fmfkk
m%udKhg ixLHd;h wvq jk neúka ;rx. ld,h úrdu
>áldjla Ndú; lr ueksh yels h'
² fojk mßm:fha m%;sodk ixLHd;h jeä neúka mshú weig
fkdfmfk k ks id ;rx. ksÍl aIKh lsÍ u i| yd
fodaa,fkalaIh Ndú; lsÍug isÿ fõ'
² f;jk mßm:fha m%;sodk ld,h úrdu >áldjlska ueksh
yels h'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ² 1 iy 2 mßm:j, iamkao ld,dj¾;h iy úp,H m%;sfrdaOfha

w.h w;r iïnkaO;dj fiùfuka wjYH ixLHd;hla ,nd
.ekSug fhÈh hq;= m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h ;SrKh l< yels h'
3 jk mßm:fha m%;sodkh ils%h ù we;s ld,h ;SrKh lsrSu
i|yd RC ld,ksh;h fjkia l< yels h' ^fuys R hkq 1 k
+ 100 k ys fjkia lrk ,o w.h jk w;r C ys w.h 47 F
fõ'
úfYa I lreKq ² fuu ix.Dys; mßm:hg jeä Odrdjla wjYH úÿ,s mykla
jeks únrla iïnkaO l< úg iamkaoj, ld,dj¾; fjkia
úh yels h'
61

,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
ix.Dys; mßm:fha w.% kï lr y÷kd .ekSu 05
mßm:h jHdmD;s mqjrej u; ix.Dys; mßm: iú lsÍu 05
1 mßm: igyk wkqj Wmdx. tl,ia lr mßm:h f.dv ke.Su 10
tl,ia l< mßm:hg ksje/È O%eúh;djfhka iemhqu ,nd §u 05
mßm:fha ls%hdldÍ nj 05
ls%hdj,sh mßm:fha ksudj 05
jHdmD;s mqjrej u; II mßm:h f.dv ke.Su 10
ksje/È O%eúh;djfhka iemhqu ,nd §u 05
mßm:fha ls%hdldÍ nj 05
jHdmD;s mqjrej u; III mßm:h f.dv ke.Su 10
ksje/È O%eúh;djfhka iemhqu ,nd §u 05
mßm:fha l%shdldÍ nj 05
mßm:fha ksudj 05
wdl,am yd
iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka ydú; lsÍu 03
tl;=j 100
62
3.8.5 7493 fyda 74192 fyda 4518 ix.Dys; mßm: Ndú; lr
by<g .Kskhla ks¾udKh lsÍu

úu¾Ykh lrhs'
;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 02
bf.kq ï M,h ( oaùuh ixLHd by<g .Kskhla tl,ia lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d (
² ixLHdxl ix.Dys; mßm:j, w.% y÷kd.ekSu
² ix.Dys; mßm:j, o;a; igyka wjfndaO lr .ekSu
² jHdmD;s mqjrej u; ix.Dys; mßm:hla tl,ia lsÍu
² O%eùh;djh ksjerÈ f,i iemhquys ,nd§u
² ixLHdxl ix.Dys; mßm:hlg m%odkhka iemhSu
² ixLHdxl ix.Dys; mßm:hlg >áld iamkao iemhSu
² ixLHdxl mßm:j, m%;sodkhka ,nd .ekSu
ye¢ka ù u ( iamkao ixLHdjl m%udKh fiùu i|yd by<g .Kka lsÍu isÿ l<
hq;= h'
by<g .Kka ls Í u oYuh ixLHdj,s k a is ÿ l< yels kuq ; a
bf,lafg%dksl mßm: Ndú; lr oYuh ixLHdj,ska by<g .Kka
lsÍu i|yd .Kskhla (counter) tl,ia lsÍug jvd oaùuh ixLHdj,ska
by<g .Kka l< yels .Kskhla tl,ia lsÍu myiq fõ'
.Kka l< miq ta ta oaùuh iïnkaO;dj oYuh ixLHdj,g mßj¾;kh
lsÍu myiq fõ' oaúuh ixLHdj,ska by<g .Kka lsÍu i|yd ks¾udKh
lr we;s ix.Dys; mßm: lSmhla Ndú; lsÍu fuu m%dfhda.slfha § isÿ
flf¾'
uQ , O¾uh ( J - K ms<sfmd< J iy K m%odk folg u ;¾l ''1'' ,nd ÿka úg

m%;sodkh >áld iamkaoh (clock pulse) u.ska fjkia l< yels h'
tkï iEu >áld iamkaohl § u m%;sodkh 0 isg 1g;a 1 isg 0 g;a udre
fõ' fuu ir, uQ,O¾uh by<g .Kskhla i|yd Ndú; l< yels h'
WodyrKhla f,i JK ms<sfmd< folla fY%aKs.; l< úg >áld
iamkao wkqj tla tla m%;sodkfha isÿjk fjkiaùu my; ±la fõ'
63
tla tla >áld iamkaOh wjidkfha

QA iy QB j, iïnkaO;dj
CK f,i olajd we;af;a >áld iamkao ,ndfok w.%hhs' tys l=vd
jD;a;hla iu. m%odkh fhdod we;s úg m%;sodkh fjkia jkafka
>áld iamkaokfha my< hk fl<jf¾ È h' m<uqjk J-K ms<sfmd<g
.Kka l< hq;= >áld iamkao ,ndfok w;r fojk ms<sfmd<g >áld
iamkao f,i ,nd fokafka m<uqjk ms<sfmdf<ys m%;sodkhhs' fï
wkqj QA yd QB m%;sodkhka fjkiajk wdldrh my; ±lafõ'
QA QB oYu ixLHdj,ska
jákdlu
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 2
1 1 3
fuys § tla tla >áld iamkaOh wjidkfha § m%;sodk foflys ;¾l
iïnkaO;djhka ms<sfj<g iòyka l< úg jákdlï jeä jk
wdldrhg ,efnk nj fmfka' ta wkqj ms<sfmd< 2la Ndú; l< úg
4la olajd .Kkh l< yels h' tkï 22 n,h fõ' fufia ms<sfmd<
3la fh¥ úg 23 fyj;a 8 olajd o" ms<sfmd< 4la fh¥ úg 24 fyj;a
16 olaajd o .Kka l< yels h' my; i|yka 7493 ix.Dys; mßm: 16
olajd .Kka lsÍu i|yd ks¾udKh lr we;' fuu ix.Dys; mßm:fhys
ms<sfmd< 4la fhdod we;s w;r tajd we;=<;ska iïnkaO lr we;' R1
iy R2 hkq m%;sodkh Y=kH lsÍu i|yd fhdod we;s CLR (clear) w.%
fõ' fuu w.% folu ;¾l z1Z jQ úg m%;sodk ish,a,la u Y=kH fõ'
wjYH WmlrK iy øjH - ² 7493 ix.Dys; mßm:

² 5 V ir, Odrd iemhqu
² >áld iamkao cklh ^mßukaok rys;&
² LED 4
² 220  m%;sfrdaOl 4
² jHdmD;s mqjrej
² iïnkaOl lïì
64
l%ufõoh - ² my; mßm:h tl,ia lrkak'
tnqï fnd;a;ï iaúphla u.ska >áld iamkao ,nd fokak'

tla tla >áld iamkao wjidkfha QA, QB, QC, QD j, ;¾l
;;a;ajhka ms<sfj<ska j.= .; lrkak'
>Àld iamkaO QA QB QC QD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
ksÍ laIKh ioyd u. fmkaù u (
² LED, QA, QB, QC, QD f,i wkqms<f
s j<g jHdmD;s mqjerfõ iú lrkak'
² >áld iamkao ,nd§ug ´kE u mßukaok rys; >áld iamkao cklhla
ilia lrkak'
ms<sfmd< ixLHdj wkqj .Kka l< yels wjidk ixLHdj o¾Ykh
fkdfõ' tfy;a tu ixLHdj olajd .Kka lrhs' WodryKhla f,i
ms<f
s md< 4la iys; .Kskhl 16 w.h o¾Ykh fkdfõ' tfy;a ms<f s md<
m%;sodkhka Y=kH ;;a;ajhg m;ajkqfha 16 § h'
65
úfYa I lreKq ( >áld iamkaO ,nd§u i|yd Ndú; lrk iamkao cklfhka msßisÿ
iamkaohla ,nd .; hq;= h' 2 fla n,hla jk ´kE u ixLHdjla olajd
.Kka lsÍu i|yd fuu .Kskhla Ndú; l< yels h' 74192 iy
4518 ix.Dys; mßam: o by<g .Kskhka fõ' fuu ix.Dys; mßm:
folg wod< o;a; igyka yd mßm: Ndú; lr by<g .Kskhla
tl,ia lr .; yels h'
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
ix.Dys; mßm:fha w.% kï lr y÷kd .ekSu 05
jHdmD;s mqjrej u; ix.Dys; mßm:h iú lsÍu 05
ix.Dys; mßm:hg m%;sodk f,i 220 yd LED 1 ne.ska m%;sodk 20
y;r iïnkaO lsÍu ^5 4&
imhd we;s mßm: igyk wkqj ikakdhl u.ska mßm:h iïnkaO 10
ls%hdj,sh lsÍu
m%odkh yd iamkao cklh w;rg tnqï fnd;a;ula iïnkaO lsÍu 08
tnqï fnd;a;u ls%hdlrjd 1 - 16 f;la oaúuh ixLHd ksrEmk jk 32
wdldrh LED ±,aùu u.ska m%o¾Yk lsÍu wjia:d 16 ^2 16&
tl;=j 100
66
3'8'6 by<g .Ksk mrsm:hla Ndú; lr 50 Hz ixLHd;hlska
1 Hz ixLHd;hla ,nd .ekS u'
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 3'8 ( hï ls%hdjla md,kh lsßu i|yd ixLHdxl ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( by<g .Kskhla ixLHd fnokhla f,i Ndú; l< yels wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² by<g .Kskhla tl,ia lsÍu

² tu .Kskh ´kE u ixLHdjla olajd .Kka lsÍu i|yd ilia lsÍu
² tfia ilia lrk ,o mßm: lsysmhla Ndú; lr fõ.fhka ,efnk
iamkao fY%aKshla fnod ;;amrhlg tl iamkaohla ,nd .ekSu
ye|s k a ù u ( úúO ld¾hka i|yd ;;amrh hk ld,h b;d ksjerÈ j ;SrKh lsÍug
isÿ fõ' fï i|yd ksjerÈ u l%uh wê ixLHd; iamkao fY%aKshla
ckkh lr th fnod ;;amrhg tla iamkaokhla ,nd .ekSu hs' fuu
m%dfhda.slfhka 50 Hz ixLHd;hlska ;;a;amrhg tla iamkaohl 1
Hz ,nd .kakd wdldrh úia;r fõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( m%Odk úÿ,sfha ixLHd;h 50 Hz jk w;r tu w.h fndfyda úg
ksjerÈ w.hl ;nd .kS' tu ksid m%Odk úÿ,sfha ixLHd;h y;/ia
iamkaohlg mßj¾;kh lr tu w.h 10 ka iy 5 ka fn¥ úg 1 Hz
,nd .; yels h' fï i|yd 10 g .Kskhla iy 5 g .Kskhla wjYH
fõ' ms<sfmd< 2 la 3 la iy 4 la Ndú; lr by<g .Ksk tl,ia
l< úg ms<sfj<ska 4 g 8 g iy 16g .Kka l< yels h' tkï tu
ixLHdj wjidkfha § ,efnk iamkaoh ^my< hk fl<jr& fjk;a
.Kskhl >áld iamkaohla f,i Ndú; l< yels h' tfy;a 10 g
fyda 5 g .Kka l< úg wjika iamkaoh ,nd .ekSug tu ixLHd
wjidkfha § ms<sfmd< m<uq ;;a;ajhg meñKSfï l%ufõohla wjYH
fõ'
WodyrKhla jYfhka ms<sfmd< 3 la Ndú;fhka 8 olajd .Kka l<
yels w;r th 5 olajd muKla .Kka lsÍu i|yd by<g .Kskhla
tl,ia lsÍu my; i|yka f,i isÿ l< yels h'
67
iEu ms<sfmd<l u (clear CLR) w.%hla fhdod we;s w;r tu w.%h ;¾l
z0Z jQ úg ish¨ u ms<sfmd< m%;sodkhla u z0Z fõ' 5 g iudk oaùuh
iïnkaO;dj 101 fõ' tu ksid 5 g .Kka lr k;r lsÍu ioyd
QAiy QC ''1'' jk úg CLR w.% 0 jk f,i tu m%;sodkhka NAND
oajdrhla u.ska CLR w.%h fj;g fhÈh yels h' ta yd iudk j u 10
olajd .Kka lr 10 wjidkfha § Y+kH lsÍug .Ksk m%;sodkh 1010
jk úg QB iy QD m%;sodkhka NAND oajdrhka yryd CLR w.% fj;g
iïnkaO lsÍfuka isÿ l< yels h'
fï wkqj my; mßm:h u.ska 1 Hz ,nd .; yels h' 7493 ix.Dys;
mßm:fha 2 yd 3 w.%j,g mßm:h ;=< § oajdrfhka iïnkaO lr we;s
w;r tys m%;sodkh ms<sfmd<j, CLR w.%hg fhdod we;'
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² 7493, 74192 fyda 4518 ix.Dys; mßm:

² jHdmD;s mqjrej
² 7400 ix.Dys; mßm:
² 5 V ir, Odrd iemhqu
² LED 04
² 220  m%;sfrdaO 04
² 50 Hz y;/ia ;rx. ,nd .; yels ix{d cklhla
l% u fõoh ( ² my; mßm:h jHdmD;s mqjrefõ tl,ia lrkak'
² ksjerÈ O%eùh;djfhka iemhqu ,nd fokak'

² ix{d cklfhka 50 Hz iamkao ,efnk f,i iSreudre lr .Kskfha
m%odkh fj; ,nd fokak'
² m%;os dkfha ,efnk iamkaoh ;;amrhlg jrla ,efí±hs wjidk LED
fhka mÍlaId lrkak'
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u( ² ;;amrhg iamkaoh ne.ska ,efí ±hs ksÍlaIKh lsÍug úrdu >áldjla
ls%hd;aul lr úkdähla ;=< § iamkao 60la ,efí ±hs .Kka lsÍfuka
;SrKh l< yels h'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² fjk;a m%Njhlska iamkao ixLHdjlaa f.k wod< ixLHdfjka fn§fuka
mßm:fha ksrjoH;dj ks.ukh l< yels h' WodyrKhla f,i
NE555 ka iamkao 1024 la ,nd .ekSug ie,iqïlr 210 fn§fuka
1 Hz ,nd .; yels h'
68
úfYa I lreKq ( ² 50 Hz ix{d cklfhka ,nd .ekSu fjkqjg m%Odk úÿ,sfha mj;sk
50 Hz ixLHd;h ,nd .; yels h' ta i|yd wjlr mßKdulhla
u.ska fjda,aàh;dj wvq lr w¾O ;rx. iDcqlrKh l< úg 50 Hz
y;/ia fkdjk iamkaohla ,efí' th iamkao yev .kajkhla u`.ska
y;/ia ;rx.hla njg mßj¾;kh l< yels h' túg 50 Hz >áld
iamkao fY%aKshla ,efí' my; i|yka mßm:h ta iòyd Ndú; l<
yels h'
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
ix.Dys; mßm: f;dardf.k tajdfha w.% kï lr y÷kd .ekSu ^5 2& 10
ix.Dys; mßm:h iqÿiq mßÈ jHdmD;s mqjrefõ iú lsÍu 10
mßm: igyk wkqj iïnkaOl lïì u.ska ix.Dys; mßm: w.% iïnkaO 20
lsÍu
ix.Dys; mßm: ls %h dldÍ;aj h i|yd ir, Odrd iemhq u ks j e/È 10
O%eúh;djfhka iïnkaO lsÍu ^5 2&
ls%hdj,sh
ix{d cklh 50Hz iamkao ,efnk mßÈ iSreudre lsÍu 05
ix{d cklfha m%;sodkh ix.Dys; mßm:fha 14 w.%hg iïnkaO lr 10
ls%hdlrùu
m%;sodk ix{dj ,efnk ld,h ks¾Kh lr m%ldY lsÍu 05
mßm:fha ksudj ^2 5& 10
tl;=j 100
69
m%dfhda . s l ls %h dldrlu
4'2'1 fla k a ødmidÍ fmdïmhla .,jd fldgia y÷kd.ks ñ ka ks j erÈ j tl,ia ls Í u'
ks m q K;dj 4 ( úúO ld¾h i|yd ;r, Ndú; hka;% fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj úuid
n,hs'
ks m qK;d uÜgu 4'1 ( ;r, hka;%j, ld¾h úuid n,hs'
ksm q K;d uÜgu 4'2 ( ld¾hg WÑ; fmdïmh f;dard .ekSfï yelshdj m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ^4'1& ( ² ;r, hka;%j, m%Odk Wmdx.j, ld¾h meyeÈ,s lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ^4'2& ( ² iïmSvl$fmdïm j¾. yrialv rEm igyka wdOdrfhka fjkalr
y`ÿkd.kshs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² flakaødmidÍ fmdïmhla .e,ùug wod< ksjerÈ wdjqo iy WmlrK
f;dard .kshs'
² flakaødmidÍ fmdïmhla ksjerÈ wdldrhg fldgiaj,g .,jhs'
² flakaødmidÍ fmdïmfha fldgia ksjerÈ j y÷kd .kshs'
² fmdïmhl uqød fhÈh hq;= ia:dk iy tajdfha jeo.;alu y÷kd .kshs'
² .,jk ,o fldgia kshñ; ia:dkj,g fhdod fmdïmh tl,ia lrhs'
ye|s k a ù u ( ;r, iïfma%IK ld¾hfha § nyq, f,i Ndú; jk ;r, hka;%hla
f,i flakøa dmidÍ fmdïm ^rEmh 01& ie,lsh yels h' fuu fmdïmj,
we;s fldgia iy uqød ksjerÈ j y÷kd.ekSu" tajdfha ls%hdldÍ;ajh
ms<sn| ksis wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu iy tajdfha fodaI y÷kdf.k h:d
;;a;ja hg m;alr .ekSfï yelshdj ,nd§u fuu.ska wfmalI a d flf¾'
rEmh 01
uQ , O¾uh ( fmd<Ujkh ;=< we;s ;r," fmd<Ujkfha (impeller) fõ.j;a N%uKh

u.ska we;sjk flakaødmidÍ n,h ksid l=àrhla ;==< we;s ;r,h
msgdr k<h yryd fõ.fhka msg;g úisflfrk úg l=àrh ;=<
we;sjk ßla;h ;=<g ;r,h we§ tafï ls%hdj,sh'
wjYH wdjq o" WmlrK yd øjH (
² flakaødmidÍ fmdïmh (centrifugal pump)
² nxl= o`vq w`vqj (bench vice)
² o`vq w`vqj i|yd uDÿ ykq (soft jaws for vice)
² h;=re lÜg,h (spanner set)
² flfjks h;=re lÜg,h (box socket spanner set)
² bial=remamq kshka lÜg,h (screw driver set)
² yhk lÜg,h (puller set)
70
² uqÿ w.=¿ w`vqj (circlip plier)
² W,akeye w`vqj (nose plier)
² rn¾ ñáh (rubber hammer)
² 1'' nqreiqj (1'' brush)
² nyq ld¾h .S%ia iaj,amhla (multi purpose grease)
² msßisÿ frÈ len,s (cotton waste)
l% u fõoh ( ² m<uqj flakaødmidÍ fmdïmh .e,ùug myiq wdldrhlg ia:dk.; lr .kak'

^wjYH;dj mßÈ uDÿ ykq iúlr.;a nxl= o`vq w`vqj Ndú; lrkak'& ^rEmh 02&
rEmh 02
² bka miqj fmdïm ksfjiakdfõ (pump casing) bÈß m¿j iúlr we;s n|eK
$uqßÉÑ (nut & bolt) iqÿiq h;=re Ndú;fhka .,jd bj;a lr .kak'
² rn¾ ñáh wdOdrfhka l%udkql+,j ksfjiakdfõ bÈß m¿j jgd fifuka myr
t,a, lrñka" m%fõYfuka .,jd bj;a lr .kak'
² fmd<Ujkh uOHfha we;s uqßÉÑh ju;a fmdg fyda ol=K;a fmdg ±hs ksÍlaIKh
lr ;yjqre lr .kak'
² fmd<Ujkh iys; BIdj N%uKh ùu je<elaùu i|yd iqÿiq l%uhla wkq.uk lr
fmd<Ujkh ueo we;s uqßÉÑh flfjks h;=rla Ndú;fhka .,jd .kak'
^rEmh 03&
rEmh 03
² bkamiq iqÿiq m%udKfha zzyhkhlaZZ (puller) Ndú; lr fmd<Ujkh .,jd .kak'
² fmd<Ujkh .,jd bj;a lsÍfuka miq BIdj yd iïnkaOj we;s lS,h (key) .,jd
bj;a lr .kak'
² Tn Ndú; lrk fmdïmfha ldnka uqød tl,i (carbon seal assembly) bÈßfhka
uqÿ w.=,la (circlip) fhdod we;s kï" th uqÿ w.=,a w`vqj (circlip plier) Ndú;fhka
.,jd bj;a lrkak'
² uqÿ w.=, .e,ùfuka miq ldnka uqød tl,i .,jd bj;g .kak' ^rEmh 04&
71
rEmh 04
² nqreiqj iy msßisÿ frÈ len,s iqÿiq mßÈ Ndú; lrñka" wjYH ia:dk iy
.,jk ,o fldgia msßisÿ lr .kak'
² .,jd bj;a lrk ,o fldgia" ksfjiakdj we;=<; iy N%uK BIdfõ" iy
ldnka uqød tl,fiys uqyqK;aj, fodaI we;a±hs mÍlaId lr fodaI we;akï
thg iqÿiq ms<shï fhdokak' ^rEmh 05&
rEmh 05 rEmh 06
² ldnka uqød tl,i iïnkaOjk fmfofia BIdj jgd ;=kS .S%ia mg,hla
wdf,am lrkak' ^rEmh 06&
² ldnka uqød tl,fiys fldgia ms<sfj<g kej; tl,ia lr iú lrkak'
^rEmh 07&
^rEmh 07&
² ldnka uqød tl,ia ÿkak (carbon seal coil spring) w;ska miqmig f;rmñka
uqÿ w.=, Bg wod< we,sh (groove) fj; uqÿ w.=,a w`vqj Ndú;fhka we;=¿
lrkak'
² BIdfõ we;s lS, lvq,af,a (key way) .%Sia iaj,amhla ;jrd th ;=<g lS,h
ksis mßÈ we;=¿ lrkak'
² fmd<Ujkfha uOHfha we;s isÿf¾ iq,iaNdjh (taper) yd lS, lvq,af,a
msysàu ksÍlaIKh lrñka th ksjerÈ j fiñka BIdj ;=<g we;=¿ lrkak'
72
² fmd<Ujkfha uOHfha we;s uqßÉÑh kej; we;=¿ lr idudkH m%udKhg
w;ska lrljd ;o lrkak'
² bka miq fmd<Ujkh w;ska fomig lrljñka lS,h fmd<Ujkfha uOHfha
we;s lS, lvq,a, yd ksis mßÈ w.=¿ ù we;a±hs ;yjqre lr .kak'
² uOH uqßÉÑh flfjks h;=r yd iïu; m%udKfha yev,h Ndú;fhka ksis
mßÈ ;o lrkak'
² kej; fmd<Ujkh tla mfilg jg lSmhla w;ska lrljñka ksfjiakdfjys
fkd.efgk nj ;yjqre lr .kak'
² fmdïm ksfjiakdj yd .,jk ,o ksfjiakd bÈß m¿j w;r msysáh hq;=
uqødj(seal) by; tla uqyqK;la u; ksis mßÈ ia:dk.; lrkak'
² fmdïm ksfjiakdj yd ksfjiakd bÈß m¿j tlsfklg iïnkaO jk f,i
msysgqjd ne|eK $ uqßÉÑ fhdod iïu; h;=re (spanners) Ndú;fhka ;o
lrkak'
² fmdïmfha wfkla mi we;s mxldj iqÿiq l%uhlg lrljñka fmd<Ujkh
ksfjiakdfõ fkd.efgk nj ;yjqre lr .kak'
my; rEmh 8 ys olajd we;af;a flakøa dmidÍ fmdïmhl tl,ia rEm igykls'
fmdïm ysi firñla uqÿj
fmd<Ujkfha iïnkaOl
fudagrh
uqßÉÑh ldnka uqød bial=remamq
tl,i
fmd<Ujkh
msgmq i
l,ïmh
;eáh fudagrfha iïnkaOlh
ksjiakfha fmdïm BIdj
uqødj
rEmh 8
² iEu mshjrl § u fmdïmfha ksfjiakdj yd fmd<Ujkhg ydks isÿ
fkdjk whqßka ls%hdldrlfuys ksr; ùu
² iEu úg u ld¾hg kshñ; wdjqo yd WmlrK Ndú; lsÍu
² n|eK $ uqßÉÑ ;o lsÍfï § wkjYH f,i ;o lsÍfuka je<lSu
² muK blaujd .%Sia wdf,amfhka je<lSu
² ksfjiakd ljrh tl,ia lsÍfï § uqødj ksjerÈ f,i msysgqjd we;a±hs
;yjqre lr .ekSu

² fldgia ksjerÈ j y÷kdf.k tajd ksis mßÈ" ksis ia:dkj, iú lr
;sîu
² fmd<Ujkh w;ska lrleùfï § ksfjiakdfõ fkd.eà" iqug f,i
N%uKh ùu
² fmdïmh ksis mßÈ uqødù ;sîu
73
úfYa I lrKq ( fmdïmfha fldgia fjka lsÍu i|yd my; mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'
² fmd<Ujkh .e,ùfï § th N%uKh ùu je<elaùu i|yd"
BYdfõ isÿrla we;akï tu isÿr ;=<k
s a jdfka lïì l+rla we;=¿ lr
BIdj N%uKh ùu j<lajd .kak'
 fmdïmfha msgqmi ljrh iy mxldj .,jd bj;a lr tu BId
fl<jr 1 uDÿ ykq Ndú;fhka ovq wvqfõ w,ajd .kak'

² fmd<Ujkh kej; tl,ia lsÍfï § tys ksjerÈ ÈYdj ms<sn| j
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
² Ndú; lrk flakaødmidÍ fmdïm j¾.h wkqj by; ioyka lr we;s
hï mshjrj,a u. yeßh yels h'
² uOH BIdfõ c, uqødj iïnkaO jk fmfoi u, ne£ we;akï ;=kS
je,s lvodishla Ndú;fhka msßisÿ lr .; yels h'
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
fldgia ksjeros j y÷kd .ekSu 10
c, uqødj ksjerÈ ÈYdjg fhduq lr iú lsÍu 05
ksjerÈ wdldrhg uqÿ w.=, (circlip) ia:dk .; lsÍu' 05
ksjerÈ wdldrhg lS, lvq,a, ia:dk .; lsÍu 05
ksjerÈ ÈYdj f;dard bïms,rh ^fmd<Ujkh& BYdjg iïnkaO lsÍu' 10
ls%hdj,sh iqÿiq l%ufõohla wkq.ukh lrñka bïms,rfha ^fmd<Ujkfha& uqßÉÑ
ksjerÈ j iú lsÍu 10
ksfjiakdfõ uqødj ksjerÈ f,i fh§u 10
ksfjiakdfõ weK uqßÉÑ ksjerÈ l%ufõohlg wkqj iú lsÍu 05
tl,ia l< fmdïmfha ls%hdldÍ;ajh ^w;ska N%uKh lsÍfuka 10
mÍlaId l< yels h&
ld¾hg WÑ; wdjqo" WmlrK f;dard .ekSu yd Ndú;h 05
wdrlaIs; ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh lsÍu 05
tl;=j 100
74
5'1'1 hïlsis ìï fldgil msysgd we;s jia;+kaf.a o< msysàu lvodishla u; ksrEmKh
ls Í u
ks m q K;dj 5 ( ìï uekSu iy uÜgï .ekSu ms<sn| uQ,O¾u úuid n,hs'
ks m q K;d uÜgu 5'1 ( ìï uekqfï uQ,O¾u (principles of surveying) meyeÈ,s lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( mdi,a j;af;a fldgila u; msyg
s k N+ ,laIKj, ^f.dvke.s,"s ud¾.
wd§& idfmalaI msysàu fmkajk o< igykla w¢hs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² ìï ie,iqula u; ksrEmKh l< hq;= iajNdúl jia;+ka iy boslsÍï
y÷kd .ekSu
² by; y÷kd .;a jia;+kays o< msysàu lvodishla u; ksrEmKh lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( ìï fldgila u; msysgk iajNdúl jia;+ky a s iy boslÍ
s ïj, idfmalaI
msysàu (relative position) fiùug ñkqï .ekSu ìï uekqfï oS isÿ
flf¾' ´kE u uekqï ls%hdj,shlg fmr" wod< ìï fldgi u;
msysgk úúO jia;+ka ms<sn| j iy tajdfha o< msysàï ms<sn| j hï
woyila ,nd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a h' fuys oS ueksh hq;= ìï fldgi
jgd weúo" wod< o< msyà s ï lvodishla u; w|skq ,efí' fuh fmßlaiïq
igyk (prospection diagram) f,i y÷kajk w;r th we|Sug
mßudKhla Ndú; fkdflf¾'
uQ , O¾uh ( hï lsis jia;=jl idfmalaI msysàu ksrEmKh lsÍu
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH(² we|Sfï WmlrK iy lvodis (drawing tools and papers)
² ud,sudj (compass)
l% u fõoh ( ² mdi,a j;af;a fldgila f;dard .kak' ^f.dvke.s,s 3 la fyda 4 la"

ud¾. fldgila" úÿ,s lKqjla wdosh we;=<;a jk mßos&
² ysre kef.k osYdj y÷kdf.k tu osYdjg ol=Kq w; o" Bg m%;s úreoaO
osYdjg jï w; o fhduq l< úg Tyq fyda weh uqyKq oS isákafka W;=re
osYdjg nj m%dfhda.slj ikd: lrkak' tu.ska ìï fldgi msysgk
m%foaYhg wod< W;=re osYdj f;dard .kak' ud,sudjla u`.ska o fuu
ld¾h isÿ lr .; yels h'
² ìï fldgi u; msysgd we;s iajNdúl jia;+ka iy boslsÍï fudkjdoehs
y÷kd.kak'
² idudkH ìï ie,iqula u; ksrEmKh l< hq;= jia;+ka fudkjdoehs
f;dard .kak'
f;dard.; hq;= jia;+ka - f.dvke.s,s" ud¾." úÿ,s lKq
f;dard fkd.; hq;= jia;+ka - .ia" ;djld,sl boslsÍï
² wod< ìï fldgfia ksrs; osYd wka;h foig .uka lr W;=re osYdj
foig uqyqK ,d isg.kak' ksß; ÈYdfõ isg o< igyk we£fï jdish
jkqfha tu.ska o< igyk w¢k lvodisfhys wjldYh uk dj
ie,iqï lr .; yels ùuhs'
75
W
n ke
ksÍlaIlhd isáh bvfï udhsu
hq;= m%foaYh
ks o
² o< ie,iqu w|sk A4 lvodisfhys Wvq ol=Kq fl<jr u; W;=re osYdj

i,l=Kq lr th fmdf<dfõ W;=re osYdj foig yrjkak'
² f;dard.;a jia;+kays o< msysàu A4 lvodish u; cHdñ;sl yev;,
fhdod .ksñka ksrEmKh lrkak'
² ud;Dldj" ms<sfh< l< whf.a w;aik" ku" oskh" ixfla; iqÑh wdosh
we;=<;a lr fmrslaiqï igyk iïmQ¾K lrkak'
mdi,a ìï fldgil - o< igyk

W
ig
h l
wxY d% :ñ
fo
m
.Ks;d.drh
7 jir
f.dvke.s,a,
úÿ,s myka
lKqj
lS%v
dm
.h fo sáh
ud¾ ig
8 jir
mO % dk f.dvke.s,a,
isg
q fõ
aÜg
f.
wòsk ,oafoa(
w;aik
^ku&
oskh
76
ksÍlaIKhg u.fmkaùu (
² ìï ie,iqula u; ksrEmKh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk N+ ,laIK
ms<sn| j i,ld n,kak'
² W;=re osYdj ksjeros j f;dard .;af;a oehs úuis,su;a jkak'
² w|sk lvodish W;=re osYdj foig fhduq lrf.k isà oehs ;yjqre lr
.kak'
² o< igyk we£fï § jia;+kaf.a idfmalaI msysàfuys ksjerÈ msysàu
ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a jkak'
² o< igyk u; oela úh hq;= wfkla Wmldrl o;a; ms<n s | j ie,ls,u
s ;a
jkak'
ks.ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² uekqï ls%hdj,shg fmr fmßlaiqï igykla we`§fï jeo.;alu
² ud,sudjla u.ska W;=re osYdj y÷kd .ekSu
² Wmldrl o;a;j, wjYH;dj jgyd .ekSu
úfYaI lreKq ( ² fuu mÍlaIKh i|yd ;eks;,d m%foaYhla f;dard .kak'
² ,laIHhuh ^Wod' úÿ,s myka lKqj&" f¾Çh ^Wod( ud¾.h& iy
nyqwi%dldr ^Wod( f.dvke`.s,s& úúO N+ ,laIK tllaj;a we;=<;a
jk mßos ìï fldgila f;dard .kak'
,l=Kq ,nd oSu
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
fmr iQodku wjYH øjH WmlrK f;dard .ekSu 05
N+ñfha W;=re osYdj ksjeros j y÷kd .ekSu 05
fmßlaiqï igyk u; ksrEmKh l< hq;= o;a; y÷kd .ekSu
² ,laIHhuh o;a;hla i|yd 05
² f¾Çh o;a;hla i|yd 05
² nyqwi%dldÍ o;a;hla i|yd 08
fmßlaiqï igyk we|Su ^ñkqï rys; j" idfmalaI msysàu muKla&
ls%hdj,sh ² ,laIHhuh o;a;hla ksjeros j ksrEmKh lsÍu iy kï lsÍu 15
² f¾Çh o;a;hla ksjeros j ksrEmKh lsÍu iy kï lsÍu 15
² f.dvke`.s,a,la ksjeros j ksrEmKh lsÍu iy kï lsÍu 15
Wmldrl o;a; ksrEmKh lsÍu
² W;=re osYdj 05
² ud;Dldj 05
² wòsk ,o ;eke;a;df.a úia;r 05
wdl,am yd ls%hdj,sh ;=< wdrlaIl l%ufõo wkq.ukh lsÍu 03
w.h moaO;s wdjqo WmlrK msßisÿ lr ia:dk .; lsÍu 03
ls%hdj,sfha wkqms<sfj, ie,iqï lsÍu 03
tl;=j 100
77
m% dfhda . s l ls % h dldrlu
5'1'2 hï lsis ìï fldgil msysgd we;s jia;+ kaf.a idfmalaI msysàu lvodishla u;
ksr EmKh ls Íu'
ks m q K;d uÜgu 5'1 ( ìï uekqfï uQ,O¾u (principles of surveying) meyeÈ,s lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( hïlsis ia:dkhl idfmalaI msysàu m%ia;dßlj ksrEmKh lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² hï uekqï f¾Ldjlg idfmalaIj N+ ,laIKhl msysàu i|yd ñkqï
.ekSug yelsùu
² tu ñkqï ksjeros j lafIa;% fmd; u; igyka lsÍu
² ,nd.;a ñkq ï Ndú; lr tu ia:dkfha idfma la I msys àu hï
mßudKhlg wkqj ksrEmKh lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( úúO N+ ,laIKj, idfmalaI msysàu ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd ñkqï
,nd.ekSug uekqï f¾Ld fhdod .efka' tu uekqï f¾Ldj, isg ,nd
.kakd f¾Çh (linear) iy fldaKsl (angular) ñkqï u.ska wod<
N+ ,laIKj, msyà
s u lvodishla u; hï mßudKhlg wkqj ksrEmKh
l< yels h'
uQ , O¾uh ( ² uekqï f¾Ldjlg idfmalaIj hïlsis N+ ,laIKhl msysàu ks¾Kh
lsÍug ñkqï .ekSfï oS" ta i|yd m%Odk jYfhka l%u 04 la we;'
^1& f¾Çh ñkqï folla u.ska ^we, wkq,ïn l%uh - oblique offset method&
^2& f¾Çh ñkqula iy fldaKsl ñkqula u.ska (linear and angular mea-
surements)
^3& fldaKl
s ñkqï folla u.ska (two angular measurements)
^4& N+ ,laIKfha isg uekqï f¾Ldjg we;s ,ïnl ÿr u`.ska îDcq fldaKS
wkq,ïn l%uh - perpendicular offset method)
² fuu l%shdldrlfï oS fldaKsl ñkqï Ndú; fkdlrk ksid by; l%u
04ka" ^1& iy ^4& l%u ms<sn| j muKla wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
² 50 m / 30 m ñkqï máh (50 m /30 m measuring tape)
² 20 m / 10 m ñkqï máh (20 m /10 m measuring tape)
² ,S fyda isfuka;s l+[a[ 02 (wooden or cement pegs)
² fm< .ekajqï o~q 03 (ranging poles)
² we£fï WmlrK iy lvodis (drawing tools and papers )
l% u fõoh ( ² f.dvke.s,a,la iy ,laIHhuh o;a;hla ^Wod( úÿ,s myka lKqjla&

msysgk N+ñ m%foaYhla f;dard.kak'
78
² .i
B
j
¾ Ld ² úÿ,s myka
f lKqj
qï
k
ue
f.dvke.s,a,
A
² by; o;a; i|yd ñkqï .; yels jk mßos 20 m la muK mr;rh isák

fia hï ia:dk 02 la ,S $ isfuka;s l+[a[ u`.ska fmdf<dj u;
i,l=Kq lrkak' fuu ia:dk uekqï ia:dk (survey stations) f,i
ye|skafõ'
² kef.kysr osYdjg ol=Kq w; o" niakdysr osYdjg jï w; o fhduq
lsÍu u`.ska W;=re osYdj y÷kd .kak' ud,sudjla Ndú;fhka o fuh
isÿ lr .; yels h'
² uekqï ia:dk fmdf<dfjka by<g tiùu i|yd tu ia:dk foflys
fm< .ekajqï o~q 2 la isgqjd ;nd .kak' fm< .ekajqï o~q isria j
iDcq j ;nd .ekSu i|yd fofofkl=f.a iyh ,nd .kak'
² fuu uekqï ia:dk fol w;r 50 m fyda 30 m ñkqï máh r|jd
;nkak' fuys oS ñkqï máfha 0 m jk mdGdxlh m<uq uekqï ia:dkfha
isák mqo.
a ,hd úiska r|jd .; hq;= w;r ñkqï máh t,a,d fkdjefgk
mßos ;sria j îDcq j& ;nd .kak'
50m ñkqï máh
B
A
² tfuka u ish¨ u ñkqï tu wjia:dfõ oS u igyka lr .ekSu o isÿ
l< hq;= h'
² ñkqï igyka lrk lvodish fyda fmd; m<uqfjka W;=re osYdjg
yrjd .kak'
² ñkqï igyka lsÍu i|yd oaú;aj ;Sre l%uh ^double line method) fhdod
.kak' fuys oS uekqï f¾Ldj ÂB& tlsfklg 1 cm mr;rh isák fia
iudka;r f¾Ld follska o" uekqï ia:dk úIalïNh 1 cm jk
jD;a;hlska o ksrEmKh flf¾'
² uekqï f¾Ldj" fmdf<dfõ tu f¾Ldj mj;sk osYdj Tiafia u jk
mßos lvodish u; oaú;aj f¾Ld u.ska we|.kak'
² wdrïNl uekqï ia:dkh i|yd my; mßos ixfla;h fhdokak'
79
m<uq uekqï ia:dkh

A
² ñkqï .; hq;= f.dvke.s,s fl<jr fyda úÿ,s myka lKqj iam¾Y jk

fia fm< .ekajïq oKavla r|jd" 20 m fyda 10 m ñkqï máfha 0 m jk
mdGdxlh tu ia:dkh u; mj;ajd .kak' tu ñkqï máfha wfkla
fl<jr 50 m ñkqï máh u; moaojñka ^p,kh lrjñka& uekqï
f¾Ldj iy wod< N+ ,laIKh w;r fláu ÿr" tkï ,ïnl ÿr" uek
.kak' tu wjia:dfõ oS 50 m ñkqï máh u; mdGdxlh o ,nd .kak'
20
m 20
ñk m
qï m dG ñ
wj má dxl kqï
u fh h m
20 jk a m je áf
md m ñ dG ä f ha 50m ñkqï máh
Gd k wj dxl õ
x l qï i h
h m a:dj
wv f á
q f õ ha
'
f.dvke.s,a,
² fu mßos u f.dvke.s,af,aa ;j;a udhsï 2 la fyda udhsula i|yd

iDcqfldaKS wkq,ïn ÿr uek .kak'
² f.dvke.s,af,a udhsï folla i|yd muKla ñkqï ,nd .kafka kï
f.dvke.s,af,a m<, o uek .; hq;= h'
² by; ls%hdldrlfï oS ,o iDcqfldaKS wkq,ïn ÿr my; mßos úh yels
h'
.i
4.2
7.1
B
19
.9
13
15 5.4
.1
.0
úÿ,s myka
8.7
lKqj
3.4
6.2
10.1
0
7.8
A f.dvke.s,a,
80
² fuys § iDcqfldaKS wkq,ïn i|yd Wmßu iSudj 15m f,i fhdod
.kak' iDcqfldaKS wkq,ïn ÿr 15m g jvd jeä kï fyda uekqï
f¾Ldj iy o;a;h w;r ndOlhla we;s kï we, wkq,ïn l%uh fhdod
.kak'
² by; ñkqï my; mßos lafIa;% fmd; u; igyka flf¾'
.i
4.2
7.1
19
.9
B
15 1 5
.0
13
.
.4
úÿ,s myka
8.7
lKqj
6.2
3.4
10.1
A
7.8
f.dvke.s,a,
² ó <`.g by; ,nd.;a ñkqï m%ia;dßlj ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd fhda.H

mßudKhla f;dard.; hq;= h' fuys oS is;shu $ ìï ie,iqu w|sk
lvodisfha m%udKh" uekqï f¾Ldfõ os. wdoS idOl wkqj iqÿiq
mßudKhla f;dard.; hq;= h'
² WodyrKhla f,i by; ñkqï ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd 1(100 mßudKh
f;dard .;af;a hehs Wml,amkh lruq' ta wkqj uekqï f¾Ldj i|yd
19'9 cm È.g f¾Ldjla we|sh hq;= h'
² ìï ie,iqu ms<sfh, lsÍfï oS uekqï f¾Ldj lafIa;% fmd; u; we|
we;s osYdj Tiafia u jk mßÈ ks,a meye;s ;Ska;j,ska wòskak'
² úys; p;=ri%h Ndú; lr uekqï f¾Ldfjys mdGdxl u; ,ïn f¾Ld
ks¾udKh lsÍu u`.ska wkq,ïn ÿr i,l=Kq lrkak' tu.ska by; N+
,laIKj, msysàu ,nd .kak' ta i|yd l¿ meye;s ;Ska; fhdod
.kak'
² mßudKh" ud;Dldj" ms<sfh, lrkakdf.a w;aik" ku" oskh" W;=re
osYdj iy iqÑh ^we;akï muKla& wdos o;a; o we;=<;a lr ìï ie,iqu
iïmQ¾K lrkak'
idfmalaI msysàu ksrEmKh lsÍu
² .i
W
B
² úÿ,s myka
lKqj
f.dvke.s,a,
A
mßudKh 1(100
ñkqï .;a ;eke;a;d ^w;aik&
ku
ms<sfh, lrkakd ^w;aik&
ku"
oskh
81
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u (² f;dard.;a ia:dkfha msysgd we;s N+ ,laIKj, msysàu ms<sn| j
úuis,su;a jkak'
² iDcq fldaKS wkq,ïn l%uh iy we, wkq,ïn l%uh fhdod .kakd
wdldrh ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a jkak'
² uekqï ia:dk fmdf<dj u; i,l=Kq lrk wdldrh ms<n s | j ie,ls,us ;a
jkak'
² W;=re osYdj ksjeros j f;dard .;af;a oehs úuis,su;a jkak'
² ñkqï ,nd.kakd wdldrh iy tajd fha ksrjoH;dj ms<n s | j ie,ls,us ;a
jkak'
² lafIa;% fmd; u; ñkqï ksjeros j igyka lrk wdldrh ms<sn| j
úuis,su;a jkak' wjYHkï Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
² is;shu $ ìï ie,iqu we|Su i|yd iqÿiq mßudKhla f;dard .kakd
wdldrh ms<sn| j Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
² ìï ie,iqu w|sk wdldrh ms<sn| j úuis,su;a jkak'
² Wmldrl o;a; ms<sn| j o ie,ls,su;a jkak'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² W;=re osYdj ksjeros ùu

² ñkqï ,nd .ekSu iy igyka lsÍu
² ìï ie,iqu mßudKhg we|Su
² Wmldrl o;a; ,l=Kq lr wjidk ie,iqu ,nd .ekSu
úfYa I lreKq ( ² iDcqfldaKS wkq,ïn iy we, wkq,ïn hk ls%hdj,Ska fol u wdjrKh

jk fia bvï fldgi f;dard .; hq;= h'
² fuu mÍlaIKh i|yd ;eks;,d m%foaYhla f;dard .; hq;= h'
² ñkqï ,nd .ekSug fmr WmlrK mÍlaId l< hq;= h'
² WmlrKj, jeo.;alu fmkajd oS tajd iqrlaIs; j Ndú;h ms<sn| j
jgyd osh hq;= h'
82

,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
fmr iQodku wjYH øjH WmlrK f;dard .ekSu 03
uekqï ia:dk fol i|yd iqÿiq ia:dk f;dard .ekSu' ^tu ia:dk w;r 04
;sria ÿr ueksh yels ùu&
uekqï ia:dk l+[a[ u.ska fmdf<dj u; ksjeros j i,l=Kq lsÍu
^l=[a[h fmdf<dfjka by<g fkdjk fia úh hq;= h& 04
W;=re osYdj ksjerosj y÷kd .ekSu 02
uekqï f¾Ldj lafIa;% fmd; u; weòSu ôaú;aj ;Sre l%uhg& 04
ls%hdj,sh uekqï f¾Ldfõ iïmQ¾K os. uekSu ^wdikak fikaáógrhg& 04
th ksjeros j lafIa;% fmd; u; igyka lsÍu 04
m<uq uekqï ia:dkhg wod< ixfla;h Ndú;h 04
tla o;a;hla i|yd iDcqfldaKS wkq,ïn os. uekSu ^fláu ÿr ,nd
.ekSu& 04
wod< ñkqï igyka lsÍu ûekqï f¾Ldfõ os. iy wkq,ïn ÿr& 05
we, wkq,ïn l%ufhka ñkqï .ekSu 05
ñkqï igyka lsÍu 05
iqÿiq mßudKhla f;dard .ekSu 05
uekqï f¾Ldj mßudKhg weòSu 05
uekqï f¾Ldj ksjeros osYdjg weòSu 05
iDcq fldaKS wkq,ïn l%ufhka ñkqï ,nd.;a N+ ,laIKfhys msysàu 05
ìï ie,iqu u; weòSu 05
we, wkq,ïn l%ufhka ñkqï ,nd.;a ,laIKfhys msysàu ìï ie,iqu 05
u; weoSu 05
f.dvke.s,af,ys rEmh iïmQ¾K lsÍu 05
úÿ,s myka lKqj ,l=Kq lsÍu 02
ìï ie,iqu u; W;=re osYdj ,l=Kq lsÍu 02
mßudKh ,l=Kq lsÍu 02
w.h moaO;s ls%hdj,sh ;=< wdrlaIl l%ufõo wkq.ukh lsÍu 02
tl;=j 100
83
5'2'1 .il Wi .Kkh lsÍu
ks m q K;d uÜgu 5'2 ( ìï uekqfï § Ndú; jk úúO ñkqï iy ta i|yd fhdod .kakd
WmlrK j¾. kï lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( isria;,j, fldaK fhdod .ksñka .il Wi .Kkh lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² wdk;sudkh Ndú;fhka isria fldaK uekSu
² isria fldaK iy ;sria ÿr Ndú; lr .il Wi .Kkh lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( .il Wi" .`.l m<, wd§ iDcqj ueksh fkdyels È. fyda Wi ks¾Kh
lsÍug isÿjk wjia:dj, § fjk;a È. fyda fldaK uek ;s%fldaKñ;sl
iQ;% fhdod .ksñka wod< È. fyda Wi .Kkh lrkq ,efí'
uQ , O¾uh ( isria ÿr ks¾Kh lsÍug isÿjk wjia:djl § isria fldaKh iy ;sria
ÿr uek ;s%fldaKñ;sl iQ;% Ndú;fhka my; mßÈ isria ÿr .Kkh
l< yels h'
h2 H ^.fiys Wi&
;sria f¾Ldj
A B h1
d
d - WmlrKh iy .i w;r ;sria ÿr
- wdk;sudkh u.ska .fiys uqÿkg uksk ,o wdfrdayK fldaKh
H- .fiys Wi
h1- ;sria f¾Ldj .i fþokh lrk ia:dkhg .fiys mduq, isg Wi
h2- ;sria f¾Ldj .i fþokh lrk ia:dkfha isg .i uqÿkg we;s Wi
ABC- iDcqfldaKS ;s%fldaKh i|yd
iïuqL mdoh
noaO mdoh
h2 = d  tan ( )
.fiys Wi (H) = h1 + h2

² wdk;sudkh (clinometer)
² 20 m / 30 m ñkqï máh (20 m / 30 m measuring tape)
² ,S $ isfuka;s l+[a[h (wooden or cement pegs)
² fm< .ekajqï oKav (ranging poles)
² gexck w.h ±k .ekSug ;s%fldaKñ;sl j.= (trignometric table)
84
l% u fõoh ( ² ;eks;,d m%foaYhl msysá 10 m la muK Wi" iDcq l|la we;s .ila
f;dard .kak'
² .fia isg ;sria ÿr 10 m la muK jk ia:dkhla f;dard f.k tu
ia:dkh ,S $ isfuka;sl+[a[hla u.ska fmdf<dj u; i,l=Kq lrkak'
² tu ia:dkh u; iDcqj isgf.k wdk;sudkh ;=<ska .fia uqÿk foi
n,kak' túg ,efnk isria fldaKh ^ & igyka lr .kak'
² wdk;sudkh ;sria j ;nd ta ;=<ska ksÍlaIKh lr tu oDIaá f¾Ldj
.i fþokh lrk ia:dkh (B) i,l=Kq lr .kak'
² 20 m fyda 30 m ñkqï máh u.ska l+[a[fha isg (B) g we;s ;sria ÿr
(d) uek .kak'
² .fia mduq, isg (B) ,laIHhg we;s isria ÿr (h1) uek.kak'
² ;s%fldaKñ;sl w.hka Ndú; lr h2 i|yd w.h ,nd .kak' ^by;
uQ,O¾ufha i|yka mßÈ&
² .fia Wi (H) = h1 +h2 u.ska .Kkh lrkak'
² fuu mÍlaIKh iu;, m%foaYhl isÿ l< yels jk mßos ie,iqï
lrkak'
² fmdf<dj u; iDcqj by<g úysfok .ila fyda úÿ,s myka lKqjla
fyda fï i|yd fhdod.kak'
² wdk;sudkh Ndú;fhka fldaK uksk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² .Kkh lsÍu isÿ lrk wdldrh ms<sn| j úuis,su;a jkak'
² Wi iDcqj uek.; yels lKqjl Wi ñkqï máhlska uek ms<s;=re
ixikaokh lrkak' fuys § isria ñkqï .ekSfï § wi, we;s úÿ,s
/yeka ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a jkak'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² wdk;sudkh Ndú;hg fmr tys ksrjoH;dj ms<sn| j ksÍlaIKh
lrkak'
² WmlrKj, wdrlaIdj ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a jkak'
85
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
fmr iQodku Wi uekSug iqÿiq .ila iys; ;e;s;,d ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSu 04
øjH yd WmlrK f;dard .ekSu 04
wdk;s udkh Ndú; lrk ia:dkh l+[a[ fhdod i,l=Kq lsÍu 05
wod< ia:dkfha isg .fia uqÿk wdk;sudkfhka o¾Ykh flfrk úg 10
iEfok fldaKh uek .ekSu
wdk;s udkh ;sria j ;nd .fia my< ksÍlaIK u.ska msysgk ia:dkh 10
.fia i,l=Kq lsÍu îsria Wi&
ls%hdj,sh
oDIaá f¾Ldfõ isg wdk;sudkh msysgjQ ia:dkh we;s f¾Çh ÿr uekSu 10
.fia mduq, isg oDIaá f¾Ldj i,l=Kq ,laIHhg we;s ÿr uek igyka
lsÍu 10
.fia Wi ;s%fldaKñ;sl .Kkh i|yd Ndú; lr
² ,nd.;a o;a; weiqfrka Ndú; l< hq;= ;%sfldaKñ;sl iQ;%h
igyka lsÍu 05
² ;%sfldaKñ;sl j.= Ndú;fhka wod< fldaKh i|yd w.h wdfoaY
lsÍu 10
;s%fldaKñ;sl .Kkh u.ska .fia uqÿfka isg oDIaá f¾Ldj u.ska
i,l=Kq ,laIHhg ÿr .Kkh lsÍu 10
.Kkh u.ska .fia Wi ,nd .ekSu 10
tl;=j 100
86
m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlu
5'2'2 .`.l m<, .Kkh lsÍu
ks mq K;d uÜgu 5'2' ( ìï uekqfï § Ndú; jk úúO ñkqï iy ta i|yd fhdod .kakd
WmlrK j¾. kï lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( ;sria;,fha fldaK fhdod .ksñka .`.l m<, .Kkh lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² ;shfvd,hsÜgqj Ndú;fhka ;sria fldaK uekSu
² ;sria fldaK iy ;sria ÿr Ndú; lr .`.l m<, .Kkh lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( hï ia:dk folla w;r ;sria ÿr iDcq j uekSu wmyiq wjia:dj, §
;sria fldaK iy fjk;a ÿr uekSu u.ska wod< fiúh hq;= ÿr .Kkh
lrkq ,efí'
uQ , O¾uh (
A
d
C B
AB = d - .f`.a m<,
d1 - .f`.a m<, ±lafjk f¾Ldjg ,ïnl jk f¾Ldjla u; msysgqjk
,o C ,laIHhg A isg ÿr
- C ys§ msyg
s qjk ;shfvd,hsÜgqj u`.ska ,nd .kakd CA yd CB w;r
wka;¾.; fldaKh
by; mdGdxl weiqßka
d1 ys È. ñkqï máhlska uek .kakd w;r ys w.h ;shfvd,hsÜgqjlska

uek .kS' ta wkqj fldaKh i|yd gexck (tan) w.h ;s%fldaKñ;sl
j.=jlska ,nd .ekSfuka" by; .f`.a m<, (d) .Kkh l< yels h'

² ;shfvd,hsÜgqj iu`. f;mdj (theodolite with tripod)
² ,S $ isfuka;s l+[a[ (wooden or cement pegs)
² fm< .ekajqï o`vq (ranging poles)
² ;sf
% ldaKñ;sl j.= (trignometric table)
87
l% u fõoh ( ² .x.djl msysàula ±lafjk mßÈ f¾Ld folla mdi,a ìfï ;eks;,d
m%foaYhl i,l=Kq lrkak' .x bjqr fomi .`.g ,ïnl jk fia
A iy B ,laIHhka folla l+[a[ u.ska fmdf<dj u; i,l=Kq lr
.kak'
² f;mdj A ,laIHh u; uOH.; jk fia ;nkak' fuys § f;mdfõ

mdoj, msysàu A ,laIHfhys isg iuÿßka ;sîu bÈß ld¾hka i|yd
myiq fõ'
A
f;mdfõ mdoj, msysàu
x x
² ;shfvd,hsÜgqj f;mdj u; iú lrkak'

² ;shfvd,hsÜgqj A ,laIHh u; uOH.; lrkak' fï i|yd ,U
kQ,la fyda WmlrKfha we;s m%ldY ,Uh (optical plummet) Ndú; l<
yels h' ,U kQ, u.ska ;shfvd,hsÜgqj uOH.; lsÍfï § f;mdj
uOHfha ,U kQ, t,ajd" ,Uh .=re;ajh hgf;a ksoyfia jefgkakg
bv yßkak' bka miq f;mdfõ mdoj, msysàu iSreudre lsÍfuka
,Ufha ;=v ''A'' ,laIHh u;g jefgk mßÈ msysàu ,nd .kak'
  ;shfvd,hsÜgqj
m%ldY ,Uh
,Uh iys; f;mdj

kQ,
uekqï ia:dkh
m%ldY ,Uh Ndú;fhka WmlrKh uOH.; lsÍfï §" m%ldY ,Uh

u; ksÍlaIlhd wei ;enQ úg Tyqg ienE fmdf<dj o¾Ykh fõ'
túg WmlrKh ±kg uOH.; ù we;s ia:dkh y÷kd.; yels h' bka
miq fmdf<dj u; uekqï ia:dkfhys msysàu iu`. ixikaokh lr o<
jYfhka WmlrKh uOH.; jk mßÈ f;mdj wod< ÈYdjg p,kh
l< hq;= h'
88
 m%ldY ,Ufha flakaøh

 A uekqï ia:dkfha msysàu
² ó<`.g isÿ l< hq;= jkafka m%ldY ,Ufha flakaøh" uekqï ia:dkh
iu`. iumd; lsÍuhs' fï i|yd f;mdfõ tla mdohla fmdf<djg
;Èka iúlr wfkla mdo foflka WmlrKh by<g Tijd m%ldY
,Uh ;=<ska ksÍlaIKh lrñka WmlrKh fiñka Auekqï ia:dkfha
msysàu u;g m%ldY ,Ufhys flakaøh f.k hkak' bkamiq f;mdfõ
mdo fyd¢ka fmdf<djg iú lrkak'
m%ldY ,Ufha flakaøh
 A uekqï ia:dkfha msysàu
A uekqï ia:dkfha msysàu iy

m%ldY ,U flakaøh iumd; jk wjia:dj
² fuu ls%hdj,sh wjidk jk úg WmlrKh A u; uOH.; ù we;'

ó <`.g isÿ l< hq;= jkafka WmlrKh uÜgï lsÍuhs' fï i|yd
uÜgï bial=remamq fhdod .; yels jqj;a" uÜgï bial=remamq iSreudre
lrk úg WmlrKfhys uOH.; msysàu fjkia fõ' fï ksid
WmlrKfha uÜgï nqnq< tys uOHhg .ekSug f;mdfõ mdoj, Wi
iSreudre lrkq ,efí' idudkHfhka ;shfvd,hsÜgqjl jD;a;dldr
uÜgï nqnq,la iy nqnq¿ nghla (bubble tube) we;' fuys oS WmlrKh
ksjerÈ j uÜgï lr ke;s ksid uQ,sl wjia:dfõ § uÜgï nqnq< my;
mßÈ ;sìh yels h'
uÜgï nqnq<


nqnq¿ ngh
jD;a;dldr uÜgï nqnq< ûQ,sl wjia:dfõ §&
ûq,sl wjia:dfõ §&
² nqnq¿ ngh f;mdfõ tla mdohla Tiafia mj;sk mßÈ ilid tu

mdofhys Wi iSreudre lrkq ,efí'
89
nqnq¿ ng wlaIfhys uÜgï nqnqf<ys msysàu ksÍlaIKh lrñka th

uOHhg meñfKk f;la mdofhys Wi iSre udre lrkq ,efí'
uÜgï nqnq<
² fuu ls%hdj,sh iEu mdohla Tiafia u isÿ lsÍfuka uÜgï nqnq< tys
uOHhg .kq ,efí'
² fuu ls%hdj,sh isÿ lsÍfï § jD;a;dldr uÜgï nqnq< o l%ufhka tys
uOHhg meñfKa' wjidkfha § uÜgï nqnq¿j, msysàu my; mßÈ úh
hq;= h'
jD;a;dldr uÜgï nqnq< nqnq¿ ngh
² fï jk úg WmlrKh A kï ia:dkh u; uOH.; lr uÜgï lr

we;' ±ka WmlrKh mdGdxl .ekSu i|yd iQodkï h'
² WmlrKh A msysgqùfï wruqK jQfha AB f¾Ldjg ,ïnl f¾Ldjla
ks¾udKh lr .ekSu hs' tkï fuys § WmlrKfhys B foig ;sria
fldaKfhys w.h 000 00Z 00ZZ úh hq;= h' fuu ;sria fldaKh 000
lsÍfï lsh
% dj,sh ms<ns | j ó <`.g wjOdkh fhduq lruq' idudkHfhka
;shfvd,hsÜgqjla Wvq ;eáh ûpper plate) yd há ;eáh (lower
plate& hkqfjka ;eá follska iukaú; jk w;r há ;eáh u;
fldaaK udkh msyg s qjd we;' uq,ska u j¾ksh¾ mßudKh u.ska 00Z00ZZ
f,i ilikak' bkamiq há ;yvqj l,ïm lr WmlrKfha ;sria
fldaKh o< jYfhka 000 jk f;la Wvq ;eáh ;rljd Wvq ;eáh o
l,ïm lrkak' túg fldaKh my; mßÈ o¾Ykh jkq we;'
00
00Z 00ZZ
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
m%Odk mrsudKh j¾ksh¾ mrsudKh

² flfia kuq;a fï jk úg ;sria fldaKh ksjerÈ j u 00000Z00ZZ
fkdfõ' bkamiq Wvq ;eáfha bial=remamqj lrleùu u.ska ;sria
fldaKfha w.h ksjerÈj u 00000Z00ZZ lrkq ,efí' túg fldaKh
my; mßÈ o¾Ykh fõ'
00
00ZZ
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
m%Odk mrsudKh j¾ksh¾ mrsudKh

90
fuu wjia:dj jk úg ;eá fol u l,ïm lr we;s w;r WmlrKfhys
;sria fldaKh 00000Z00ZZ fõ' bkamiq há ;eáh ,sys,a lr ÿf¾laIh
B foig fhduq lr th o l,ïm lrkak' túg A isg B foig ;sria
fldaKh 00000Z00ZZ fõ'
A
00 0
00Z
00Z
Z
B
bkamiq Wvq ;yvqj ,sys,a lr ;sria fldaKh 90000Z00ZZ jk f;la

ÿf¾laIh lrljkak' Wvq ;yvqj l,ïm lrkak'
A
00 0
00Z
ZZ
00
00Z
Z
00Z
90 0
B
tu f¾Ldj Èf.a fm< .ekajqï o`vqjla isgqùfuka AB g ,ïnl

f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lr .; yels h' fuys§ WmlrKh lsh % dlrjkakd
úiska Tyqf.a oDIaá f¾Ldj u;g fm< .ekajqï oKav ,nd .; hq;= h'
AC ÿr o< jYfhka 5m (d1) muK jk fia C ,laIHh by; f¾Ldj
u; msysgqjkak'
A
d1 d
C B
bkamiq WmlrKh C u; msysgqjd uOH.; lsÍu iy uÜgï lsÍu isÿ

lrkak' fuys § wmf.a wjYH;dj jkqfha CA iy CB f¾Ld w;r
wka;¾.; fldaKh uekSu hs'
fuu fldaKh uekSu i|yd A foig WmlrKfha ;sria fldaKh
00000Z00ZZ f,i ilid há ;yvqj l,ïm lrkak' Wvq ;yvqj ,sys,a
lsÍu u.ska ÿf¾laIh lrljd C foig fhduq lr wod< fldaKh ^  &
ukskak' d1 ys ÿr o ukskak'
bkamiq by; uQ,O¾ufha i|yka mßÈ .Kkh lsÍu isÿ lsÍfuka
.f`.a m<, i|yd w.h ,nd .; yels h'
91
ks Í la I Khg u`. fmka ù u (
² iu;, m%foaYhl .`.la ±lafjk f,i tys msysàï i,l=Kq lrkak'
² ;shfvd,hsÜgqj yiqrejk wdldrh ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a jkak'
² .Kkh lsÍu isÿ lrk wdldrh ms<sn| j ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
ks. ukh i|yd Wmfoia ² by; i,l=Kq lrk ,o ia:dk fol (A iy B) w;r ;sria ÿr (d)
iDcq j u uek .kak'
úfYaI lreKq (² ;shfvd,hsÜgqj Ndú;hg fmr tys ls%hdldÍ;ajh ms<sn| j mÍlaId

lrkak'
² WmlrKj, wdrlaIdj ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a jkak'
² Ndú;fhka miq WmlrKh weisÍu isÿ lrk wdldrh ms<sn| j
ie,ls,su;a jkak'
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
f;mdj ksjerÈ j msysgqùu Â u;& 05
;shfvd,hsÜgqj ksjerÈ j uOH.; lsÍu Â u;& 10
;shfvd,hsÜgqj ksjerÈ j uÜgï lsÍu Â u;& 10
;sria fldaKh 000 lsÍu Â isg B foig& 05
d1 ÿr uekSu ÂC ÿr& 05
ls%hdj,sh C u; f;mdj ksjerÈ j msysgqùu 05
;shfvd,hsÜgqj ksjerÈ j uOH.; lsÍu ^C u;& 10
;shfvd,hsÜgqj ksjerÈ j uÜgï lsÍu ^C u;& 10
;sria fldaKh 000 lsÍu ^C isg A foig& 06
ACB wka;¾.; fldaKh uekSu ^wdikak wxYlhg& 10
AB ÿr .Kkh lsÍu 10
w.h moaO;s
tl;=j 100
92
5'3'1 oïje,a uekqï l%uh Ndú; lr l=vd ìï fldgila uek tys ìï ie,eiau ms<sfh,
ls Í u
ks m q K ;dj ( ìï uekSu iy uÜgï .ekSu ms<sn| uQ,O¾u úuid n,hs'
ks m q K ;d uÜgu 55'3
'3 ( oïje,a uekqï l%uh Ndú;hg .kshs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( ² oïje,a uekqï l%uh Ndú; lr l=vd ìï fldgila uek tys ìï
ie,eiau ms<sfh, lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² l=vd ìï fldgila uekSu i|yd wjYH uekqï ia:dk iy uekqï f¾Ld
i|yd iqÿiq ia:dk f;dard .ekSu
² oïje,a uekqfï § ;s%fldaKSlrKh Ndú; jk wdldrh ms<sn| j woyi
,nd .ekSu
² uekqï f¾Ldj, isg N+ ,laIK i|yd wkq,ïn .ekSu
² wjidk ìï ie,eiau ioyd iqÿiq mßudKhla f;dard .ekSu
² ìï ie,eiau mßudKhg we| iïmQ¾K lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( l=vd bvï fldgila uekSu i|yd we;s b;d myiq" ir, iy ksrjoH
l%uhla f,i oïje,a uekqï l%uh ye`Èkaúh yels h' fuys § uekqï
ia:dk lsym s hla u.ska wod< ìï fldgi u; ;sf % ldaKhla fyda ;sf
% ldaK
lsyms hla msyg
s j
q kq ,efí' bka miq tu uekqï f¾Ldj, isg f.dvke`.s,s
udhsï" bvfï udhsï wd§ N+ ,laIK i|yd ñkqï" wkq,ïn l%uh u.ska
tl;= lrkq ,efí' uekqfï ksrjoH;dj msßlaiSu ioyd msßlaiqï
f¾Ld msysgqùu;a ta i|yd ñkqï ,nd.ekSu;a fï w;r u isÿ l< hq;=
h' tfuka u tu ñkqï ksjerÈ j lafIa;% fmd; u; igyka lsÍu o
b;d jeo.;a h' bka miq wod< ìï fldgfia ìï ie,eiau we`§u i|yd
fhda.H mßudKhla f;dard .; hq;= h' wjidkfha § ie,iqï lvodish
u; pdm fþokh u.ska ;s%fldaK we|" msrslaiqï f¾Ldj, ñkqï u.ska
uekqfï ksrjoH;dj msßlaid uekqï f¾Ld u; wkq,ïn ñkqï ,l=Kq
lsÍfuka ìï ie,iqu ms<sfh, lrkq ,efí'
uQ , O¾uh ( oïje,a uekqfï § f¾Çh ñkqï iu. muKla uekqï lsh % dj,sh isÿlrkq
,efí' úúO nyqwi% ks¾udKh lsÍu ms<sn| j ie,lSfï §" f¾Çh
ñkqï Ndú;fhka muKla we`Èh yels tl u nyq wi%h ;s%fldaKh f,i
ie,lsh yels h' ;s%fldaKhl mdo ;=fkys È. okakd úg tla mdohla
ksjerÈ j we| tys fldka foflys isg kshñ; ÿrj,ska pdm we|" tajd
fþokh jk ia:dkfhka ;sf % ldaKfha ;=kj
a k YS¾Ifhys msyà
s u ks¾Kh
l< yels h' fï wkqj oïje,a uekqfï § ;s%fldaK iu. muKla
uekqï ls%hdj,sh isÿ l< hq;= h' tkï oïje,a uekqfï uQ,O¾uh
;s%fldaKSlrKh hs'
C C
hï lsis
y y
mßudKhlg wkqj
B
z
B
z
x x
A ienE ;s%fldaKh u; ñkqï ìï ie,iqu u; ;s%fldaKh we£u
93
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( oïje,a uekqfï §" tys kug wkqj uekqï ls%hdj,sh i|yd oïje,a
Ndú; l< hq;= jqj;a" Ndú;fha myiq;dj i,ld j¾;udkfha § oïje,a
fjkqjg ñkqï má fhdod .efka
² 30 m / 50 m ñkqï máh (30 m/ 50 m measuring tape)
² 10 m / 20 m ñkqï máh (10 m/ 20 m measuring tape)
² fm< .ekajqï o`vq 3la (3 ranging poles)
² ,S$isfuka;s l+[a[ (wooden or cement pegs)
² lafIa;% fmd; (field book)
² we`§fï WmlrK iy lvodis (drawing tools and papers)
l% u fõoh ( ² f.dvke.s,a,la fyda folla we;=<;a jk mßÈ ìï fldgila f;dard

.kak'
² ysre kef.k ÈYdj iy ysre neihk ÈYdj u.ska wod< bvfï W;=re
ÈYdj y`ÿkd.kak' ^m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï wxl 5'1'1 § isÿ l< mßÈ&
² bvu jgd weúo bvfï udhsïj, iajrEmh" N+ ,laIKj, msysàu"
bvfï yevh wd§ lreKq ms<sn| j o< woyila ,ndf.k lvodishla
u; wod< bvfï fmßlaiqï igyk (prospection diagram) ms<sfh,
lrkak' mdi,a j;a f;a fldgil o< igyk
W
;dmamh
úoHd.drh
.Ks;d.drh
bksjeg
² bvfï fmßlaiqï igyk iy bvu jgd weúo ,nd.;a f;dr;=re wkqj

;s%fldaK msyg
s qjd .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| j woyila ,nd .kak' fuys
§ msysgqjk ;s%fldaK .Kk yels ;rï iSud l< hq;= h'
² fufia ;s%fldaK msysgqùfï § ;s%fldaKj, YS¾Ihka tkï uekqï ia:dk
ioyd ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSfï § my; idOl ms<sn| j i,ld n,kak'
² uekqï f¾Ldj, ;sria È. myiqfjka ueksh yels ùu
² fhdod.kakd ;s%fldaK ukdj ieliQ ;s%fldaK ùu
² uekqï f¾Ldj, isg N+ ,laIK iòyd myiqfjka wkq,ïn
ñkqï ,nd.; yels ùu
² ud¾.hl kï tla me;a;lg muKla jk fia ;sîu
² mdoï f¾Ldfjka (base line) ìï fldgi o< jYfhka iudk
fldgia follg fn§ ;sîu
² uekqï ia:dk i|yd iqÿiq ia:dk f;dard .ekSfuka miq tu ia:dkj,
msysàu lgqigyk u; i,l=Kq lrkak'
² wfõlaIK f¾Ld i|yd ia:dk f;dard .kak'
94
;s % f lda KS l rKh fhfok wdldrh

W
;dmamh 
úoHd.drh
.Ks;d.drh
bksjeg
² uekqï ia:dk jYfhka f;dard.;a ia:dkj, fmdf<dj u; ,S $ isfuka;s

l+ [a [ u.ska i,l=Kq lrkak ' fuys § iïmQ ¾K l+ [a [h u
fmdf<dfjka hgg jk mßÈ fyd`Èka fmdf<djg iú lrkak'
² fm< .ekajqï o`vq tl t,af,a ;nd msßlaiqï f¾Ld i|yd ia:dk o

fmdf<dj u; ks¾Kh lr l=[a[ fhdokak'
² ñkqï .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh mdoï f¾Ldfjka wdrïN lrkak'
² fuys § ish¨ u ñkqï ksjerÈ j lafIa;% fmd; u; igyka lsÍu b;d
jeo.;a h'
² N+ ,laIK i|yd iDcqfldaKS wkq,ïn ñkqï ,nd.; fkdyels
wjia:dj, § we, wkq,ïn l%uh fhdod .kak'
² ñkqï igyka lsÍfï § lafIa;% fmd; fmdf<dfõ W;=re ÈYdjg yrjd
;ndf.k isàu;a" ñkqï igyka lrk mqoa.,hd uekqï f¾Ldj Èf.a
isg f.k isàu;a b;d jeo.;a h'
² ñkqï igyka lsÍug fuu wjia:dfõ § o oaú;aj ;Sre l%uh fhdod
.kak'
² ñkqï igyka lsÍfï § hï w;ajer§ula isÿjqjfyd;a tu ñkqu ;ks
brlska lmd oud tu ia:dkfha flá w;aik fhdokak' lafIa;% fmd;
u; tu msgqjg wod< ksjerÈ lsÍï .Kk igyka lr w;aik fhdod
ku iy Èkh igyka lrkak'
95
;dmamh
9.6
10.4

.7
30
3.0 .4
12
.3
4.0 26
.0
6.7
25
.1
.1 23
12
3.1 .4
.5 15
23
10.3 6.2 6.7
29
.42 4.3
21.4 5.1
27.6 4.9
34.3
5.0
 
4.7 28.
8
12
.5 5.
0
27
.2
10 3.5
.3
12.
3
30
.6

bksjeg
² lafIa;% ls%hdj,sh wjika jQ miq ìï ie,iqu we£fï ls%hdj,sh

wdrïN lrkak' fuys § o bvfï m%udKh iy ie,iqu w`Èk lvodisfha
m%udKh ms<sn| j i,ld n,d is;shu we`§ug WÑ; mßudKhla
f;dard .kak'
² uq,ska u uekqï f¾Ldj, iïmQ¾K È. wdY%fhka iy pdm fþokh
u.ska ;s%fldaKj, msysàï ie,iqï lvodish u;g ,nd .kak' fï
i|yd ks,a meye;s ;Ska; Wmfhda.S lr .kak'
² msßlaiqï f¾Ldj,g wod< ia:dk w;r ÿr iy ienE fmdf<dfõ tu
ÿrj,a iu. ixikaokh lsÍu u.ska uekqï ls%hdj,sfha ksrjoH;dj
ms<sn| j woyila ,nd.kak'
² uekqfï ksrjoH;dj wfmalaIs; uÜgug jvd ksrjoH kï wkq,ïn
ÿr u.ska ish¨ u N+ ,laIKj, msysàï ,nd .kak'
² mßudKh" W;=re ÈYdj" udhsï úia;r" iqÑh ^we;akï muKla& wd§
Wmldrl o;a; o igyka lr ìï ie,iqu iïmQ¾K lrkak'
ks Í la I Khg u.fmka ù u( ² iu;, N+ñhla u; fuu m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlu ie,iqï lrkak'

² W;=re ÈYdj y÷kd .kakd wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² mdoï f¾Ldj yd wfkl=;a uekqï f¾Ld i|yd uekqï ia:dk f;dard
.ekSu ms<sn| j úuis,su;a jkak'
96
² mdGdxl ,nd.kakd wdldrh;a tajd igyka lrk wdldrh;a ms<sn| j
ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² msßlaiqï f¾Ldj, Ndú;h ms<n| j idlÉPd lrkak'
² ie,iqï i|yd iqÿiq ìï m%udKhla f;dard .ekSu ms<sn| j úuis,su;a
jkak'
² ìï ie,iqï we|Su iy Wmldrl o;a; ,l=Kq lsÍu ms<sn| j ksÍlaIKh
lrkak'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² ud,sudjla Ndú;fhka W;=re ÈYdj y÷kdf.k uekqu i|yd fhdod.;a
W;=re ÈYdj w;r fjki y÷kd.kak'
² msßlaiqï f¾Ld ud¾.fhka uekqfï ksrjoH;dj .Kkh lrkak'
² bvfï o< igyk ms<sn| j fidhd n,kak'
úfYa I lreKq ( ² WmlrKj, wdrlaIdj ms<sn| j ±kqj;a lrkak'
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
bvfï o< igyk ksjerÈ j we| ;sîu 03
uekqï ia:dk msysgqjd we;s wdldrh ^;sria ÿr ueksh yels ùu" wkq 04
,ïn ÿr myiqfjka ueksh yels ùu&
m%Odk uekqï f¾Ldfõ È. uekSu ^wdikak 10 cmg& 05
m%Odk uekqï f¾Ldj we|Su - oaú;aj ;Sre l%uh 05
tys È. ksjerÈ j igyka lsÍu 05
ls%hdj,sh
wfkla uekqï f¾Ldjl È. uekSu ^wdikak 10 cm g& 05
tu f¾Ldj ksjerÈ j we|Su 05
È. ksjerÈ j igyka lsÍu 05
msßlaiqï f¾Ld Ndú;h iy È. uekSu 05
È. igyka lsÍu 05
ñkqï ,nd .ekSu ^wkq,ïn& o;a; folla i|yd muKla i,ld n,kak 04
tu ñkqï igyka lsÍu 04
lafIa;% fmdf;ys msßisÿ Ndjh 03
mßudKh f;dard .ekSu 04
m%Odk uekqï f¾Ldj mßudKhg we|Su 04
wfkla f¾Ldjla mßudKhg we|Su 05
o;a; 02la ksjerÈ j ,l=Kq lsÍu 05
ìï ie,eiau iïmQ¾K lsÍu - ûdhsï hdlr& 05
Wmldrl o;a; ,l=Kq lsÍu 05
wjidk ìï ie,eiafï ksjerÈ nj 05
w.h moaO;s
tl;=j 100
97
5'5'1 uÜgï .ekSfï is oaOdka;h Ndú; lr flá ud¾. fldgil
Èlalvla ms <sfh, ls Íu
ks m q K;dj 5 ( ìï uekSu yd uÜgï .ekSu ms<sn| uQ,O¾u úuid n,hs'

ks m q K ;d uÜgu 5'5 ( flá ud¾. fldgil Èlalvla ms<sfh, lsÍug uÜgï .ekSfï
isoaOdka;h Ndú;hg .kshs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( ² flá ud¾. fldgil Èlalvla we£u i|yd mdGdxl iy ñkqï ,nd
.kshs'
² ,nd.;a ñkqï igyka lr uÜgï msgqjla ilia lrhs'
² flá ud¾. fldgil Èlalvla m%ia;dr lvodishl ksrEmKh lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² uÜgï WmlrKhla ksjerÈ j fmdf<dj u; msysgqùu iy mdGdxl
,nd .ekSu
² uÜgï msgqjla ilia lsÍu
² Èlalvla m%ia;dr lvodishl we`§u
ye|s k a ù u ( fndfyda bÈlsÍï wdY%s; ld¾hka ys § wod< jev N+ñfha úúO ia:dkj,
WÉphka i|yd ñkqï ,nd.ekSug" uÜgï ls%hdj,sh Wmfhda.S lr
.kS'
uQ,O¾uh ( uÜgï WmlrKhla u.ska ;sria;,hla ks¾udKh lr foa' tu ;,hg
wkqj uÜgï háfhys mdGdxlh ,nd .ekSfuka fmdf<dfõ W!ks;
Wi okakd ia:dkhlg idfmalaIj fjk;a ia:dkhl W!ks; Wi
fiúh yels h'
WmlrKh úiska
,ndfok ;sria
oDIaá ;, f¾Ldj
2.48 m 2.63 m îudka;rK f¾Ldj&
A B
Wi okakd fmdf<da Wi fiúh
ia:dkh ;,h hq;= ia:dkh
Ays Wi = 538.43 m
iudka;rK f¾Ldfõ Wi = 538.43 + 2.48 = 540.91 m
B ys Wi = 540.91 - 2.63 m = 538.28 m
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² uÜgï WmlrKh (level instrument)
² uÜgï háh (levelling staff)
² ke.=ï neiqï (rise and fall method) l%uhg ms<sfh< l< uÜgï fmd;l
msgqjla
² we£fï WmlrK iy lvodis (drawing tools and papers)
98
l% u fõoh ( ² È. 100 m muK jk u| nEjqula iys; flá ud¾. fldgila f;dard
.kak'
² tu ud¾. fldgfia uOH f¾Ldj (centre line) Èf.a ;sria mr;rh 10m
jk mßÈ ia:dk i,l=Kq lrkak'
0+000
0+010
0+020
0+030
0+040
0+050
0+060
0+090
0+070
0+100
0+080
² mdGdxl igyka lsÍug uÜgï fmd;l msgqjla ms<sfh, lr .kak'
uÜgï miq o¾Yk w;rueÈ fmr o¾Yk ke.au (+) neiau (-) W!ks; úia;rh
mdGdxlh o¾Yk mdGdxlh
ia:dkh uÜgu
(BS) mdGdxlh
(FS)
(IS)
² tla WmlrK ia:dkhlska w;rueÈ o¾Yk 2la fyda 3la wdjrKh l<
yelsjk mßÈ" WmlrKh fmdf<djg iú lsÍug iqÿiq ia:dk 3la fyda
4la ud¾.h whsfka bv we;s ia:dkj, f;dard .kak' ^wod< WmlrK
ia:dkfha isg miq o¾Yk mdGdxl ia:dkhg iy fmr o¾Yk mdGdxl
ia:dkhg ÿr yels ;dla iudk ÿßka msysgqùug W;aidy .kak'&
BS IS BS
IS IS IS
FS
IS FS
0+000
0+010
0+020
0+030
0+040
0+050
0+060
0+070
0+080
0+090
0+100
FS
IS
IS
BS
² f;mdj fmdf<dj u; fyd`Èka iú lrkak' f;mdfõ mdohka ys Wi

iSreudre lsÍu u.ska f;mdfõ ;yvqj weia uÜgug uÜgï lr uÜgï
WmlrKh th u; wgjkak'
² uÜgï WmlrKfha mdbial=remamq tajdfha uOH msysàug meñfKk
f;la iSre udre lrkak'
² fndfyda úg fuu wjia:dfõ § uÜgï nqnq< tys uOHfha fkdmsysghs'
WmlrKh uÜgï ù fkdue;s

wjia:djl uÜgï nqnqf<a msysàula
uÜgï nqnq<
99
² WmlrKfha ÿf¾laIh f;dard.;a mdbial=remamq follg iudka;r
jkfia ilikak'
ÿf¾laIh
mdbialr
= emamq
² tu mdbial=remamq fol u tljr WmlrKh ;=<g fyda msg;g fyda

lrleùu u.ska uÜgï nqnqf<a msysàu ;=kajk mdbial=remamqj Èf.a
msysgk f;la mdbial=remamq fol u fo wf;a uymg we`.s,s u.ska
lrljkak'
fyda
² wjidkfha § uÜgï nqnq< my; mßÈ

;=k ajkmsysgúh hq;= h';=kajk
mdbial=remamqj mdbial=remamqj
fyda
² ó<`.g ;=kajk mdo bial=remamqj muKla by<g fyda my<g lrleùu

u.ska uÜgï nqnq< tys uOHhg .; yels h'
uÜgï nqnq<
² ÿf¾laIh 900 lska lrljd uÜgï nqnqf<a msysàu ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

uÜgï nqqnq< tys uOHfhka bj;g .uka lr we;akï fjk;a
mdbial=remamq folla Tiafia ÿf¾laIh msysgqjd fmr ls%hdj,sh kej;
isÿ lrkak'
² ;jÿrg;a ÿf¾laIh 900 lska lrljd uÜgï nqnqf<a msysàu ksÍlaIKh
lrkak'
² WmlrKh ksjerÈ j uÜgï lr we;akï fuu iEu wjia:djl § u
uÜgï nqnq< tys uOHhg meñfKa'
² nqnq< uOH.; lsÍfï fodaIhla fkdue;s kï bÈß mshjrj,a i|yd
fhduq jkak'
100
² wiïmd; fodaIh bj;a lsÍu i|yd ÿf¾laIh iqÿ miqìula u;g
fhduqlr yria fl¢ iy jia;=fõ m%;sìïNh meyeÈ,s jk f;la
Wmfkf;ys iy wjfkf;ys iam¾Yl bial=remamq iSreudre lrkak'
² WmlrKh uÜgï lsÍfuka miq uÜgï ls%hdj,sfha wdrïNl ia:dkh
(0 + 000 ) u; uÜgï háh iDcqj isria j ;nd .kak'
² b,lal .; lsÍfï Wmdx.h u`.ska ÿf¾laIh uÜgï háh foig o<
jYfhka fhduqlr" ÿf¾laIh ;=<ska uÜgï háh foi n,kak' túg
ÿf¾laIh ksYaÑ;j u b,lal .; lr fkdue;s ksid ÿf¾laIh u.ska
,ndfok isriayria flkao (vertical cross hair) uÜgï háfha uOH
f¾Ldj u;g iumd; fkdfõ'
;sriayria flkao uÜgï háh


ia:dkql flaY isriayria flkao
(stadia hair) 
uÜgï háfha uOH f¾Ldj
² iam¾Yl bial=remamqj (tangent screw)u.ska ÿf¾laIh fiñka lrljd

isriayria flkao uÜgï háfha uOH f¾Ldj u;g iumd; lrkak'
1.48m
² túg ;sriayria flkao (horizontal cross hair) uÜgï háh fþokh

lrk ia:dkfhys uÜgï há mdGdxlh wod< ia:dkfha mdGdxlh
f,i .; yels h' th (1.48m) f,i is;uq'
² m<uq uÜgï ia:dkhg .kakd tu mdGdxlh miq o¾Yk mdGdxlh
(back sight) f,i igyka lrkak'
uÜgï miq o¾Yk w;rueos fmr o¾Yk ke.au neiau W!ks; Wi úia;rh
ia:dkh mdGdxlh o¾Yk mdGdxlh
mdGdxlh
01 1.48 0+000
101
² ó<. g uÜgï WmlrKh tfia u ;sfnkakg yer uÜgï háh B<`.
uÜgï ia:dk (0 + 010 iy 0+ 020) lrd ms<sfj<ska f.dia fmr mßÈ
u ÿf¾laIh lrleùu u.ska wod< ia:dkfha uÜgï há mdGdxl (1.52
m , 1.55 m) ,nd.kak'
² fuu mdGdxl w;r ueos o¾Yk mdGdxl (intermediate sight) f,i igyka
lrkak'
uÜgï miq o¾Yk w;r ueos fmr o¾Yk ke.au neiau W!ks; Wi úia;rh
mdGdxlh
01 1.48 0 + 000
02 1.52 0 + 010
03 1.55 0 + 020
² fuu WmlrK ia:dkfhka (instrument station) .kq ,nk wjidk
ia:dkh (0 + 030) i|yd mdGdxlh (1.59m) f.k th fmr o¾Yk
mdGdxlh (fore sight) f,i igyka lrkak'
mdGdxlh
01 1.48 01 0 + 000
02 1.52 02 0 + 010
03 1.55 03 0 + 020
04 1.59 0 + 030
² bkamiq uÜgï háh tu iaa:dkfha u (0 + 030) ;sfnkakg i,iajd
uÜgï WmlrKh B<`. ia:dkhg f.k f.dia tys iúlr uÜgï
lrkak'
² fmr WmlrK ia:dkfhka mdGdxl .;a wjidk ia:dkhg (0+030)
kj WmlrK ia:dkfha isg kej;;a mdGdxlh (2.02 m) .kak' th
tu ia:dkfha miq o¾Yk mdGdxlh f,i igyka lrkak'
mdGdxlh
01 1.48 01 0 + 000
02 1.52 02 0 + 010
03 1.55 03 0 + 020
04 2.02 1.59 0 + 030
² wjidk uÜgï ia:dkh yuqjk f;la fuu ls%hdj,sh os.ska os.g u

isÿlrkak'
² wjidkfha § ,efnk uÜgï msgq mdGdxl my; mßÈ úh yels h'
102
mdGdxlh
01 1.48 0 +000
02 1.52 0+ 010
03 1.55 0 + 020
04 2.02 1.59 0 + 030
05 2.08 0 + 040
06 2.12 0 + 050
07 2.07 0 + 060
08 1.31 2.03 0 + 070
09 1.37 0 + 080
10 1.32 0 + 090
11 1.28 0 + 100
² m<uq uÜgï ia:dkfha W!ks; Wi 100 m f,i .kak'

² ke.au" neiau iy W!ks; Wi ;Sre iïmQ¾K lrkak'
² .Kkh lsÍïj, § fodaI isÿjQjd±hs ne,Sug wod< ks¾Kdhl Ndú;
lrkak'
² .Kkh lsrSïj,ska wk;=rej uÜgï msgqj my; mßÈ úh hq;= h'
103
mdGdxlh
01 1.48 100.00 0 +000
02 1.52 0.04 99.96 0+ 010
03 1.55 0.03 99.93 0 + 020
04 2.02 1.59 0.04 99.89 0 + 030
05 2.08 0.06 99.83 0 + 040
06 2.12 0.04 99.79 0 + 050
07 2.07 0.05 99.84 0 + 060
08 1.31 2.03 0.04 99.88 0 + 070
09 1.37 0.06 99.82 0 + 080
10 1.32 0.05 99.87 0 + 090
11 1.28 0.04 99.91 0 + 100
12 4.81 4.90 0.18 0.27 (100.00)

13 (4.90) (0.27) (0.09)
14 (0.09) (0.09)
² m%ia;dr fld<hla f.k tys X wlaIh iy Y wlaIh w`Èkak' X

wlaIh f,i ;sria ÿr;a Y wlaIh f,i W!ks; Wi uÜgu;a f.k
m%ia;drh w`Èkak
² wod< ,laIHhka hd lsÍfuka ud¾. fldgfia Èlalv i|yd m%i;
a drh
,nd.kak'
W!ks;
Wi (m)
100
99.5
;sria ÿr m
0+080
0+030
0+040
0+050
0+060
0+100
0+000
0+020
0+070
0+010
0+090
104
ksÍlaIKhg u. fmkaùu ( ² uo nEjqula iys; ud¾. fldgila f;dard .kak
² fmdf<dj u; ÿr i,l=Kq lrkak'
² WmlrKh tys fmÜáfhka t<shg .kakd wdldrh iy th f;mdj
u; iú lrk wdldrh i|yd ksjerÈ j u. fmkajkak'
² WmlrKh uÜgï lrk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² uÜgï háh ksjerÈ j msysgqjk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² mdGdxl ,nd .kakd wdldrh;a tajd ksjerÈ j igyka lrk
wdldrh;a ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a jkak'
ks .ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² uÜgï .ekSfï Ys,amfhys jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lsÍu'
úfYa I lreKq ² Èlalvla we`§fï wjYH;dj iòyka lsÍu'

,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
uÜgï fmd;l msgqj ilia lsÍu' 05
WmlrKh iú lsÍu i|yd ia:dk f;dard .ekSu ^fmr o¾Yk ia:dkh 05
yd miq o¾Yk ia:dkh hd lrk f¾Ldfõ ,ïn iuÉfPaolh u; ´kE
u ia:dkhl&
WmlrKh uÜgï lsÍu ^tla WmlrK ia:dkhla muKla ksÍlaIKh 05
lrkak
ls%hdj,sh
,l=Kq 00 ,l=Kq 03 ,l=Kq 05

mdGdxl lshùu - ^tla mdGdxlhla muKla ksÍlaIKh lrkak& 04
^wdikak 10 mm g&
tla mdGdxlhla j.=fõ ksjerÈ j igyka lsÍu 04
.Kkh ls Í u
ke.=ï$neiqï ;Sre ksjer¢ j iïmQ¾K lsÍu 10
W!ks; Wi ;Srej iïmQ¾K lsÍu 10
.Kkh lsÍfï ks¾Kdhl fhdod .ekSu 10
* W!ks; Wi ksjerÈ ùu 10
Èlalalv we|Su
Èlalv ksjerÈ j we£u 10
Èlalv ksjerÈ ùu 10
w.h moaO;s 04
wdjqo" WmlrK msßisÿ lr ia:dk .; lsÍu
tl;=j 100
* fuu ,l=Kqj,g wod< m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï YsIHhd úiska isÿ lsÍug fmr .=rejrhd úiska mdGdxl
,ndf.k Èlalv we| ;sìh hq;= h' tu igyka YsIHhd úiska bÈßm;a lr we;s igyka iu`. iudk
kï fuu ,l=Kq Èh yels h' ^wdikak 10 mm g&
105
5'7'1 ;shfvd,hsÜgqj Ndú;fhka l=vd bvula uek tys ìï ie,eia u ms<sfh, lsÍu
ks m q K;dj 5 ( ìï uekSu yd uÜgï .ekSu ms<sn| uQ,O¾u úuid n,hs'
ks m q K;d uÜgu 5'7 ( ;shfvd,hsÜgq uekqu lafIa;%fha § fhdod .kshs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( ;shfvd,hsÜgqj Ndú;fhka iDcq udhsï iys; l=vd bvï fldgil udhsï
i|yd WmlrKfha isg È.xY iy ñkqï máhla Ndú;fhka ÿr ms<sn|
mdGdxl ,nd .kshs'
by; ñkqï Ndú; lr bvfï ìï ie,eiau mßudKhlg w¢hs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² ;shfvd,hsÜgqjla hï ia:dkhla u; msysgqùu
² ;shfvd,hsÜgqj uÜgï lsÍu
² wiïmd; fodaI bj;a lsÍu
² ;shfvd,hsÜgqfõ ;sria fldaKh Y=kH ^000 00' 00'') lsÍu
² ;shfvd,hsÜgqj u.ska È.xY uekSu
ye|s k a ù u ( isria ;,fha iy ;sria ;,fha fldaK uekSfï uQ,sl u WmlrKhla

f,i ;shfvd,hsÜgqj ye¢kaúh yels h' th u.ska hï f¾Ldjl È.xYh
iy WmlrKfha isg wod< ,laIHhg ÿr uekSu u.ska tu ,laIHfhys
msysàu lvodishla u; mßudKhlg ksjerÈ j ,l=Kq l< yels h'
uQ , O¾uh ( WmlrKfha ;sria fldaKh W;=re ÈYdjg Y=kHh lr ÿf¾laIh lrljd
hï f¾Ldjl È.xYh ueksh yels h'
W ^000 00' 00'')
B
  - AB f¾Ldfõ È.xYh
A
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² f;mdj iu`. ;shfvd,hsÜgqj (theodolite with tripod)

² fm< .ekajï q oKavla (ranging pole)
² l+[a[ lsysmhla (pegs)
² lafIa;% fmd; (field book)
² we£fï WmlrK iy lvodis (drawing tools and papers)
² ud,sudj (compass)
l% u fõoh ( ² mdi,a j;af;a p;=ri%dldr yeve;s" ysia ^bvu u; f.dvke.s,s $ ud¾.

wd§ N+ ,laIK msysgd ke;s& bvï fldgila f;dard .kak'
uekqï
ia:dkh
² m%:ufhka uekqï lghq;= isÿ l< hq;= m%foaYh msßlaikak'

bvfï udhsï msysgd we;s wdldrh" bvfï ;s%udk iajrEmh" uekqï
ia:dkh i|yd iqÿiq ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSu" wd§ lreKq ms<sn| j o<
wjfndaOhla ,nd .kak'
106
² ueksh hq;= bvfï o< igykla (prospection diagram) ms<f

s h, lrkak'
bvfï yevh" udhsïj, iajrEmh" W;=re ÈYdj" uekqï ia:dkfha msyà
s u"
wd§ lreKq fuu igyk u; bÈßm;a lrkak'
² udhsïj, iajrEmh fjkia jk ia:dk i|yd zz ZZ i,l=K fhdokak'
² uekqï ia:dkh i,l=Kq lsÍu i|yd zz ZZ i,l=K fhdokak'
² by; igyk w¢kakdf.a ku" w;aik iy Èkh fhdokak'
uekqï
ia:dkh
² bvu uOHfha hï ia:dkhla f;dardf.k th ,S $ isfuka;s l+[a[hla

u`.ska i,l=Kq lrkak' th uekqï ia:dkh f,i fhdod .kak'
² f;mdj u; ;shfvd,hsÜgqj iú lr uekqï ia:dkh u; th uOH.;
lrkak' fï i|yd ,U kQ,la fyda WmlrKfha we;s uOH.; lsÍfï
m%ldY ,Uh Ndú; l< yels h'
f;mdj
² f;mdfõ mdo iSre udre lsÍfuka ,Ufha ;=v wod< ia:dkhg f.k wd
yels h'
² m%ldY ,Uh Ndú;fha § f;mdfõ tla mdohla fmdf<djg fyd¢ka
iú lr b;sß mdo foflka WmlrKh Tijd .kak' bkamiq m%ldY
,Uh ;=<ska ksrSlaIKh lrñka Tnf.a tla mdohla WmlrKh háka
tafï w;g p,kh lrkak' túg Tfí mdoh o¾Ykh jk ia:dkh
u; ±kg WmlrKh uOH.; ù we;' tu ia:dkfhys iy uekqï
ia:dkfhys msysàu w;r fjki fidhd WmlrKh p,kh l< hq;=
ÈYdj fidhd .kak' ta wkqj WmlrKh wod< ÈYdjg p,kh lr
kej;;a Tfí wei ;nd WmlrKh uOH.; ù we;s ia:dkh foi
n,kak' bkamiq f;mdfõ mdo iSre udre lsÍu u.ska WmlrKh ksjerÈ
j uOH.; lrkak'
uekqï
uekqï ia:dkh
ia:dkh
107
² ;shfvd,hsÜgqj uekqï ia:dkh u; uOH.; lsÍfuka miq ó<`. ld¾h
jkqfha WmlrKh uÜgï lsÍu hs' fï i|yd mdbial=remamq iSre udre
lsÍu l< yels kuq;a tys § WmlrKfha uOH.; ùu kej;;a fjkia
fõ' ta ksid ;shfvd,hsÜgqj uÜgï lsÍu i|yd f;mdfõ mdoj, Wi
fjkia l< yels h' tfuka u ;shfvd,hsÜgqjla jD;a;dldr nqnq<lska
iy uÜgï nghlska iukaú; h' uÜgï ngh b;d ixfõ§ fõ'
jD;a;dldr uÜgï ngh

uÜgï nqnq<
² ta wkqj f;mdfõ tla mdohla Èf.a uÜgï ngh msysgk mßÈ ÿf¾laIh
lrljd tu mdofhys Wi iSre udre lsÍu u.ska uÜgï ngh u; we;s
uÜgï nqnq< tys uOHhg .kq ,efí'
uÜgï lsÍug fmr uÜgï lsÍfuka miq

nqnqf<ys msysàu nqnqf<ys msysàu
² fumßÈ u f;mdfõ wfkla mdo ioyd o fuu ls%hdj,sh isÿ lrkq

,efí' tfuka u fuys § jD;a;dldr uÜgï nqnf
q <ys msyà
s u o ksÍlaIKh
l< hq;= h' f;mdfõ mdo ;=k ioyd u uÜgï ls%hdj,sh tla jghla
iïmQ¾K l< miq iuyr úg jD;a;dldr uÜgï nqnq< tys uOH msyà s ug
fkdmeñK ;sfnkakg bv we;' túg f;mdfõ mdo ;=k i|yd uÜgï
ls%hdj,sh kej;;a isÿ lsÍfuka wjidkfha § jD;a;dldr uÜgï nqnq<
tys uOH msysàug ,nd .; hq;= h' túg jD;a;dldr uÜgï nqnq<
my; mßÈ fõ'
uÜgï nqnq<
108
² ;j o uÜgï ls%hdj,sh wjika ùfuka miq WmlrKfhys uOH.; ùu
fjkia ù we;s o hkak o ksÍlaIKh l< hq;= h' th fjkia ù
we;akï WmlrKh f;mdfjka u|la nqre,a lr tys msysàu iSre udre
l< hq;= h' fuys § kej;;a WmlrKh ksjerÈ j uÜgï ù we;s o
hkak ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² fï jk úg ;shfvd,hsÜgqj uekqï ia:dkh u; ksjerÈ j uOH.;
lr iy uÜgï lr wjidk h' tkï WmlrKh mdGdxl .ekSfï
ls% h dj,s h i|yd iQ o dkï h' kuq ;a fuu uekq ï ls %h dj,sfha §
;shfvd,hsÜgqj Ndú;fhka È.xYh ms<sn| j ñkqï ,nd .kakd ksid
W;=re ÈYdj Tiafia WmlrKh úiska ,ndfok ;sria fldaKfhys
w.h ^000 00' 00'') úh hq;= h' ó<`.g ;sria fldaKh ilid .kakd
wdldrh ms<sn| j i,ld n,uq'
² msßlaiï q lsh
% dj,sfha § ukskq ,nk bvug wod< W;=re ÈYdj y÷kdf.k
we;' äðg,a ;shfvd,hsÜgqjlska fuu uekqu isÿlrkafka kï" W;=re
ÈYdjg ;sria fldaKh ^000 00' 00'') f,i ieliSu b;d myiq h'
tjeks WmlrKhl ;sria fldaKh Y=kH lsÍu i|yd fjk u u tnqï
iaúÉÑhla (''o set'') we;' WmlrKfha ÿf¾laIh W;=re ÈYdjg yrjd
by; iaúÉÑh tîfuka WmlrKfha ;sria fldaKh ^000 00' 00'') f,i
ielish yels h'
² idudkH ;shfvd,hsÜgqjlska uekqï ld¾h isÿ lrk wjia:djla ó<`.g
i,ld n,uq' idudkHfhka fujka WmlrKhla ;eá follska ^há
;eáh -lower plate Wvq ;eáh - upper plate & iukaú;h' há ;eáh
u; fldaK udkh msysgqjd we;' fuys we;s úfYaI;ajh jkqfha fuu
;eá fol fjk fjk u l,ïm (clamp) lsÍug yels ùuhs' Wvq ;eáh
iy j¾ksh¾ Wmdx. lrleùu u.ska WmlrKfha ;sria fldaKh ^000
00' 00'') f,i ilia lr Wvq ;eáh l,ïm lrkak' flfia kuq;a há
;eáh w.=¿ yeÍu (unclamp) u.ska fuu wjia:dfõ § ÿf¾laIh lrleúh
yels h' kuq;a Wvq ;eáh w.=¿ oud we;s ksid WmlrKfha ;sria
fldaKh ksh;j mj;S' tkï tys w.h ^000 00' 00'') fõ' ó<`.g há
;eáh u.ska ÿf¾laIh W;=re ÈYdj foig fhduq lr th l,ïm
lrkak' ±ka fï jk úg ;eá fol u w.=¿ oud we;' tfuka u ;sria
fldaKh ^000 00' 00'') fõ'
W;=re ÈYdjg
;sria fldaKh ^000 00' 00'')
uekqï
ia:dkh
² ±ka isÿ l< hq;= jkafka by; bvfï udhsï fjkia jk ia:dk i|yd
È.xYh uekSfï ls%hdj,sh hs' by; bvu udhsï ia:dk 4lska
iukaú; h' (A,B,C,D)
109
² há ;eáh tfia u ;sfnkakg yer Wvq ;eáh w`.=,a yeÍu u.ska
ÿf¾laIh lrleúh yels h' túg há ;eáhg idfmalaIj Wvq ;eáfha
isÿjk N%uKhg wkqj ;sria fldaKfha w.h fjkia jkakg mgka
.kS' bkamiq ÿf¾laIh A ys msysgqjd we;s fm< .ekajqï oKav foig
fhduq lr Wvq ;eáh l,ïm lrkak' ÿf¾laIh foiska neÆ úg
fndfyda úg th ksjerÈ j b,lal .; fkdù ;sìh yels h'
fm< .ekajqï
;sria yria flkao
oKav
isriayria
flkao
ÿf¾laIh ;=<ska neÆ úg
² ksjerÈ j b,lal lsÍu iòyd Wvq ;eáhg wod< j¾ksh¾ bial=remamqj

fhdod .kak'
² ksjerÈ msysgqu ,nd .; fkdyels wjia:dfõ § fuu l%uh o Ndú; l<
yels h' fuys § iEu úg u fm< .ekajqï oKav isria j mj;ajd .;
hq;= h'
fm< .ekajqï fm< .ekajqï oKav

oKav ksjerÈj msysgqjd
we;s wdldrh
fm< .ekajqï oKav

wdk;j mj;sk
wjia:dj ^jeros f,i&
² bkamiq WmlrKfha mdGdxlh lshùu u.ska uekqï ia:dkfha isg A

,laIHhg we;s f¾Ldfõ È.xYh (a) ,nd.; yels h'
² kej;;a Wvq ;eáh nqre,a lr fuu ls%hdj,sh B foig isÿ lsÍu u.ska
B foig È.xYh (b) o C foig È.xYh c o iy D ys È.xYh (d)
uek.; yels h' ta w;r u uekqï ia:dkfha isg A,B, Ciy D
,laIHhka ioyd ;sria ÿr o ukskak' fuys § há ;eá l,ïmh w.=¿
yeÍu lsisúgl isÿ fkdl< hq;= h' ^w.=¿ yeÍu isÿjqjfyd;a ÈYd .;
lsÍu fjkia úh yels h&
110
² fuu mdGdxl my; mrsos igyka flf¾'
² ó<`.g ìï ie,eiau we£u isÿ flf¾' fuys § wod< uekqu isÿ l<
bvu lvodishla u; ksrEmKh lsÍug fhda.H mßudKhla uq,ska u
f;dard .kak'
² bkamiq lvodish u; bvfuys ie,eiau we| wod< Wmldrl o;a; o
we;=<;a lr iïmQ¾K lrkak'
3
12.
0 18'
H
341
96012'
H
10.7
10.3
H
263042'
175031'
H
13.5
² b;d l=vd ysia bvï fldgila f;dard .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'
² WmlrKh msyg s ù
q u" uOH.; lsÍu iy uÜgï lsÍu ms<n
s | j ksÍlaIKh
lrkak'
² mdGdxl ,nd .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a jkak'
ks . ukh i|yd Wmfoia ( ² ìï uekqfï § fldaK uekSfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lsÍu

² ìï ie,eiaul wjYH;djh meyeÈ,s lsÍu
² WmlrKfhys ;djld,sl ieliqï ksjerÈ j isÿ lsÍfï wjYH;djh
meyeÈ,s lsÍu
úfYa I lreKq ( ² WmlrKj, wdrlaIdj ms<sno isiqka ±kqj;a lrkak'

² WmlrK ksjerÈ j yiqrejk wdldrh ms<sn| j wjfndaOh ,ndfokak'
111
,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
o< igyk we£u 03
uekqï ia:dkh i|yd iqÿiq ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSu ^bvu uOHfhys& 05
uekqï ia:dkh u; l+[a[hla ksjerÈ j iú lsÍu ^fmd<fjka Wvg 05
u;= fkdjk fia&
f;mdj o< jYfhka uÜgï ùu 04
WmlrKh uOH.; lsÍu 05
ls%hdj,sh
WmlrKh uÜgï lsÍu 05
W;=re ÈYdj y÷kd .ekSu 05
W;=re ÈYdjg ;sria fldaKh 000 ùu 10
tla udhsula i|yd È.xYh uekSu 10
È.xYh ksjerÈ j igyka lsÍu 05
uekqï ia:dkfha isg udhsug we;s ;sria ÿr uekSu 05
mßudKhla f;dard .ekSu 04
ìï ie,eiau u; tla È.xYhla iy tys È. weò wod< ,laIHh ksjerÈ 05
j ksrEmKh lsÍu
ìï ie,eiau iïmQ¾K lsrSu 05
ìï ie,eiau ksjerÈ ùu 04
Wmldrl o;a; ,l=Kq lsÍu 05
tl;=j 100
112
6'3'1 c, lrduhla" lmdghla iy kdk j;=r u,la we;=<;a c, iïmdok fldgila
ia : dmkh ls Í u
ks m q K;dj 6 ( .Dyia: c, iïmdokh yd li< l<uKdlrKh ms<n s | j wOHhkhl
fhfohs'
ks m qK;d uÜgu 6'3 ( .Dyia: c, iïmdok moaO;shla $ fldgila ie,iqï lr ia:dmkh
lrhs'
bf.kq ï M,h ( .Dyia: c, iemhqï moaO;shla $ fldgila ia:dmkh lrhs'
wfma l a I s ; l= i ,;d ( ² ia:dmkhlg wjYH k<" jeoaÿï iy Wmdx. ,ehsia;= .; lsÍu
² k< i|yd lemqï È. .Kkh lsÍu
² k< lemSu
² k< uQÜgq lsÍu
² k< ux i|yd k< yd jeoaÿï tl,ia lsÍu
² ksjerÈ wdjqo f;dard .ekSu
² wdjqo ksjerÈ j Ndú;h yd kv;a;=j
² jev lsÍfï § wdrlaIl mQ¾fjdamd wkq.ukh lsÍu
² hym;a .Dy md,k (house keeping) mqreÿ wkq.ukh lsÍu
ye|s k a ù u ( .nvd gexlshl fyda m%Odk fiajd k<fha isg WjdrKhla fj; c,h
,nd .ekSug k< ux (pipe line) Ndú; fõ'
f.dvke.s,a,l iEu WjdrKhla fj; u c,h imhk k< ux yd
jeoaÿïj, (fittings) tl;=j c, iemhqï moaO;sh (water supply system)
f,i ye¢kafõ'
uQ , O¾uh ( iEu c, iemhqï moaO;shl u c,h .,d hkqfha mSvkhla hgf;a h'
fuu mSvkh c, ysi (water head) u.ska fyda c, fmdïmhla u.ska
,nd Èh yels h' k<hla ;=<ska .,d hk c, mSvkh flfrys k<
ì;a;s yd k< jeoaÿï u.ska we;s lrk >¾IKh n,mdhs' >¾IKh wju
j mj;ajd .ekSfuka jeä mSvkhla ,nd.; yels fõ' fï ksid k<
ux fhdok úg ta i|yd wvq u k< È." wvq u yereï yd wvq u jeoaÿï
.Kkla fhdod .ekSfuka id¾:l c, iemhqula ,nd .; yels fõ'
tfuka u ta ta k< j¾.j,g wdfõKsl k< uQÜgq (pipe joint) j¾.
we;' fï ksid k< ux ia:dmkfha § ksjerÈ uQÜgq l%uh f;dard .;
hq;= w;r tu uQÜgq c, ldkaÿ fkdjk fia ilia l< hq;= h'
fuys § Ndú; jkqfha mS'ù'iS' (PVC) k< fyhska tu k< uQÜgq lsÍfï
uQ,O¾uh o jeo.;a h' mSùiS k< uQÜgq lrk l%u w;ßka fuys § fhdod
.kqfha ødjl fj,aäka (solvent welding) l%uh hs' fuys § ødjl isfuka;s
(solvent cement) u.ska k< fl<jr yd Bg iïnkaO jk jeoaÿï fl<jr
uDÿ lr tu fldgia fol ú,hkh (fusion) ùfuka mEiaiSu isÿ fõ'
c, lrduhla (bib tap)" kej;=ï lmdgh (stop valve) iy kdk j;=r

u,la (shower head) we;=<;a 6'3'1 rEm igyfka ±lafjk mSùiS k<
tl,i ilia lrkak'
113
0.390 m
20 mm je,ñg keïu
20 mm lmdg flfjksh
20 mm je,ñg keïu 20 mm j;=r u,
20 mm PVC k<h
20 mm lmdg flfjksh
20 mm kej;=ï lmdgh
20 mm lmdg flfjksh
25 x 20 mm W!k; flfjksh
20mm ìí lrduh
20mm lrdu flfjksh
0.150 m
25 x 20 mm W!k; à flfjksh
2.100 m
25 mm PVC k<h
0.750 m
25 x 25 mm iudk à
ìï uÜgu
rEmh 6'3'1
114
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH(

² úIalïNh ñ'ñ' 25 PVCS k< óg¾ 01
( 25 mm PVC pipe - 01 m length)
² úIalïNh ñ'ñ' 20 PVC k< óg¾ 02
( 20 mm PVC pipe - 02 m length)
² mSùiS ødjl isfuka;s ² uekqï máh - óg¾ 3

(PVC solvent cement) (measuring tape - 3 m)
² k< Íurh (pipe reamer) ² k< msi ±óu i|yd msßisÿ lmq frÈ
lene,a,la (wiping cloth)
² f,day lsh; fyda k< lmkh

² fmdg uqød (thread seal) má
(hack saw or pipe cutter)
² k< o`vq w`vqj fyda rduq uq¨ fmÜáh

(pipe vice or mitre box)
115
² ñ'ñ' 20 ìí lrdu - 01 ² ñ'ñ' 25 kej;=ï lmdg - 01

(20 mm bib tap - 01 No) (25 mm stop valve - 01 No)
² ñ'ñ' 25x20 W!k; zàZ - 01 ² ñ'ñ' 20 kdk j;=r u,a - 01

(25 x 20 mm PVC reducing tee socket - 01 No) (20 mm shower head - 01 No)
² ñ'ñ' 25x20 W!k; flfjks - 01 ² ñ'ñ' 20 je,ñg keñ - 02

(25 x 20 mm PVC reducing socket - 01 No) (20 mm PVC elbow - 02 Nos)
² ñ'ñ' 20 lmdg flfjks - 03 ² ñ'ñ' 20 lrdu flfjks - 01

(20 mm valve socket - 03 Nos) (20mm PVC faucet socket - 01 No)
l%ufõoh ( ² § we;s rEm igyk wkqj tl,i i|yd wjYH k< È. .Kkh lr ta ta k< fldgfia
lemqï È. fjk fjk u igyka lr .kak'
jeo.;a - uQÜgq jdish tl;= lrkak'
ñ'ñ' 25 k< ñ'ñ' 20 k<

ia:dkh lemqï È. ia:dkh lemqï È.
ñ'ñ' 25 à jEoaÿfï isg 25x20 mm 25x20 mm W!k; flfjksfha
W!k; flfjkssh olajd isg kej;=ï lmdgh olajd
kej;=ï lmdgh isg tl,i
uqÿfka je,ñá keïu olajd
by; je,ñá keïfï isg j;=r
u, iú lrk je,ñá keïu
olajd
116
² .Kkh lrk ,o lemqï È.g k< fldgia lmd .kak' f,day lsh; fyda
k< lmkh Ndú; lrkak'
rduq uq¨ fmÜáh Ndú;h
² lmk ,o k< fl<jrj, lgq fldfyd,a" Íurh wdOdrfhka bj;a lrkak'
msg odrh lgq fldfyd,a we;=¿ odrh lgq

bj;a lsÍu fldfyd,a bj;a lsÍu
² k< fl<jrj,a frÈ lene,af,ka msi msßisÿ lr .kak' ilia lr .;a iEu k<
fl<jrlu jeoaÿï .eUqr i,l=Kq lrkak' jeoaÿï folla tlsfklg hdj iïnkaO
lsÍu i|yd k< fldgila wjYH jk nj u;l ;nd .kak' wjYH mßÈ tu k<
fldgia o lmd ilia lr .kak'
² ñ'ñ 25 à jeoaÿu me;af;a isg k< fldgia tl,ia lrkak' iEu uqÜgqjl § u
ødjl isfuka;s m<uqfjka wdf,am l< hq;af;a mSùiS jeoaÿfï we;=¿ mDIaGfha h'
k< fl<jf¾ msg; mDIaGfha i,l=Kq l< jeoaÿï .eUqr olajd ødjl isfuka;s
fojkqj wdf,am lrkak'
117
ødjl isfuka;s wdf,am lr uQÜgq tlsfkl joaokak' jeoaÿfï uq¿ .eUqrg u
we;=¿ jk f;la k< fl<jr ;,a¨ lrkak'
uQÜgqj mEiaiSug uo fõ,djla .; jk fyhska k< fl<jr we;=¿ l< miq
;;amr 30la muK fldgia fol ;o lr w,a,df.k isákak'
² msg; ;ejÍ we;s ødjl isfuka;s msi oud bj;a lrkak'
² bial=remamq fmdg iys; Wmdx. ^ìí lrdu jeks& jEoaÿug iú lsÍfï § fmdg uqød
Ndú; lrkak'
² ish¨ u k< fldgia yd jeoaÿï tl,ia l< miq iEu uQÜgqjla u kshñ; ñkqug
tl,ia ù ;sfí±hs uek mÍlaId lrkak'
² ±ka fuu tl,i c, iemhqï moaO;shlg iïnkaO lr ldkaÿ mÍlaId l<
yels h'
² wdjqo" WmlrK yd jev ia:dkh msßisÿ lrkak'
² m%dfhda.slh lrk w;f¾ jegyS .sh lreKq fuys i|yka lrkak'
WodyrK f,i
² WmlrK yd øjHj, fodaI $ wvqmdvq ;snqKs kï tajd"
² m%dfhda.slh i|yd ,enqK ld,h
² wdjqo Ndú;fha § hï wmyiq;djka we;sjqks kï tajd
² fok ,o ñkqï iu. .e<mSu
² ldkaÿ we;akï Bg fya;=

² k< fldgiaj, lemqï È. .Kkh lsÍu myiqfjka l< yels l%u
² ødjl isfuka;s wdf,am lsÍfï l%u
118
úfYa I lrKq ( ² ødjl isfuka;s fhdod mSùiS k< uQÜgq l< miq uQÜgqj iú jk f;la
ta ;=<ska c, iemhqu fkdl< hq;= h' ødjl isfuka;s j¾.h u; fuu
ld,h fjkia fõ' fndfyda úg ødjl isfuka;s weiqreï Ndckfha
msg me;af;a fuu ld,h uqøKh lr we;'
² tla k< fl<jrla ødjl isfuka;s .d uQÜgq l< miq ta ú.iu tys
wfkla fl<jf¾ o uQÜgqj ilia lsÍfuka m<uq uQÜgqj nqre,a ùug
bv we;' k< uQÜgq lsÍfï § fï .ek ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' fuhska
je<lSug tla l%uhla jkafka uQÜgq tlla wer tlla jeoa§u h' tl,fia
w;r ueÈ uQÜgq joaok úg l<ska jeoa¥ uQÜgq iú ù ;sîu ksid ydksh
j<lS'

,l=Kq ,l=Kq lreKq
k< lemqï È. .Kkh lsÍu
² 25 x 20 mm W!kk flfjksfha isg kej;=ï lmdgh olajd 03
² kej;=ï lmdgfha isg tl,i uqÿfka je,ñg keïu olajd 03
by; je,ñg keïfï isg j;=r u, iú lrk je,ñg keïu olajd 03
.Kkh l< lemqï È.g k< fldgia lmd .ekSu 10
ls%hdj,sh lmd.;a k< fldgiaj, lgq fldfyd,a bj;a lsÍu 03
k< fldgiaj, jeoaÿï .eUqr i,l=Kq lsÍu 03
ødjl isfuka;s fhdod k< fldgia uQÜgq lsÍu 10
fmdg uqød fhdod ìí lrduh yd kej;=ï lmdgh iú lsÍu 10
k< iy jeoaÿï tfla<sh (alignment) 10
ñkqïj, ksrjoH;dj 10
c, iemhqug iïnkaO lsÍu 10
k< tl,fia c, ldkaÿ mÍlaIdj yd fodaI ksjerÈ lsÍu 05
w.h moaO;s 03
ls%hdj,sh ;=< wdrlaIl l%ufõo wkq.ukh lsÍu
tl;=j 100
119

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wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<&

m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%yh

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w'fmd'i' ^W$fm<& fndfyda úIhka i|yd m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%y

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w'fmd'i' ^W$fm<& úNd.fha § bxðfkare ;dlaIKfõoh m%Yak m;%fha nyqjrK

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m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlu msgq wxlh

iïnkaëlrK iydh ( mS' B' b¨lal=Uqr ñh" iyldr lÒldpd¾h"

rEm igyka ( ta'fla'tï uqiaks uhd

mß.Kl msgq ieliqu ( ,s,dks úl%uf.a ñh

ks m q K;dj 2 ( úÿ,s cjh W;amdokh" iïfm%aIKh" fnod yeÍu iy Ndú;h ms<sn|

bf.kq ï M,h ( ² tl,d Odß;%l wdrïNl iy Odjk fm%arK fudagrj, wka;¾.;

uQ , O¾uh ( ² m%;Hdj¾; Odrd Odß;%l wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha tl,d fma%rK

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH (

l%ufõoh ( ² m%;Hdj¾; Odrd Odß;%l wdrïNl yd Odjk j¾.fha fudagrh wdrlaIs;

² m%;sfrdaOh jeä o`.rfha tla fl<jrlg Odß;%lh fY%aKs.; jk mßÈ

² fudagrh jev nxl=j u; p,kh ùu je<elaùu i|yd Wml%uhla Ndú;

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