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 Special Functions - Solved Examples
Prof. Dr. Shoukralla, E. S.

Evaluate the Integrals

 4x
1.  (1 + x )2 dx
0
SOLUTION
Rewrite the integral via Beta Function we get
 4  1
4
x x
 (1 + x ) 2
dx =
 (1 + x ) 2
dx = B ( p, q )
0 0
where
1 5 3
p -1 = , p+q = 2  p= , q=
4 4 4
Hence
5 3
      
4
5 3
dx =B  ,  =  4   4 
x
 (1 + x ) 2
4 4  (2 )
0
***************************************************************

2 5 3
2.  sin 2 ( x) cos 2 ( x ) dx
0
SOLUTION

Let
5 7 3 5
2p−1 =  p= , 2q − 1 =  q=
2 4 2 4
Then

 7 5
     
 
2
4 4
5 3
1 7 5 1
 sin 2 ( x ) cos 2 ( x )dx = B  ,  =
2 4 4 2  (3 )
0
***************************************
 Special Functions - Solved Examples ‫ ـ‬Prof. Dr. Shoukralla, E. S.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

2
3.  tan ( x )dx
0
SOLUTION
   1 −1
2 sin ( x )
2 2
( ) ( cos ( x ) )
2 2
 tan ( x ) dx =  dx =  sin ( x ) dx = 1 B ( p, q )
0 0 cos ( x ) 0 2

where
1 3 1 1
2p −1 =  p= , 2q − 1 = − q =
2 4 2 4
Hence
  3 1
2   
1  3 1 1  4  4
 tan ( x )dx B  ,  =
2  4 4 2  ( 1)
=
0

*************************

2
4.  sin ( x ) cos ( x )dx
0
SOLUTION
We have
 
2 2 1 1 1
 sin ( x ) cos( x )dx =
 (sin( x )) 2 (cos( x )) 2 dx = 2
B ( p, q )
0 0

Let
2 p − 1 = 1  p = 3 , 2q − 1 = 1  q = 3
2 4 2 4

Then
 3 3
     
1 3 3 1 4 4
2

 sin ( x ) cos( x )dx = B  ,  =

2 4 4 2 3
0   
2
********************************
 Special Functions - Solved Examples ‫ ـ‬Prof. Dr. Shoukralla, E. S.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
 1
t2
5.  5
dt
0 (1 + t ) 2

SOLUTION
Let
1 5 3
p -1 = , p+q =  p= ,q =1
2 2 2
Then
3
 1
    (1)
2
3 
dt = B  ,1  =  2 
t

(1 + t ) 2
5
2  5
0   
2
*****************************************
a

y
4
6. a 2 − y 2 dy
0
SOLUTION
Put
y = a sin ( )  0 = a sin ( )   = 0 , a = a sin ( )   = 
2
Then

a 2
 y a − y dy =  ( a sin ( ) ) a − a sin ( ) ( a cos ( ) d )
4 2 2 2 2 2 4
0 0

2 6
a
 (sin( )) (cos( )) d = B ( p, q )
6
=a
4 2

2
0
where
5 3
2p −1 = 4 p = , 2q − 1 = 2  q =
2 2
Therefore,
5 3
a      
6 6
a 5 3 a 2 2

4 2 2
y a − y dy = B  ,  =
2 2 2 2  (4 )
0
*************************************************
7. Find
 Special Functions - Solved Examples ‫ ـ‬Prof. Dr. Shoukralla, E. S.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
J n +1 ( x )
 xn
dx

SOLUTION
Since
d
dx
(x
−n
)
Jn (x) = − x
−n
J n +1 ( x )

Then
J n+1 ( x )

x n dx ( )
dx =  x − n J n+1 ( x ) dx = −  d x − n J n ( x ) dx = − x − n J n ( x ) + C

******************************************
8. Find
J2 ( 3 x )
 x2
dx

SOLUTION
Since
1
J
−3
(x) = − J
−1
(x) − J 1 (x)
2 x 2 2

Then
J
−3
2
( x ) = − 1x 2x cos x − 2x sin x = − 2x ( cos x +xx sin x )
******************************************
9. Find
x J1 ( x ) dx
4

SOLUTION
Since

 x J ( x )dx =  x x J ( x )dx
4 2 2
1 1

Then, integrating by parts yields

u = x 2  du = 2 xdx , dv =  x 2 J 1 ( x )  dx  v = x 2 J 2 ( x )
 
Since

x J −1 ( x )dx = x J ( x ) + C
 

Then
 x  x J1 ( x )  dx = x J 2 ( x ) − 2  x J 2 ( x ) dx = x J 2 ( x ) − 2 x J 3 ( x ) + C
2 2 4 3 4 3

Putting  = 1,  = 2 , we get
4 2  3 4 2
( 
 x J1 ( x ) dx = x  x J1 ( x ) − J 0 ( x )  − 2 x  x x J1 ( x ) − J 0 ( x ) − J1 ( x )  + C
4
)
 Special Functions - Solved Examples ‫ ـ‬Prof. Dr. Shoukralla, E. S.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
= (8 − x )x J 0 ( x ) + 4 x (x − 4 )J 1 ( x ) + C
2 2 2

10. Prove That

d  x nYn ( x ) 
  = x nY
n −1 ( x )
dx
SOLUTION
Since
cos(n )J n ( x ) − J − n ( x )
Yn ( x ) =
sin (n )
Multiplying by x n and differentiating we get
d  x nYn ( x )  cos ( n ) d  x n J n ( x )  d  x n J − n ( x )
    1  
= −
dx sin ( n ) dx sin ( n ) dx
And since
d  x n J n ( x ) d  x − n J n ( x )
   
= x J n−1 ( x ) ;
n
= − x − n J n+1 ( x )
dx dx
Hence
d  x nYn ( x )  cos ( n )
   xnJ  − x n J 
n−1 ( x )  − − ( n−1) ( x ) 
= 1
dx sin ( n )  sin ( n ) 

According to the fact that

sin ( n ) = − sin ( ( n −1)  ) ,cos ( n ) = − cos ( ( n −1)  )
Then we get
d  x nYn ( x )   cos ( n − 1)  J n−1 ( x ) − J − ( n−1) ( x ) 
   = x nYn−1 ( x )
= xn 
dx  sin ( n − 1)  
*******************************************
11. Prove that
d  x − nYn ( x ) 
  = − x − nY
n +1 ( x )
dx
SOLUTION
Since
cos(n )J n ( x ) − J − n ( x )
Yn ( x ) =
sin (n )
Multiplying by x − n and differentiating we get
 Special Functions - Solved Examples ‫ ـ‬Prof. Dr. Shoukralla, E. S.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
d  x − nYn ( x )  cos ( n ) d  x − n J n ( x )  d  x − n J − n ( x )
    1  
= −
dx sin ( n ) dx sin ( n ) dx
Since
d  x n J n ( x ) d  x − n J n ( x )
   
= x J n−1 ( x ) ;
n
= − x − n J n+1 ( x )
dx dx

Hence
d  x − nYn ( x )  cos ( n )
  − x − n J   x−nJ 
n+1 ( x )  − − ( n+1) ( x ) 
= 1
dx sin ( n )  sin ( n ) 

Since
sin ( n ) = − sin ( ( n + 1)  ) ;cos ( n ) = − cos ( ( n + 1)  )
Then

d  x − nYn ( x )   cos ( n + 1)  J n+1 ( x ) − J − ( n+1) ( x ) 

 
= − x−n   = − x − nYn+1 ( x )
dx  sin ( n + 1)  
******************************************

12. Prove that

2  3  3 
J
−5
( x) =  2 − 1  cos ( x ) + sin ( x ) 
2 x  x  x 
SOLUTION
Since
J −1 ( x ) = 2 J ( x ) − J +1 ( x ) , J +1 ( x ) = 2 J ( x ) − J −1 ( x )
x x
And Substituting by  = − 3 ,  = 3 , we find that
2 2
3
2  
J 5 ( x ) = − 2 J 3 ( x ) − J 1 ( x ) = − 3 − 1 J 1 ( x ) − J 1 ( x ) − J 1 ( x )
− x  x −2
−
2
x −2 2 2  −2

And by Virtue of J 1 ( x ), J − 1 ( x ) , we get

2 2

2  3  3 
J
−5
(x) =  2 − 1  cos x + sin x 
2 x   x  x 
Also, we have
 Special Functions - Solved Examples ‫ ـ‬Prof. Dr. Shoukralla, E. S.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
3
2  
J 5 ( x ) = 2 J 3 ( x ) − J 1 ( x ) = 3  1 J 1 ( x ) − J 1 ( x ) − J 1 ( x )
xx 2 −
2
x 2 2 2  2
And by Virtue of J 1 ( x ), J − 1 ( x ) , we get
2 2

2  3  3 
J 5 (x) =
 2 − 1  sin x − cos x 
2 x   x  x 
******************************************************

13. Prove that

d  xJ ( x ) J + 1 ( x ) 
= x  J2 ( x ) − J2+ 1 ( x ) 
dx  
SOLUTION
Integrating the lift side, we have
d  xJ ( x ) J +1 ( x ) 
= J ( x ) J +1 ( x ) + xJ  ( x ) J +1 ( x ) + xJ ( x ) J +1 ( x )
dx
And by substituting xJ  ( x ), xJ +1 ( x ) from
J  ( x ) =  J ( x ) − J +1 ( x ) ; J  ( x ) = J −1 ( x ) −  J ( x )
x x

We find that
d  xJ ( x ) J +1 ( x ) 
dx
= J ( x ) J +1 ( x ) + J +1 ( x )  J ( x ) − xJ +1 ( x )  + J ( x )  xJ ( x ) − ( + 1) J +1 ( x ) 


= x J ( x ) − J +1 ( x )
2 2

***********************************************
14. Find  J 3 ( x ) dx
SOLUTION
Let

 J 3 ( x )dx =
 
x x J 3 ( x ) dx 
2 −2

Integrating by parts gives

u = x 2 , dv =  x −2 J 3 ( x )  dx , du = 2 xdx , v = − x −2J 2 ( x )
 
Hence
−2 −1 −1
 x  x J 3 ( x )  dx = − J 2 ( x ) + 2  x J 2 ( x ) dx = − J 2 ( x ) − 2 x J 1 ( x )
2

Here we gave used

 Special Functions - Solved Examples ‫ ـ‬Prof. Dr. Shoukralla, E. S.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
 x J +1 ( x )dx = − x J ( x ) + C
− −

And since
2
J +1 ( x ) = J ( x ) − J −1 ( x )
x
Then
2  −1
 J 3 ( x ) dx = −  x J1 ( x ) − J 0 ( x )  − 2 x J1 ( x ) + C = J 0 ( x ) − x J1 ( x ) + C
4

***********************************************************
15. Find
J2 (3 x)
 dx
x2
SOLUTION
Let
J 2 (3 x ) 1
I=
 dx = 9
 ( 3 x ) J 2 (3 x )
2
dx
x
2
(3 x ) 4

Putting y = 3 x  dy = 3dx , we have

dy

I = 3 y J2 ( y)
2
4
y

Integrating by parts we let

dy
u = y 2 J 2 ( y )  du = y 2 J1 ( y ) dy , dv = v = − 1
4
y 3 y3
Where

d x Jn (x)
n
= x J n
(x)
n −1
dx
Then we get
1 1 dy
3y
I=− J2 ( y) +
3  yJ 1 ( y )
y
2

Integrating by parts once again we let

dy
u = yJ1 ( y )  du = yJ 0 ( y ) dy , dv = v = − 1
2 y
y
Hence
I=−
1
3y
J2 ( y) +
1
3
− J ( y ) +  J ( y )dy
1 0

Or
 Special Functions - Solved Examples ‫ ـ‬Prof. Dr. Shoukralla, E. S.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
 
I = − 1  2 J 1 ( y ) − J 0 ( y )  + 1  − J 1 ( y ) +  J 0 ( y ) dy 
3y  y  3
1 2  1
 =−
3  (3 x )
2
+ 1

J 1
( 3 x ) +
9 x
J 0 (3 x ) + J 0 (3 x )dx

*****************************************************
16. Prove that

2

 J0 ( x cos ( )) cos ( ) d =
sin x
x
0
SOLUTION
First J 0 ( x cos  ) replacing by its equivalent infinite series and integrating we get
 
2 2 ( − 1) k ( x cos ( ) ) 2 k
 
I =  J 0 ( x cos ( ) ) cos ( ) d =     cos ( ) d
0 k =0  22 k ( k !) 
2
0 

  (− 1)k ( x )2 k 2
=   2k
 2 ( k !)
2 
 cos

2 k +1
( )d
k =0  0
Since

2  4  6  (2 k ) (k !)2
2 2k
2
 cos ( )d =
2 k +1
=
1  3  5  (2 k + 1 ) (2k + 1)!
0
Hence
 (− 1)k ( x )2 k 2 2 k (k !)2 
  
(− 1)k ( x )2 k 
I=   2k 
( )
=   
 ( ) +  k = 0  (2 k + 1)!
 
2
k =0 
2 k ! 2 k 1 !
 
(− 1)k ( x )2 k +1  sin x

1
=  =
x k = 0  (2 k + 1)!  x
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