A TEXTBOOK OF

PHARMACEUTICAL
MATHEMATICS
(Remedial Mathematics, Vol. I)

VED
4-d:\eg-math5\TIT-1CH 1 IIIrd 4-3-13
 A TEXTBOOK OF
PHARMACEUTICAL
MATHEMATICS
(Remedial Mathematics, Vol. I)
(For B.Pharmacy First Year Students)
[Strictly according to the latest syllabii of U.P.T.U., P.T.U., P.U.,
K.U.K., M.D.U., G.J.U., C.D.U., G.N.D.U., B.P.T.U., J.N.T.U.,
R.G.P.V., and other Indian Technical Universities]

By
N.P. BALI P.N. GUPTA
Formerly, Principal B.Sc. (Hons.), M.Sc.(Delhi)
S.B. College, Gurgaon M.Phil (KU), Pre.Ph.D (IIT Delhi)
Haryana Head, Deptt. of Mathematics
Indira Gandhi National College, Ladwa
Kurukshetra University
Haryana

Dr. C.P. GANDHI

(M.Sc. U.G.C.-NET, Ph.D)
Associate Professor in Mathematics,
Rayat & Bahra Institute of Engineering & Bio-technology, Kharar
Chandigarh

UNIVERSITY SCIENCE PRESS

(An Imprint of Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd.)
BANGALORE l CHENNAI l COCHIN l GUWAHATI l HYDERABAD
JALANDHAR l KOLKATA l LUCKNOW l MUMBAI l RANCHI
NEW DELHI l BOSTON, USA

VED
4-d:\eg-math5\TIT-1CH 2 IIIrd 4-3-13
2014
 CONTENTS

Chapters Pages
Syllabus (viii)–(x)

0. List of Important Formulae ... 1

1. Equations Reducible to Quadratic Equations ... 13
2. Matrices and Determinants ... 39
3. Measures of Central Tendency ... 123
4. Measurement of Angles ... 157
5. Trigonometric Functions ... 168
6. Trigonometric Functions of Sum and Difference of Angles ... 201
7. Transformation Formulae ... 211
8. Trigonometric Functions of Multiple and Sub-Multiple Angles ... 220
9. Logarithms and Its Pharmaceutical Computations ... 234
10. Analytical Plane Geometry ... 267
11. Functions and Limits ... 331
12. Differentiation ... 384
13. Integration as Inverse of Differentiation ... 467
14. Definite Integral ... 565
15*A. Evaluation of Σn, Σn2, Σn3 ... 595
15*B. Partial Fractions ... 602
Index ... 615
Tables ... (i)–(iv)

* Chapters 15A and 15B are included only in the current syllabus of P.U., Chandigarh ; M.D.U.,
Rohtak ; G.J.U., Hisar and K.U., Kurukshetra.

(v)

VED
4-d:\eg-math5\TIT-1CH 5 IIIrd 4-3-13
 OTHER BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHORS

1. A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Mathematics, Vol-I

By N.P. Bali, P.N. Gupta & Dr. C.P. Gandhi
Contents. Algebra, Measures of Central Tendency, Trigonometry, Analytical Plane
Geometry, Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, Evaluation of Σn, Σn2, Σn3, Partial
Fractions.
2. A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Mathematics, Vol-II
By N.P. Bali, P.N. Gupta & Dr. C.P. Gandhi
Contents. Differential Equations, Laplace Transform, Diagrammatical and graphical
representation of data, Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion, Moments,
Skewness and Kurtosis, Correlation and Regression. Curve Fitting, Probability and
Bayes’ theorem Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions. Sampling and Testing of
Hypothesis. Statistical Inference, ANOVA. Central Limit theorem.
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

‘‘A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Mathematics’’ has been revised by keeping in mind

the various suggestions and recommendation invited by the readers. Some more technical
examples from various university papers have been solved in this edition.
The subject matter has been made more comprehensive and lucid.
—Authors

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

‘‘A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Mathematics’’ has been written strictly according

to the latest syllabus of ‘‘Remedial Mathematics’’ for B.Pharmacy, Ist Year students of
the following technical universities of India.
* U.P.T.U., Lucknow
* G.B.T.U., Lucknow
* K.U.K.; M.D.U. ; G.J.U. ; C.D.U., Haryana
* Punjab University, Chandigarh
* P.T.U., Jalandhar
* G.N.D.U., Amritsar
* Punjabi University, Patiala
* W.B.U., Kolkata
* B.P.T.U., Orissa
* J.N.T.U., Hyderabad
* R.G.P.V., Bhopal
The above cited book has been prepared by keeping in mind the students’ capability of
solving the mathematical problems. The subject-matter has been presented in a comprehensive
and lucid way.
Suggestions and recommendations for the improvement of the book, are invited.
We hope that this book will prove to be an asset to the students.

—Authors

(vii)

VED
4-d:\eg-math5\TIT-1CH 4 IIIrd 4-3-13
 Syllabus
B.PHARMACY [REMEDIAL MATHEMATICS]
(For U.P.T.U., G.B.T.U., P.T.U., B.P.T.U., J.N.T.U., R.G.P.V.
and Other Indian Technical Universities)

1. Algebra : Equations reducible to quadratics. Simultaneous equations (linear and

quadratic). Determinants, properties of simultaneous equations by Cramer’s rule.
Matrices, definition of special kinds of matrices, arithmetic operations on matrices,
inverse of a matrix, solution of simultaneous equations by matrices. Pharmaceutical
applications of determinants and matrices. Evaluation of Σn, Σn2 and Σn3. Mensuration
and its pharmaceutical applications.
2. Measures of Central Value : Objectives and pre-requisites of an ideal measure, mean,
mode and median.
3. Trigonometry : Measurement of angle, T-ratios, addition, subtraction and
transformation formulae, T-ratios of multiple, submultiple, allied and certain angles.
Applications of logarithms in pharmaceutical computations.
4. Analytical Plane Geometry : Cartesian co-ordinates, distance between two points,
area of triangle, locus of a point, straight line, slope and intercept form, double-intercept
form, slope-point and two point form, general equation of first degree.
5. Differential Calculus : Limits and functions, differential coefficient, differentiation of
standard functions including function of a function (Chain rule). Differentiation of implicit
functions, logarithmic differentiation, parametric differentiation, successive
differentiation.
6. Integral Calculus : Integration as inverse of differentiation, indefinite integrals of
standard forms, integration by parts, substitution and partial fractions, formal evaluation
of definite integrals.

(viii)

VED
4-d:\eg-math5\TIT-1CH 7 IIIrd 4-3-13
 Syllabus
B.PHARMACY [REMEDIAL MATHEMATICS]
(K.U.K., M.D.U., G.J.U., C.D.U., P.U. and
Other Indian Technical Universities)

Section A
1. Algebra : Revision of equations reducible to quadratics and simultaneous equations
(linear and quadratic) up to two variables only.
Determinants and their six important properties, solution of simultaneous equations
by Cramer’s rule. Matrices. Definition of special matrices (like unit, singular , diagonal
matrices etc.), arithmetic operation on matrices, transpose, adjoint, reciprocal and inverse
of a matrix, solution of simultaneous equations using matrices. Partial fractions and
resolution of linear and quadratic (non-repeated) partial functions. Evaluation of Σn,
Σn2 and Σn3. Pharmaceutical applications.
2. Trigonometry : Revision on angle measurement and T-ratios. Addition, subtraction
and transformation formulae. T-ratio of multiple, sub-multiple and allied angles. Solution
of simple trigonometric identities based on above concepts. Pharmaceutical application
of logarithms.
3. Analytical Plane Geometry : Cartesian co-ordinates, distance between two points,
area of triangle, locus of point, straight line, slope and intercept form, general equation
of first degree.
Section B
4. Differential Calculus : Limits and functions, differential coefficient, differentiation of
standard functions, including function of a function (Chain rule). Differentiation of
implicit functions, logarithmic differentiation, parametric differentiation, elements of
successive differentiation.
5. Integral Calculus : Integration as inverse of differentiation, indefinite integrals of
standard forms, integration by parts, by partial fractions and substitution. Formal
evaluation of definite integrals.
6. Differential Equations : Definition and formation of ordinary differential equations,
equations of first order and first degree, variable separable, homogeneous equations,
linear equations (Leibnitz form) and differential equations reducible to these types.
Linear differential equations of order greater than one with constant coefficients ,
complementary function and particular integrals of ex, xm, sin (ax + b) or cos (ax + b)
types of functions, solution of simple simultaneous linear differential equations.
Pharmaceutical transforms.
7. Laplace Transforms : Definition, properties of linearity and shifting, transforms of
elementary functions (without proof) and inverse Laplace transforms not involving
Euler’s theorem, transforms of derivatives, solutions of ordinary and simultaneous
differential equations.

(ix)

VED
4-d:\eg-math5\TIT-1CH 8 IIIrd 4-3-13
 Section C
8. Pharmaceutical Statistics : Concept, mathematical computations (wherever applicable
and pharmaceutical applications (wherever possible) on :
9. Significant digits and rounding-off numbers, collection of primary and secondary data
through experiments of surveys sampling and complete enumeration survey, merits
and limitations of various random and non-random sampling methods, data organisation
including frequency distributions and tabulation, diagramatic representations of data
organization including frequency distributions and tabulation, diagrammatic
representations of data, simple, multiple, sub-divided and floating bar diagrams, pie
diagrams, 2-D and 3-D pictographic representation, graphs of frequency distributions.
10. Measures of central tendency, ideal characteristics, mean, median, mode, G.M., H.M.
and weighted arithmetic mean from discrete and continuous frequency distribution,
quartiles, deciles and percentiles, measures of dispersion, range, quartile deviation,
mean deviation, standard deviation, calculation of standard deviation from discrete and
continuous frequency distributions, standard error of means, coefficient of variation.
11. Probability and events. Bayes’ theorem, probability theorems, probability distribution,
elements of Binomial, Poisson and Normal distribution, Normal distribution curve and
properties, calculation of areas under Normal curve and standard Normal curve (Z
statistic), confidence limits, deviations from normality, kurtosis and skewness, elements
of Central Limit theorem.
12. Linear correlation and regression analysis, scatter plots, methods of least squares.
Pearsonian coefficients of correlation and determination, definitions of amount of
explained variance, standard error of estimate and significance of regression (F).
13. Statistical inference, type I and II errors, t-test (paired and unpaired)
Note. (i) Each question will carry 16 marks. Candidates will be required to attempt at least one
question from each of the three Sections and remaining two from any Section(s).

A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Mathematics has two volumes, namely,

Vol. I and Vol. II. The first volume covers unit-1 to unit-5 and its second
volume covers unit-6 to unit-13.

(x)

VED
4-d:\eg-math5\TIT-1CH 9 IIIrd 4-3-13
 0
List of Important Formulae
1. Some useful constants
e = 2.7183 loge π = 1.447
π = 3.1416 loge 2 = 0.6931
2 = 1.414 loge 3 = 1.0986
3 = 1.732 loge 10 = 2.3026
10 = 3.162 log10 e = 0.4343
1 radian = 57°17′ 44.8″
1° = 0.0174 radian
2. Some conversion factors
1 ft. = 30.48 cm = 0.3048 m 1 H.P. = 0.7457 kw
1 inch = 2.54 cm Fº = Cº × 1.8 + 32
1 cm = 0.3937 inch 1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3
1 m = 100 cm = 3.2804 ft. 1 m3 = 35.32 ft3
1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2 1 gallon = 3785.43 cm3
1 acre = 4840 yd2 = 4046.77 m2 1 Joule = 107 ergs
3. Some useful indeterminant forms
Zero 0
(i) =0 e.g., =0
Non-zero 8
Non-zero 8
(ii) =∞ e.g., =∞
zero 0
(iii) a ∞ =%&∞, a > 1
e∞ = ∞
' 1, a = 1
e.g.,

1∞ = 1
(iv) log ∞ = ∞
log 0 = – ∞
1 1
(v) e– ∞ = ∞ = =0
e ∞
f ( x) 0 ∞
L¢ Hospital Rule. If Lt = or form,
x→a g ( x) 0 ∞
then f ( x) f ′ ( x)
Lt = Lt
x → a g ( x) x → a g ′ ( x)

1
2 A TEXTBOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL MATHEMATICS—I

4. Nature of roots
(a) The roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, 0 ≠ a, b, c ∈ R, are given by
− b ± b2 − 4 ac
x= .
2a
(i) If b2 – 4ac > 0, then the roots are real and distinct.
(ii) If b2 – 4ac = 0, the roots are real and equal.
(iii) If b2 – 4ac < 0, the roots are non-real and distinct.
(b) The quadratic equation whose roots are α, β, is given by x2 – Sx + P = 0,
where S = sum of roots, P = product of roots.
5. Sequences and series
(i) nth term of an A.P. (Arithmetical Progression) Tn is given by
Tn = a + (n – 1) d, where a = first term, d = common difference
(ii) Sum of n terms of an A.P. is given by
n
Sn = (2a + (n – 1) d)
2
n
or Sn = (a + a + (n – 1) d)
2
n
= (a + l), where l = last term = a + (n – 1) d.
2
(iii) nth term of G.P. (Geometrical Progression) is given by
Tn = arn – 1, where a = first term, r = common ratio
(iv) Sum of n terms of G.P. is given by
a(1 − r n ) a(r n − 1)
Sn = or , r≠1
1− r r−1
(v) Sum of Infinite G.P. is given by
a
S∞ = , where a = first term, r = common ratio.
1− r
n(n + 1)
(vi) 1 + 2 + 3 + ....... + n = Σn =
2
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
(vii) 12 + 22 + 32 + ....... + n2 = Σn2 =
6

 n(n + 1)  2
(viii) 13 + 23 + 33 + ....... + n3 = Σn3 =
 2 
6. Binomial theorem
(i) If n is a + ve integer, then for all values of a and x,
(a + x)n = nC0 an + nC1 an –1 x + nC2 an – 2 x2 + nC3 an – 3 x3 + ....... + nCn xn
(ii) If n is – ve integer or fraction, then
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1) (n − 2) 3
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + ....... , provided | x | < 1
2! 3!
LIST OF IMPORTANT FORMULAE 3

(iii) (1 + x)–1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + x4 – ....... ∞

(iv) (1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + ....... ∞
(v) (1 + x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + ........ ∞
(vi) (1 – x)–2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ..........∞
7. Permutations and Combinations formulae
n! n!
(i) nPr = , (ii) nCr =
(n − r ) ! r !(n − r) !
(iii) nC0 = 1, (iv) nCn = 1
n(n − 1)
(v) nC1 = n, (vi) nC2 =
2!

n(n − 1) (n − 2)
(vii) nC3 = , and so on
3!
(viii) nCr = nCn – r e.g., 8C
7 = 8 C1 = 8
8. Identities
(i) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
(ii) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
(iii) If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0
(iv) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(v) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
(vi) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
(vii) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
(viii) a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
(ix) a2 + b2 = (a + ib) (a – ib)
9. Logarithms
(i) Natural logarithm : loge x, generally denoted as log x
(ii) Common logarithm : log10 x (iii) log mn = log m + log n
m
(iv) log = log m – log n (v) log mn = n log m
n
log a
(vi) loga b = (vii) log10 e = 0.43429
log b
(viii) log π = 0.49715 (ix) loge 10 = 2.30259
(x) loga 1 = 0 (xi) loga 0 = – ∞, a > 1
10. Complex numbers
If z = x + iy ; x, y ∈ R, then
(i) z = x – iy
(ii) | z | = (Re( z)) 2 + (Im( z)) 2
2
(iii) z z = | z |
4 A TEXTBOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL MATHEMATICS—I

(iv) Polar form of z is given by

z = r(cos θ + i sin θ), ...(1) where θ = arg z or amp z
If the value of θ satisfies – π < θ ≤ π,
then θ = Amp (z) or Arg (z) and the form (1) is called the standard form of z.
11. Mensuration
(i) Area of triangle = s( s − a) (s − b) ( s − c)
a+b+c
where s = and a, b, c are the sides of the triangle. a
2 c

x2 y2
(ii) Area of an ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1 is given by
a b
Area = πab b

(iii) Area of a circle x + y = r2 is given by

2 2

Area = πr2
(iv) Volume of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = R2 is given by
4
V= πR3 Y
3
and surface area of this sphere is given by
S = 4πR2
1 2 h
(v) Volume of right circular cone = πr h
3
Curved surface area of the right circular cone r
A
O
2
= πr r + h . 2
Right circular cone
(vi) Volume of right circular cylinder = πr2h
Curved surface area of the right circular cylinder = 2πrh.

12. Trigonometry h
(i) cos 0° = 1 sin 90° = 1
3 3
cos 30° = sin 60° = r
2 2
1 1
cos 45° = sin 45° =
2 2
1 1
cos 60° = sin 30° =
2 2
cos 90° = 0 sin 0° = 0
(ii) sin (nπ + θ) = (– 1)n sin θ, n ∈ Z
cos (nπ + θ) = (– 1)n cos θ, n ∈ Z
cos nπ = (– 1)n, n ∈ Z
sin nπ = 0, n ∈ N
 A Textbook Of Pharmaceutical
Mathematics Vol-I

40%
OFF

Author : N. P. Bali, P. N.
Publisher : Laxmi Publications ISBN : 9788131807798
Gupta, C. P. Gnadhi

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/11787

Get this eBook