PRECALCULUS 2 | SOLID GEOMETRY | SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021

Module 3
Lesson 1: Introduction to Polyhedron
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After careful study of this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
 Identify the general types and properties of Polyhedron;
 Derive and understand the Volume and Surface area;
 Know other similar polyhedron; and
 Solve problems about polyhedron.

1.1 Introduction
Polyhedrin is a three-dimensional figure with flat surfaces, straight edges and vertices. It comes from
the Greek word poly which means many and hedron which means base. A solid figure, unlike plane figures,
occupies space and has thickness. The combination of planes in a specific manner make up a polyhedron.
Basically, the eight types of solid figures are:
a. Prisms: a solid figure made up of two parallele bases that are congruent plane figures and whose
distance with each other are constant at any corresponding points on the two pane;
b. Pyramids: a solid whose base can be any kind of polygon that converges to a single point at the top;
c. Frustum: a solid figure which is a portion of a cone or pyramid;
d. Prismatoid: a solid figure with 2 parallel non-congruent bases and whose lateral faces are
quadrilaterals and triangles;
e. Truncated prisms: a solid figure with bases of prism that are not parallel;
f. Spheres: a ball-like solid figure in which every point on the sphere is equidistant to the center.
g. Regular solids and
h. Irregular solids

1.2 Introduction
a. Face
It is a plane that is commonly connected to other planes and bounding
a space forming the solid figure.
b. Edge
It is a segment connected with other segment forming an enclosed
figure which is the face of the polyhedron.
c. Vertex
It is a point connecting two or more edges of the polyhedron.
d. Diagonal
It is a segment formed by connecting two non-coplanar vertices of the polyhedron.

1.3 Volume and Surface Area

If perimeter and area are two important considerations for a two-dimensional figure, it is a
Volume and Surface Area now that is important for a three dimensional figure. Volume is the amount
of space occupied by a solid and is usually measured in cubic units. Each type of solid has its
corresponding formula in calculating for the volume. Moreover, the surface area is the total area of
all the faces of a given solid and is measured in terms of square units.

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1.4 Volume and Surface Area

To know if two solids are similar, they must achieve the following:
a. They must be of exactly the same type of polyhedron (e.g. if one solid is a hexagonal prism, the
other must be a hexagonal prism also, not any other kind of prism).
b. Their corresponding dimensions must be proportional.
If the two solids are similar, then the following conditions apply:
Proportional Areas
𝐴1 𝑏1 2
= ( )
𝐴2 𝑏2
Proportional Areas
𝑉1 𝑏1 2
= ( )
𝑉2 𝑏2
where: A1 and A2 are the areas of the two solids;
V1 and V2 are the volumes of the two solids;
b1 and b2 are the length of any corresponding sides of the two solids.
EXAMPLES
1. If one side of a certain solid is 8 while for a similar solid it is 3, find the volume of the larger of the two
solids if the volume of the smaller solid is 1331 cubic units.
Let V1 is the volume of the larger solid;
V2 is the volume of the larger solid;
b1 length of one side of the larger solid; and
b2 length of one side of the smaller solid;
𝑉1 𝑏1 2
= ( )
𝑉2 𝑏2
𝑉1 8 2
= ( )
1331 3
512
𝑉1 = (1331)
327
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓, 𝟐𝟑𝟗. 𝟕 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒊𝒄 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
2. Find the ratio of length of the sides of two solids if the area of the smaller of the two is 75% smaller
that the larger solids.
Let As is the area of the small solid;
AL is the area of the larger solid.
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝐿 − 75%(𝐴𝐿 )
𝐴𝑠 = 25%(𝐴𝐿 ) 𝑒𝑞. 1
2
𝐴𝑠 𝑏𝑠
= ( )
𝐴𝐿 𝑏𝐿
0.25 𝐴𝐿 𝑏𝑠 2
= ( )
𝐴𝐿 𝑏𝐿
𝒃𝒔
= 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒃𝑳

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Exercise 3-7. Polyhedron

Name: __________________________________________________________ Rating: _______________
Course | Year | Block: ______________________________ Date Submitted: _______________________
Direction: Solve the following and write your complete solution.
1. Find the ratio of the surface areas of the larger to smaller polyhedron if the volumes are having a
ratio of 27:64.
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2. Find the length of the shortest side of a certain solid with surface are of 144 sq. units if it is similar
to a solid with sides 3,5,8 and 12 with surface area of 169 sq. units.
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Illustration:
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When the areas of corresponding faces of two solids are divided, the quotient is 81. Find the ratios
of their volumes.
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Illustration:
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 PRECALCULUS 2 | SOLID GEOMETRY | SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021

Lesson 2: Prisms and Cylinders

After careful study of this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
 Define Prims and cylinders;
 Derive and understand the Volume and Surface area;
 Solve problems in prisms and cylinders.

2.1 Introduction
A solid is said to be prismatic or cylindrical if every cutting plane parallel to base are the same
in both shape and size. If the base is a closed polygon the solid is a prism, whereas, the solid is a
cylinder if the base is a closed loop of a curve line. The name of the prism and cylinder is according
to the shape of its base. A prism with a pentagon base is called a pentagonal prism and a cylinder
of circular base is called circular cylinder. The volume of these two solids is given by the formula,
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ
Where V = volume, Ab = area of the base and h = altitude.

2.2. The Prism

Prism is a polyhedron in which two faces are equal polygons in parallel planes, and all other
faces are parallelograms. There are two types of prism; oblique prism and right prism. Oblique
prism is when the axis is not perpendicular to the base and right prism if the axis is parallel to the
base. In right prism, all lateral areas are rectangle.

Formulas:
a. Volumes
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐴𝑅 𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ
b. Lateral Area
𝐴𝐿 = 𝑃𝑅 𝐿
where: V = volume of the prism;
AR = area of the right section;
L = length of the lateral side;
Ab = area of the base;
h = altitude;
AL = area of the lateral side;
PR = Perimeter of the right section;
Note that for right prism, AL = area of the lateral side;

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The area of the base of a prism depends in what type of polygon it is. For example, if the base
is a regular polygon, then, we need to use the formula for the area of a regular polygon.

Name of a Prism
The name of a prism is according to the shape its base and according to the orientation of the
axis. The naming according to orientation of the axis is specifically used for right prism. Example, if
the base of the prism is a pentagon like the figure above, it is called pentagonal prism. If the base is
a regular pentagon, then the name of the prism is regular pentagonal prism. If the shape of the base
is a regular pentagon and the axis of the prism is perpendicular to the base, the prism is called right
regular pentagonal prism. However, if the problem will just mention pentagonal prism without
specifying regular pentagon or right, it is most of the time a right regular pentagonal prism.

Elements of a Prism

a. Base: Prism has two equal parallel bases, the upper and lower
base. The area of the base is denoted by Ab.
b. Altitude: The perpendicular distance distance between the
upper and lower bases and is denoted by h.
c. Axis: The line that connects the centroid of upper and lower
bases. The length of axis is equal to the length of the lateral
edge.
d. Lateral edge: Lateral are or lateral side is a line that connects
the corresponding vertices of the bases. Edge in general is the
line made by the intersection of two faces. Lateral edge is the
line formed by the intersection of two lateral faces.
e. Lateral Area: Area of the side of the prism, it is denoted by A L.
f. Right Section: Right section is the section made by a cutting plane that is perpendicular to the
axis of the prism. The area of the right section is denoted by A R.
g. Vertex: it is a point formed by the intersection of three or more edges. Note that at least three
edges must intersect to define the vertex of a solid.

Common Prisms: Cube and Rectangular Parallelepiped

There are two very common prisms; the cube and rectangular parallelepiped. In non-mathematical
term, both are called box.
a. Cube
Cube is one of the Platonic Solids and is called regular hexahedron. It is a polyhedron
whose six faces are all squares.
Properties of Cube
1. All edges of a cube are equal in length.
2. All faces of the cube are congruent squares.
sFormulas:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑉) = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ = 𝑎3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴) = 6𝑎2
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑑) = 𝑎√2
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑠) = 𝑎√3
b. Rectangular Parallelepiped (Cuboid)
All faces of rectangular parallelepiped are rectangles and two opposite faces are
equal rectangles.
Properties of Rectangular Parallelepiped
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1. Parallel edges of rectangular are equal in length

2. Any two opposite faces of rectangular parallelepiped are equal and parallel rectangles.
Formulas:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑉) = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ = 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴) = 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐)
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑑1 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑑2 = √ 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
𝑑3 = √ 𝑎 2 + 𝑐 2

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑠) = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2

a. Cylinder
Cylinder is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel planes.

Properties of a cylinder
1. The bounding cylindrical surface of a cylinder is called the lateral
surface, and the two bounding parallel planes are called the bases. The
area of the lateral surface is denoted by AL and the area of the base is
denoted by Ab.
2. The bases of a cylinder are equal.
3. The altitude of the cylinder is the perpendicular distance between the
bases. It is denoted by h.
4. Every section parallel to the base is equal to the base.
5. Any two parallel sections, neither of which cuts a base are congruent.
6. The right section is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The area
of the right section is denoted as AR.
7. Axis of the cylinder is the line that connects the centroids of bases. The length of the axis is equal to the
length of the element. it is deoted as L.
8. For right cylinder, the area of the right section is equal to the area of the base and the length of the axis is
equal to the altitude.
Formulas:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑉) = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴𝐿 ) = 𝑃𝑅 𝐿

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Where, V = volume of the cylinder; AR = area of the right section; L = length of the lateral side; Ab =
area of the base; h = altitude and AL = area of the lateral side; PR = perimeter of the base
Note that for right cylinder, AR = Ab and L = h.
b. The Right Circular Cylinder
A right circular cylinder is a cylinder whose base is a circle and whose elements are perpendicular
to its base.

Properties of a Right Circular Cylinder

a. The axis of a right circular cylinder is the line joining the centers of the bases.
b. For any oblique or non-oblique sections which do not pass any one base, the center of which is at
the axis.
c. A right circular cylinder can be formed by revolving a rectangle about one side as axis of revolution.
d. Every section of a right circular cylinder made by a cutting plane containing two elements and
parallel to the axis is a rectangle.

Formulas:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝐴𝑏 ) = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜋
= (𝑑)2
4
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴𝐿 ) = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
= 𝜋𝐷ℎ
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑉) = 𝐴𝑏 ℎ
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝜋
= (𝑑)2 (ℎ)
4
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠) = 𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴𝐿
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑑) = 𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐿
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠) = 𝐴 𝑇 = 2𝐴𝐵 + 2𝐴𝐿

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EXAMPLES:
a. A vegetable bin built in the form of a cube with an edge of 6 ft. is divided by a vertical partition which
passes through two diagonally opposite edges. Find the lateral surface of either compartment.
Solution:
𝑑 = √62 + 62
𝑑 = 6√2
𝐴1 = 6(6)
𝐴1 = 36𝑓𝑡 2 side and front
𝐴2 = 6𝑑 = 6(6√2)
𝐴2 = 36√2𝑓𝑡 2 diagonal
Required lateral area,
𝐴 = 2𝐴1 + 𝐴2
𝐴 = 2(36) + 36√2
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 𝒇𝒕𝟐

b. Find the angles that the diagonals of the rectangular parallelepiped 2 in. by 3 in. by 4 in. makes with
the faces.
Solution:
Angle made by the diagonal to the 4 in. by 3 in. faces
2
tan 𝛼 =
𝑥
2
tan 𝛼 =
√42 + 32

𝛼 = 210 48′

Angle made by the diagonal to the 4 in. by 2 in. faces

2
tan ß =
𝑦
3
tan ß =
√42 + 22

𝛼 = 330 51′

Angle made by the diagonal to the 3 in. by 2 in. faces

4
tan ø =
𝑧
4
tan ø =
√32 + 22

𝛼 = 470 58′

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c. Find the volume of a right decagonal prism with each side of the regular decagon base measuring
10 cm and height of 15 cm.

The polyhedron is a regular decagon, then, the formula to be used for the area if the regular
polygon.
1
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑎𝑛
2
But,
𝑏 ø
𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2

1
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑎𝑛
2
1 𝑏 ø
𝐴 = 𝑏 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑛
2 2 2
2 ø
𝑏 (𝑛)(𝑡𝑎𝑛 2)
𝐴=
4
The interior angle of the decagon,
3600
0
ø = 180 −
𝑛
0
0
360
ø = 180 −
10
ø = 1440
The area of the decagon,
1440
(10𝑐𝑚)2 (10)(𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 )
𝐴=
4
𝐴 = 769.42𝑐𝑚2
Solving for the volume,
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚 = 769.42𝑐𝑚2 (15𝑐𝑚)
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟏. 𝟑 𝒄𝒎𝟑
d. A closed cylindrical tank measures 12 ft. long and 5 ft. in diameter. It has to contain water to a depth
of 3 ft when lying in the horizontal position. Find the depth of water when it is in vertical position.
Solution:

1 0.5
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ø) =
2 2.5
1
(ø) = 78.4630
2
(ø) = 159.1260
𝛼 = 3600 − ø = 3600 − 159.9260
𝛼 = 203.0740
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Area of cross section,

1
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑟 2 (𝛼𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ø𝑑𝑒𝑔 )
2
1 𝜋
𝐴𝑏 = (2.5) (203.0740 𝑥
2
0
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛156.9260 )
2 180
𝐴𝑏 = 12.3𝑓𝑡 2
Volume of water,
𝑉𝑤 = 𝐴𝑏 𝐿 == 12.3 (12)
𝑉𝑤 = 147.61𝑓𝑡 3

Depth of water in vertical position,

𝑉𝑤 = 𝑟 2 𝜋ℎ
147.61 = (2.5)2 𝜋ℎ
𝒉 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟏𝟖 𝒇𝒕

e. Find the height of a square prism if its volume is 176 sq. units with one side of the square equal to
4 units.
Solving for the area of the square base:
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑏2
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = (4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)2
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 16 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
Substituting to the volume formula:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (ℎ)
176 = 16(ℎ)
𝒉 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
f. Find the volume of an oblique cylinder whose diameter is 6 cm and whose lateral height is 13 cm
inclined at 300 with respect to the horizontal.
Solving for the area of the circular base:
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2

6 𝑐𝑚 2
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝜋 ( )
2
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝜋(3𝑐𝑚)2
𝑨𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟗𝝅𝒄𝒎𝟐
Solving for the volume:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)𝑆𝑖𝑛(ø)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚 = 9𝜋𝑐𝑚2 (13 𝑐𝑚)𝑠𝑖𝑛(300 )
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒎 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖. 𝟕𝟖 𝒄𝒎𝟐

a. Surface Area of a Prism

The Surface area of a prism is the sum of the area of the two bases and its lateral faces. The
number of lateral faces of a prism depends on the number of sides that the bases have. Notice that
the lateral faces of prism will always be rectangular.

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 PRECALCULUS 2 | SOLID GEOMETRY | SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021

𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟐𝑨𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 + ∑ 𝑨𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍

Lateral Surface
a. If base is a regular polygon (with n sides of length b)
∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝑎𝑛ℎ
b. If the base is rectangle (with dimension L and W)
∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 2𝐿ℎ + 2𝑊ℎ
c. If base is triangle (with sides a, b and c)
∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝑎ℎ + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑐ℎ
d. If base is a circle (with radius r)
∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

EXAMPLE
a. Find the surface area of a right decagonal prism with each side of the regular decagon base
measuring 10 cm and a height of 15 cm.
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + ∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
Area of decagon,
ø
𝑏2 (𝑛)(𝑡𝑎𝑛 2)
𝐴=
4
1440
(10𝑐𝑚)2 (10)(𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝐴= 2 )
4
𝑨𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟕𝟔𝟗. 𝟒𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐
Area of lateral faces,
∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝑎𝑛ℎ

∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = (10𝑐𝑚)(10)(15𝑐𝑚)

∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 1500𝑐𝑚2

Surface area,
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + ∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2(769.42𝑐𝑚2 ) + (1500 𝑐𝑚2 )
𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟖. 𝟖𝟒 𝒄𝒎𝟐
b. Find the amount of aluminum metal in sq. meters that is needed to make a 12 m tall cylinders of 3
m radius if the top circular cover is left open.
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Solution: Area of the circular base:

𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝜋(3𝑐𝑚)2
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = (3𝜋𝑐𝑚)2
Lateral area:
∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 2𝜋(3𝑐𝑚)(12𝑚)

∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 72𝜋𝑚2

Surface Area
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + ∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 9𝜋𝑚2 + 72𝜋 𝑚2
𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟖𝟏𝝅 𝒎𝟐

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Exercise 3-8. Prisms and Cylinders

Name: __________________________________________________________ Rating: _______________
Course | Year | Block: ______________________________ Date Submitted: _______________________
Direction: Solve the following and write your complete solution.
1. Find the volume and surface are of a triangle prism with an isosceles base having sides of 3,3 and
4. The altitude of the prism is 7.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Solve for the height of a hexagonal prism it its volume is 400 cm2 and one side of the hexagon is
4.5 cm.
______________________________________________________________________________
Illustration:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. The volume of a rectangular prism is 48 cubic units. If the length of the base is one third of its width
and it height is 4 units, find the dimension of its base.
______________________________________________________________________________
Illustration:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. The volume of a rectangular prism is 37.5 and the surface is 70. If the width of the base is half of
the height, find the dimensions of the rectangular prism.
______________________________________________________________________________
Illustration:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson 3: Cones and Pyramids

After careful study of this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
 Define pyramids and cones;
 Derive and understand the Volume and Surface area of the two polyhedron;
 Solve problems in pyramids and cones.

3.1. Pyramid
A pyramid is a polyhedron with a polygon base of any shape, and all other faces are triangles which
have common vertex. It has at least three lateral surfaces and a total of at least four faces. The name
pyramid depends on the type of base that it has. For example, if the base of the pyramid is a square, then it
is a square pyramid. The given figure below is a square pyramid.

Properties of a Pyramid
1. The lateral faces are all triangles meeting at
the vertex of the pyramid
2. The altitude of the pyramid is shortest
distance between the vertex and the base. It is the
drop distance from the vertex perpendicular to the
base.
3. If a cutting plane parallel to the base will pass
through the pyramid, the smaller pyramid thus formed is similar to the original pyramid. By similar
solids,
𝐴𝑏 ℎ 2
=
𝐴𝑦 𝑦 2
4. If two pyramids have equal base area and equal altitude, any section made by a cutting plane
parallel to the base are equal. From the figure, if Ab1=Ab2 then Ay1=Ay2.
5. The pyramid is said to be a right pyramid if the vertex is directly above the centroid of the base,
otherwise it is an oblique pyramid.

Name of a Pyramid
The name of a pyramid is according to its base. If the base is square, it is called square pyramid,
and if the base is pentagon, it is called pentagonal pyramid. Triangular pyramid is also called
tetrahedron.

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Formulas for Pyramid

Area of the base, Ab
The area of the base is according to the shape of the base polygon. There is no specific formula for
this except for regular pyramids.
Lateral Area, AL
The lateral area of the pyramid is equal to the sum of the areas of lateral faces that are triangles.
There is no specific formula for this except for right regular pyramids.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴 𝑇 ) = 𝐴𝑏 + 𝐴𝐿
1
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑉) = 3 𝐴𝑏 ℎ

3.2 Regular Pyramid

A regular pyramid is one whose base is a regular polygon whose center coincides with the foot of
the perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the base.

Properties of a Regular Pyramid

1. The edges of a regular pyramid are equal; it is denoted by e.
2. The lateral faces of a regular pyramid are congruent isosceles triangles (see figure).
3. The altitudes of the lateral faces of a regular pyramid are equal. It is the slant height of the regular
pyramid and is denoted by L.
4. The altitude of the regular pyramid is perpendicular to the base. It is equal to length of the axis and
is denoted by h.
5. The vertex of regular pyramid is directly above the center of its base when the pyramid is oriented
as shown in the figure.
6. If a cutting plane is passed parallel to the base of regular pyramid, the pyramid cut off is a regular
pyramid similar to the original pyramid.

Formula for regular pyramid

Area of the base (note: the base is a regular polygon), Ab
𝑛
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑥𝑟
2
𝑛 2
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛ø
2

Area of one Lateral Face, A1

𝐴1 = 𝑥𝐿

Lateral Area, AL
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𝐴𝐿 = 𝑛𝐴1
𝑛
𝐴𝐿 = 𝑥𝐿
2
𝑃𝐿
𝐴𝐿 =
2
1
𝐴𝐿 = 𝑥𝑛𝐿
2

Total Area, AT
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑏 + 𝐴𝐿
Length of lateral edge, e
𝑒 = √𝑅 2 + ℎ 2
Slant height, L
𝐿 = √𝑟 2 + ℎ 2
𝑥 2
𝐿 = √𝑒 2 + ( )
2
Volume, V
1
𝑉= 𝐴 ℎ
3 𝑏
𝑛
𝑉 = 𝑥𝑟ℎ
6
𝑛 2
𝑉 = 𝑅 ℎ𝑠𝑖𝑛ø
6

Where
Ab = area of the base (regular polygon)
A1 = area of one lateral face
AL = lateral area
AT = total area
x = length of side of the base
h = altitude of pyramid (this is the length of axis of the pyramid)
L = slant height of pyramid (this is the altitude of triangular face)
P = perimeter of the base
e = length of lateral edge
For x, R, r, n, and θ, see The Regular Polygon.

3.3. The Regular Tetrahedron

Regular tetrahedron is one of the regular polyhedrons. It is a triangular pyramid whose faces are all
equilateral triangles.
Properties of a Regular Tetrahedron
1. There are four faces of regular tetrahedron, all of which are equilateral triangles.
2. There are a total of 6 edges in regular tetrahedron, all of which are equal in length.
3. There are four vertices of regular tetrahedron, 3 faces meets at any one vertex.
4. A regular tetrahedron can circumscribe a sphere that is tangent to all the faces of the
tetrahedron.
5. A regular tetrahedron can be inscribed in a sphere that passes through all the vertices of
tetrahedron.
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6. The center of the inscribed sphere, the center of the circumscribing sphere, and the center of
the regular tetrahedron itself are coincidence.

Formulas for Regular Tetrahedron

Area of one face, Ab
1 2
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛ø
2
1 √3
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑎 2 ( )
2 2
√3
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑎 2 ( )
4
Total area, AT
𝐴 𝑇 = 4𝐴𝑏
√3
𝐴 𝑇 = 4𝑎2
4
2
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑎 √3
Slant height, L
𝐿 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛600
√3
𝐿 = 𝑎( )
2
𝑎√3
𝐿=
2

Altitude, h
2 2
( 𝐿) + ℎ2 = 𝑎2
3
4 2
𝐿 + ℎ2 = 𝑎2
9
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2
4 𝑎√3
( ) + ℎ2 = 𝑎2
9 2
4 3
( )(𝑎 )2 + ℎ 2 = 𝑎 2
9 4
1 2
𝑎 + ℎ2 = 𝑎2
3
2
ℎ2 = 𝑎2
3
2
ℎ = 𝑎√
3

2 3
ℎ = 𝑎√ 𝑥
3 3

6
ℎ = 𝑎√
9
√𝟔
𝒉=𝒂
𝟑

Volume, V
1
𝑉= 𝐴 ℎ
3 𝑏
1 𝑎 2 √3 𝑎2 √6
𝑉= ( )( )
3 4 3
𝑎 3 √18
𝑉=
36
3
𝑎 √9(2)
𝑉=
3(12)
𝑎 3 3√2
𝑉=
3(12)
𝒂𝟑 √𝟐
𝑽=
𝟏𝟐
Examples:
a. Find the height of a square pyramid it its volume is 176 sq. units with one side of the square
equal to 4 units.
Solution:
Area of base,
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑏2
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = (4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)2

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𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 16 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 π
Volume formula,
1
𝑉= 𝐴 ℎ
3 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
1
176 = (16)ℎ
3
𝒉 = 𝟑𝟑 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
b. Find the volume of an oblique cone whose diameter is 6 cm and whose lateral height is 13 cm
inclined at 300 with respect to the horizontal.
Solution:
Area of the circular base,
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2
6𝑐𝑚 2
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝜋 ( )
2
𝑨𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟗𝝅𝒄𝒎𝟐
Volume,
1
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)(𝑠𝑖𝑛ø)
3
1
𝑉 = 9𝜋𝑐𝑚2 (13𝑐𝑚)(𝑠𝑖𝑛300 )
3
𝑽 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝒄𝒎𝟐

c. The diameter of a sphere is 18 in. Find the largest volume of regular pyramid of altitude 15 in.
that can be cut from the sphere if the pyramid is (a) square, (b) pentagonal, (c) hexagonal, and
(d) octagonal.

𝑟 2 + 62 = 92
𝑟 2 = 45
3600
ø=
𝑛
Base area of pyramid
1
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑛 ( ) 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(ø)
2
1 3600
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑛 ( ) (45)𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 𝑛

3600
𝐴𝑏 = 22.5(𝑛)𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑛
Volume of pyramid
1
𝑉=
𝐴 ℎ
3 𝑏
1 3600
𝑉 = [22.5 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] 𝑥15
3 𝑛
3600
𝑉 = 112.5 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑛

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Part (a) square pyramid; n = 4

3600
𝑉 = 112.5(4)( )
4
𝑉 = 450𝑖𝑛3
Part (b) Pentagonal pyramid; n = 5
3600
𝑉 = 112.5(5)( )
5
𝑉 = 534.97 𝑖𝑛3
Part (c) Hexagonal pyramid; n = 6
3600
𝑉 = 112.5(6)( )
6
3
𝑉 = 584.57 𝑖𝑛
Part (c) Octagonal pyramid; n = 8
3600
𝑉 = 112.5(8)( )
8
𝑉 = 636.40 𝑖𝑛3

d. Find the volume of a decagonal pyramid with each side of the regular for the area of a regular
polygon.
Solution:
𝑏 ø
𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2
1
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑎𝑛
2

1 𝑏 ø
𝐴= 𝑏 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑛
2 2 2
𝟐 ø
𝒃 (𝒏)𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐
𝑨=
𝟒

Interior angle of the decagon,

0
3600
ø = 180 −
𝑛
0
360
ø = 1800 −
10
ø = 1440
area of the decagon base,
ø
𝑏2 (𝑛)𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
𝐴=
4
2 1440
(10𝑐𝑚) (10)𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
𝐴=
4
𝑨 = 𝟕𝟔𝟗. 𝟒𝟐𝒄𝒎𝟐
Volume,
1
𝑉= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
3

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1
𝑉= (769.42𝑐𝑚2 )(15𝑐𝑚)
3
𝑽 = 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟑

3.4. Cones
The surface generated by a moving straight line (generator) which always passes through a
fixed point (vertex) and always intersects a fixed plane curve (directrix) is called conical surface.
Cone is a solid bounded by a conical surface whose directrix is a closed curve, and a plane which
cuts all the elements. The conical surface is the lateral area of the cone and the plane which cuts all
the elements is the base of the cone.
Like pyramids, cones are generally classified according to their bases.

Volume of a Cone
𝟏
𝑽= 𝑨 𝒉
𝟑 𝒃
Properties of a Cone
• An element of a cone is the generator in any particular position.
• The altitude of the cone is the perpendicular drop from vertex to the plane of the base. It is
denoted as h.
• Every section of a cone made by a plane passing through its vertex and containing two points
of the base is a triangle. See section PQV, where V is the vertex and P and Q are two points on the
base.
• The axis of the cone is the straight line joining the vertex with the centroid of the base. For right
cone, altitude and axis are equal in length.
• The right section of a cone is a section perpendicular to its axis and cutting all the elements. For
right cone, the right section is parallel and similar to the base. Right section is denoted by AR.
• A circular cone is cone whose right section is a circle.

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3.5. The Right Circular Cone

Any cone with circular right section is a circular cone. Right circular cone is a circular cone whose
axis is perpendicular to its base.

Properties of Right Circular Cone

• The slant height of a right circular cone is the length of an element. Both the slant height and the
element are denoted by L.
• The altitude of a right circular is the perpendicular drop from vertex to the center of the base. It
coincides with the axis of the right circular cone and it is denoted by h.
• If a right triangle is being revolved about one of its legs (taking one leg as the axis of revolution),
the solid thus formed is a right circular cone. The surface generated by the hypotenuse of the triangle
is the lateral area of the right circular cone and the area of the base of the cone is the surface
generated by the leg which is not the axis of rotation.
• All elements of a right circular cone are equal.
• Any section parallel to the base is a circle whose center is on the axis of the cone.
• A section of a right circular cone which contains the vertex and two points of the base is an
isosceles triangle.

Formulas for Right Circular Cone

Area of the base, Ab
The bases of a right circular cone are obviously circles
𝐴𝑏 = 𝜋𝑟 2
Lateral Area, AL
The lateral area of a right circular cone is equal to one-half the product of the circumference of the
base c and the slant height L.
1
𝐴𝐿 = 𝑐𝐿
2
Taking c = 2πr, the formula for lateral area of right circular cone will be more convenient in the form
𝐴𝐿 = 𝜋𝑟𝐿
The relationship between base radius r, altitude h, and slant height L is given by
𝑟 2 + ℎ2 = 𝐿2
Volume, V
The volume of the right circular cone is equal to one-third the product of the base area and the
altitude.

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1
𝑉= 𝐴 ℎ
3 𝑏
1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
Derivation of Formula for Lateral Area of the Right Circular Cone

The unrolled surface shown in the above figure is in the form of a sector of a sector with radius L,
central angle θ, and length of arc s. The length of arc s is the circumference of the base of the cone
which is denoted by c. Thus s = c.
𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝑐 = 𝐿ø𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑠=𝑐
2𝜋𝑟= 𝐿ø𝑟𝑎𝑑
2𝜋𝑟
ø𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝐿
𝐴𝐿 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
1
𝐴𝐿 = 𝑠𝐿
2
1
𝐴𝐿 = (𝐿ø𝑟𝑎𝑑 )𝐿
2
1
𝐴𝐿 = 𝐿2 ø𝑟𝑎𝑑
2
1 2 2𝜋𝑟
𝐴𝐿 = 𝐿 ( )
2 𝐿
𝑨𝑳 = 𝝅𝒓𝑳 (okay)

Example:
a. Find the surface area of a right decagonal pyramid with each side of the regular decagon base
measuring 10 cm and a height of 15 cm.
Solution:
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + ∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
Decagon base:
ø
𝑏2 (𝑛)𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 2
4
2 1440
(10𝑐𝑚) (10)𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 2
4
𝑨𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟕𝟔𝟗. 𝟒𝟐𝒄𝒎𝟐
For the area of lateral faces,

1
∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝑏𝑛𝑥
2
𝑥 = √𝑎 2 + ℎ 2
𝑏 ø
𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2
So,

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 PRECALCULUS 2 | SOLID GEOMETRY | SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021

1
∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 𝑏𝑛 (√𝑎2 + ℎ2 )
2
1 𝑏 ø 2
∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 √
= 𝑏𝑛 ( ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) + ℎ2 )
2 2 2
2
1 10𝑐𝑚 1440
∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = (10𝑐𝑚)(10) (√( 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) + (15𝑐𝑚)2 )
2 2 2

∑ 𝑨𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟖𝒄𝒎𝟐

Surface Area:
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 + ∑ 𝐴𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (769.42𝑐𝑚2 ) + 1074.48𝑐𝑚2
𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟑. 𝟗 𝒄𝒎𝟐

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 PRECALCULUS 2 | SOLID GEOMETRY | SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021

Exercise 3-9. Pyramids and Cones

Name: __________________________________________________________ Rating: _______________
Course | Year | Block: ______________________________ Date Submitted: _______________________
Direction: Solve the following and write your complete solution.
1. Find the amount of aluminum metal in sq. meters that is needed to make a 12 m tall inverted cone
of 3 m radius.
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2. Solve for the height of a hexagonal pyramid if its volume is 400 cm 2 and one side of the hexagon is
4.5 cm.
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Illustration:
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3. Find the volume of and surface area of a triangular pyramid with an equilateral base having sides
of 3. The altitude of the prism is 7.
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Illustration:
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4. The volume of a rectangular pyramid is 48 cubic units. If the length of the base is one third its width
and its height is 4 units, find the dimension of its base.
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Illustration:
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5. The volume of a rectangular pyramid is 37.5 cubic units and the surface area is 70 sq. units. If the
width of the base is half of the height, find the dimensions of the rectangular pyramid.
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Illustration:
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6. ABCD is a square-based pyramid with vertex V and base ABCD, with V vertically above the center
of the square base. The height of the pyramid is 4 cm and the side length of the base is 6 cm, find
the surface area of the pyramid.
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Illustration:
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 PRECALCULUS 2 | SOLID GEOMETRY | SCHOOL YEAR 2020-2021

REFERENCES
 Dolciani, Mary P., et al., Algebra Structure and Method Book 1, Atlanta: Houghton-Mifflin,
1979.
 Naval Education and Training Command, Mathematics, Vol:1, NAVEDTRA 10069-D1,
Washington, D.C.: Naval Education and Training Program Development Center, 1985.
 Olivio, C. Thomas and Olivio, Thomas P., Basic Mathematics Simplified, Albany, NY:
Delmar, 1977.
 Science and Fundamental Engineering, Windsor, CT: Combustion Engineering, Inc., 1985.
 Academic Program For Nuclear Power Plant Personnel, Volume 1, Columbia, MD: General
Physics Corporation, Library of Congress Card #A 326517, 1982.
 Joy N. Carpio, J. M. (2014). Solid Mensuration. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing
Corp.

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