Electrical Circuits Lab Manual SE E&TC (2019 pat.

), Sem-I

Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s

College of Engineering, Pune
Karve Nagar,Pune-411 052

Department of Electronics &

Telecommunication Engineering

Lab Manual

Electrical Circuits

204187
Prepared by
Prof. Jitendra Bakliwal

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COURSE OBJECTIVES:

. To analyze simple DC and AC circuits with circuit simplification techniques.

• To formulate and analyze driven and source free RL and RC circuits.
• To formulate & determine network parameters for given network.
• To understand the constructional details, characteristics, features and
application areas of various types of electric motors

COURSE OUTCOMES:

Course Outcomes: On completion of the course, learner will be able to –

CO1: Analyze the simple DC and AC circuit with circuit simplification
techniques.
CO2: Formulate and analyze driven and source free RL and RC circuits.
CO3: Formulate & determine network parameters for given network and analyze
the given network using Laplace Transform to find the network transfer function.
CO4: Explain construction, working and applications of DC Machines / Single
Phase & Three Phase AC Motors.
CO5: Explain construction, working and applications of special purpose motors &
understand motors used in electrical vehicles.
CO6: Analyze and select a suitable motor for different applications.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

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1) Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.

2) Problem Analysis: Identity, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3) Design / development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

4) Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research – based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.

5) Modern tool usage: Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.

6) The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.

7) Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.

8) Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

9) Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10) Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.

11) Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12) Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

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CO-PO Mapping Matrix

SUBJECT   PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 1 1 1 1 1
CO2 1 1 1 1 1
ELC CO3 1 1 1    1
CO4 1 1 1   1
CO5 1        1
CO6 1   1

List of Experiments

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Practical/Tutorial : 2 Hrs /Week Examination Scheme

Term work : 25 Marks End Sem Exam : 70 Marks
In Sem Exam : 30 Marks
Credits : 3+1
Group I: Tutorial Assignments
1 (a) Determine the following using KVL, KCL, node, loop analysis and circuit simplification
techniques:

1 (b) Determine the following using Network Theorems. Verify thevenin’s and
Norton’s theorem
2 (a) Formulate differential equation for RL and RC circuits and solve for current and voltages
by determining initial conditions for driven and source free conditions.

2(b) Carry out the transient analysis and determine the voltage, current expressions for a given
network involving RL, RC, RLC.
3 (a) Determine the z, y, h, ABCD parameters for a given network.
3 (b) Analyze the given network using Laplace Transform and find the network transfer
function
Group II: Lab Practical’s
To study speed control of DC shunt motor using armature voltage and field current
1 control method. Measure RPM and plot graph of speed versus armature voltage and field
current

2 To study load test on 3-phase induction motor.

3 Torque- speed characteristic of 3 phase induction motor

4 To Study BLDC Motor Drive.

5 To study operating modes of stepper motor.

6 (Virtual Lab Experiment)

Industrial Visit to electric motor manufacturing company/EV/Power generation plant

Or
7 Case study of any one electric vehicle with respect to specifications of motor,battery and
controller

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Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Karvenagar, Pune-411052
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

List of Lab assignments

Electrical Circuits (2019 pattern)

Index

Sr. Name of the Experiment Page

No. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

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Expt. No. 1a
VERIFICATION OF NETWORK THEOREMS
AIM: To verify Network Theorem:
A. Thevenin’s theorem and to find the full load current for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No . Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. RPS(Regulated Power Supply) (0 – 30V) 2
2. Ammeter 1
3. Resistors 4
4. Multimeter - 1

PRECAUTION:
1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.
2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value of voltage using RPS and note down the corresponding ammeter
readings.
To find VTH
3. Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuit voltage using multimeter (VTH).
To find RTH
4. To find the Thevenin’s resistance, remove the RPS and short circuit it and find the R TH
using multimeter.
5. Give the connections for equivalent circuit and set V TH and RTH and note the
corresponding ammeter reading.
6. Verify Thevenin’s theorem.

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OBSERVATION TABLE

CIRCUIT I:
To find VTH

To find RTH

Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

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MODEL CALCULATIONS:

CONCLUSION:

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AIM: To verify Network Theorem:

B. Norton’s Theorem and to find the full load current for the given circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No . Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. RPS(Regulated Power Supply) (0 – 30V) 2
2. Ammeter 0 – 10m A 1
3. Resistors 1 KΩ 4
4. Breadboard -- 1
5. Multimeter - 1

PRECAUTION:
1. Voltage control knob of RPS should be kept at minimum position.
2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value of voltage using RPS and note down the corresponding ammeter
readings.
To find IN
3. Remove the load resistance short circuit voltage the terminals.
4. For the same RPS voltage note down the ammeter readings.
To find RN
5. Remove the RPS and short circuit the terminal and remove the load and note down the
resistance across the two terminals.
Equivalent Circuit:
6. Set IN and RN and note down the ammeter readings.
7. Verify Norton’s Theorem.

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To find load current in circuit I:

To find IN

To find RN

Norton Equivalent Circuit

OBSERVATION TABLE

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

CONCLUSION:
Hence the Norton’s theorem is verified both practically and theoretically.

Exp. No: 4

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SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM: To draw the speed characteristics of DC shunt motor by
1. Armature control method
2. Field control method
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No . Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity
5. Ammeter MC 1
6. Ammeter MC 1
7. Voltmeter MC 1
8. Rheostat Wire wound 1
9. Tachometer - Digital 1

PRECAUTION:
1. All the switches are kept open initially.
2. The field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
3. The armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
PROCEDURE:
ARMATURE CONTROLMETHOD
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST switch is closed.
3. The field current is varied in steps by varying the field rheostat.
4. In each step of field current the armature voltage is varied in steps by varying the armature
rheostat.
5. In each step of armature rheostat variation the meter readings (Voltmeter & Tachometer) are
noted.
FIELD CONTROLMETHOD
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST switch is closed.
3. The armature voltage is varied in steps by varying the armature rheostat.
4. In each step of armature voltage the field current in steps by varying the field rheostat.

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5. In each step of field rheostat the meter readings (Ammeter & tachometer) are noted.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RESULTS:
ARMATURE CONTROLMETHOD
IF1 = A

S. No. Voltage Speed N

V rpm

FIELD CONTROL METHOD

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Voltage V1= ________ V

S. No. Field Current IF Speed N

A rpm

MODEL GRAPH:
ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL FIELD CONTROL

CONCLUSION:

Exp. No: 5

LOAD TEST ON 3 PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM: To obtain following performance characteristics.
1. Line current, torque, power factor, efficiency, speed and slip Vs output.

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2. Torque Vs slip.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. 3 phase squirrel cage IM 5HP/3.7KW, 1
415V, 7.6 A, 50
Hz, 1420 RPM
2. 3 phase Autotransformer 3 phase ,440V, 1
10 A
3 DC Ammeter 0-10A 1
4 DC Voltmeter 0-600V 1
5. AC Ammeter 0-10A 1
6. AC Voltmeter 0-600V 1
7. Wattmeter 0-5-10A 2
8. Tachometer 0-3000 rpm 1

THEORY:

3-phase induction motor consists of stator and rotor with the other associated parts. In the stator,
a 3-phase winding is provided. The windings of the three phases are displaced in space by 120º.
A 3-phase current is fed to the 3-phase winding. These windings produce a resultant magnetic
flux and it rotates in space like a solid magnetic poles being rotated magnetically. By conducting
the load test on three phase induction motor, the performance of the motor, slip, power factor,
input, efficiency can be determined.
The induction motor is loaded by any of the following methods:
1. Brake test
2. By connecting a DC generator
In case of loading by connecting a DC generator the induction motor is coupled to a DC
generator as shown in Ckt diagram. The generator is loaded by a lamp bank. Thus in turn
induction motor is loaded.
The electrical power input to the induction motor can be measured by two wattmeter
method. The output of generator is measured by using voltmeter and ammeter connected
at generator side. If the efficiency of generator is known then the input given to generator
can be calculated. The input to the generator means the output power of induction motor.

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As the output and input power are known, the efficiency of induction motor can be
determined. By measurement of speed of motor, slip of IM at various loads can be
calculated. Similarly power factor can be calculated.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that auto-transformer is at zero position .

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3. Ensure that load on DC generator is zero and field rheostat is at maximum position.
4. Switch on the power supply and slowly vary the input voltage up to the rated voltage of
induction motor.
5. Adjust the field rheostat such that DC generator generates its rated voltage.
6. Note down the readings in observation table at this no load condition.
7. Then switch on the lamp bank load in steps and adjust the output voltage of DC generator
using rheostat to its rated voltage in each step.
8. Note down the readings in observation table at various load condition.
9. The load is increased till induction motor carries rated line current.
10. Switch off the supply.
11. Plot the graph i. motor output vs motor efficiency
ii. motor output vs motor speed.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Induction Motor DC Generator
Line voltage Line W1 in watts W2 in watts Vdc Idc Speed
current

W=W1+W2 Vdc . Idc % slip of PF of IM % efficiency Vdc . Idc/

I/P to motor motor efficiency

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SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
1. Input power to the motor = W= W1 + W2
2. Output power of generator = Vdc . Idc
3. Assume efficiency of generator =80%=0.8
4. %efficiency of motor=( o/p of motor/I/p of motor ) X 100
5. Synchronous speed = (Ns)= 120 x f/P
6. No. of poles = 4
7. Slip= Ns-N/Ns x100
8. Power factor= w1 +w2/ √3 V. I

CONCLUSION:

Expt. No.

TO STUDY VARIOUS OPERATING MODES OF STEPPER MOTOR

AIM: To study various operating modes of Stepper Motor

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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Stepper Motor
2. 8051 Trainer Kit
3. Keil Simulator
4. Flash magic Software for downloading

THEORY
The section begins with an overview of the basic operation of stepper motors. Then we
describe how to interface a stepper motor to the 8051. Finally we use assembly language
programs to demonstrate control of the angle and direction of stepper motor rotation.
STEPPER MOTORS
A stepper motor is a widely used device that translates electrical pulses into mechanical
movement. In applications such as disk drives, dot matrix printers, and robotics the stepper
motor is used for position control. Stepper motors commonly have permanent magnet rotor
surrounded by a stator. There are also steppers called variable reluctance stepper motors that do
not have a PM rotor. The most common stepper motors have four stator windings that are paired
with centre tapped common as shown. This type of stepper motor is most commonly referred to
as a four phases or unipolar stepper motor. The centre tap allows the change of current direction
in each of the two coils when a winding is grounded, thereby resulting in a polarity change of the
stator. Notice that while a conventional motor shaft runs freely, the stepper motor shaft moves in
a fixed repeatable increment, which allows one to move to a precise position. This repeatable
fixed movement is possible as a result of the basic magnetic theory where the poles of the same
polarity repel and opposite poles attract. The direction of rotation is dictated by the stator poles.
The stator poles are determined by the current sent through the wired coils. As the direction of
the current is changed, the polarity is also changed causing the reverse rotation of the motor. The
stepper motor discussed here has total of 6 leads : 4 leads representing four stator windings and
2 common for centre tapped leads. As the sequence of the power is applied to each stator
winding the rotor will rotate. There are several widely used sequences where each a different
degree of precision.

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It must be noted that although we can start with any of the sequence , once we start we
must continue in proper order.

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STEP ANGLE
How much movement is associated with a single step, depends on the internal
construction of the motor, in particular of the number of the teeth on the stator and the rotor. The
step angle is minimum degree of rotation associated with a single step. In table notice the term
steps per revolution. This is the total number of the steps needed to rotate one complete rotation
or 360 degrees.
It must be noted that perhaps contrary to one’s initial impression, a stepper motor does not need
more terminal leads for the stator to achieve smaller steps. All the stepper motors discussed in
section have 4 leads for the stator winding and 2 COM wires for the common signal instead of
two; they always have 4 leads for the stators. Next we discuss some associated terminology in
order to understand the stepper motor further.

Steps per second and RPM relation

The relation between rpm, steps per revolution and steps per second is as follows:
Steps per second = (rpm x steps per revolution)/(60)

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The four step sequence and number of teeth on the rotor

The switching sequence shown earlier in the table is called the 4 step switching sequence since
after the same two windings will “ON”. How much movement is associated with these four
steps? After completing every 4 steps the rotor moves only when one tooth pitch. Therefore, in a
stepper motor in 200 steps per revolution, the rotor has 50 teeth since 4 x 50 = 200 steps are
needed to complete one revolution. This leads to the conclusion that the minimum step angle is
always a function of the number of teeth on the rotor. In other words, the smaller the step angle,
the more teeth the rotor passes.
One might wonder what happens if we want to move 45 degrees, since the steps are 2 degrees
each. To allow for finer resolutions, all stepper motors allow what is called an 8-step switching
sequence. The 8 step sequence is also called half stepping, since in the 8 step sequence each step
is half of normal step angle. For example, a motor with a 2 degree step angle can be used as a 1
degree step angle if the sequence of table is applied.

HALF STEP 8 STEP SEQUENCE

STEP# WINDING WINDING WINDING WINDING

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A B C D
1 1 0 0 1
2 1 0 0 0
3 1 1 0 0
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 1 0
6 0 0 1 0
7 0 0 1 1
8 0 0 0 1

CONCLUSION
Thus, the operating modes of stepper motor is studied.

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