HISTORY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES

By

ADETORO, Adejoke Rafiat

INTRODUCTION

Historical methods and methodology have changed, and particularly responded to the
influence from other disciplines. The way history is being studied, written and taught has
changed especially with the influence from other disciplines. It is against this background that it
is apposite to examine the relationship history as a discipline has with related disciplines. History
being the record of the past and movements, their causes and inter-relations requires techniques,
concepts and tools of analysis from related disciplines to meaningfully document the occurrences
and events of society being investigated. History as a discipline is characterised by the different
approaches of data collection for historical reconstruction as this help corroborate, correct and
confirm existing historical data. It is therefore, imperative to examine the various sources and
methodology (approach) of historical writing.

For the purpose of this study, four areas have been identified in categorising related
disciplines to be examined. They include; Arts/Humanities with disciplines such as; Linguistics,
Philosophy and Psychology etc, Social Sciences with disciplines such as; Economics, Sociology,
Political Science and Anthropology etc, Biological Sciences with disciplines like Palaeontology
and Physical Science with disciplines such as; Archaeology, Geography and Geology.

The roles of these disciplines to be examined are evident in their contributions to

historical writing. In other words, a historian writing family or intellectual history takes a cue
from Psychology, pre-historic writing was influenced by Archaeology, political history by
Political Science, economic history by Economics, demography(ic) by Sociology, ethno-
history/cultural history by Anthropology, genetics study by Palaeontology, while Ecology serves
as inspiration for environmental history.

1
The scope of this work starts with a general overview of History (identifying what History is, its
nature and values), and further delve into the discourse of the relationship between history and
related disciplines, examining the benefits in tandem with the shortcomings.

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF HISTORY

According to E. H. Carr, history is a continuous process of interaction between the

historian and his facts, an unending dialogue between the present and the past1. Prof. Renier laid
stress on the social role of history and so defined history as ‘the memories of societies’2. Hence,
history is the narrative of the past events which have moulded the destiny of mankind. Geoffrey
Barraclough sees history as ‘an attempt to discover, based on fragmentary evidence, the
significant things of the past’3. Based on the foregoing, history does not only study the past but
with significant things as it relates to man’s development. The nature of history is exemplified in
its ability to deal with facts, human past, and the concept of been dynamic.

The values and relevance of history as illustrated in the definition of history are that; the
story of a people or a society shall not be forgotten by posterity, history adds to man’s
knowledge of man, history helps protect and preserve traditional and cultural values of a nation
and most importantly history helps grasp relationship with the past4. Ademola-Ajayi opined that;
the relevance of history lies in the fact that its knowledge helps and guides in the present
circumstances not through prophesies but rather through reasonable projections5.

1
E. H. Carr. 1964. What is History? Harmondsworth: Penguin. 16
2
B. V. Rao. 2006. World History from Early Times to A D 2000. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. 1
3
S. Ademola Ajayi. 2015. History and Historians: A Historical Guide. Unpublished Manuscript. 8
4
. B. V. Rao. 2006. World History from Early Times to A D 2000. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. 3
5
S. Ademola Ajayi. History and Historians: A Historical Guide. Unpublished Manuscript. 15-16

2
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HISTORY AND RELATED DISCIPLINE

While adhering to focus of the work/a paper in historical writing, historians welcome
ideas and methodology of analysing, structuring and interpreting events from other fields. The
influence of these related disciplines such as: Archaeology, Economics, Political Science,
Sociology, Geography, Anthropology, Linguistics, Psychology and Palaeontology will thus be
examined.

HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeology forms a major source of historical research in the reconstruction and

interpretation of past events and forms part of primary sources of data. Archaeology is the study
of material remains of peoples themselves, dwellings i.e. caves, fortification used for protection
etc. In a broader sense, archaeology is the scientific study of the remnants of the past, such as:
ancient site, relics, monuments, coins, inscriptions and other artefacts which help in
reconstructing history in a most plausible manner6.

Archaeology helps with the research into the pre-historic studies. The aim of this
discipline is to reconstruct behavioural pattern and the material culture of the populations whose
remains they were excavating. The main contribution of archaeology to historical study or
writing is that it has assisted historians in tracing the origin and developmental stages of man
especially in distinguishing man from other primates such as: Gorilla, Orang-utan etc. From the
discoveries, remains of Dryopithecus to Ramapithecus to Australopithecus robustus and
Africanus( found in Olduvai Gorge, Lae tooli, Koobifora etc, who were makers of the
OLDOWAN stone) to Homo-Erectus until the discovery of modern man.

6
B. V. Rao. 2006. World History from Early Times to A D 2000. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. 5

3
 The techniques employed by archaeologists especially in the identification of location of
sites are the Aerial photography, Reconnaissance survey and Geophysical survey. Another
benefit of the interaction of history and archaeology is the provision of sound chronological
framework to fit the evidence from artefacts so as to be reliable in comparison. A reconstruction
of the nature of palaeo-environment. Dating in historical reconstruction is to a large extent
difficult as it was drawn from accounts of oral tradition which were generally not precise, the
intervention of archaeology through the attempt to get closely actual dates of occurrence through
the science of Radio-Carbon dating cannot be overlooked, even though these dates are
indefinite, they have been instrumental to ascertaining years of occurrence within centuries (e.g.
the use of ± 200 AD)

History tends to study economic, social and political aspects of man, while Archaeology
studies more of economic and social aspects. Unlike history which draws facts from oral and
written tradition, archaeological analysis is drawn from scientific observation. Archaeology has
been the most useful discipline in interaction with history in determining the various stages of
human civilization (Stone Age, Iron age and Neolithic age).

Archaeology, though a relatively young discipline in Africa, has aided the historian in
reconstructing the past history of some African peoples and states. The culture of Benin, Ife,
Igbo-Ukwu, Nok, Taruga, Daima, (Nigeria), Bigo in Uganda, Old Zimbabwe, Egypt and the Nile
valley, etc. have deepened the historian’s knowledge of the peoples’ among whom the cultures
developed7.

A major flaw of this source of historical writing is that information derived from it are
often not uniform, this is because the information available are sometimes accidentally
discovered either in the course of farming or in the course of digging, this in turn leads to
generalisation and which doesn’t reflect the event that had taken place in restricted areas.

7
S. Ademola Ajayi. 2015. History and Related Disciplines. Unpublished Manuscript. 59

4
HISTORY AND LINGUISTICS

Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure, and or the systematic
study of human language. The use of glottochronology, a branch of lexicostatistics and a study of
the rate which languages change or are replaced, have been useful in historical reconstruction as
evident in its role of analyzing vocabulary, grammatical forms and social changes of a given
language to understand its evolution and which in turn is beneficial to historical reconstruction
done through the study of migration or movement of a group.

Linguistics became a historical source in Africa due to the overlap of languages. T.

Obenga further opined that its influence is mainly a matter of comparative and historical
linguistics. The method adopted is comparative and inductive: for the object of the comparison is
to reconstruct, i.e. to find the point of convergence of all the languages being compared. This
point of convergence will be called the ‘common predialectal language’8.

The point of historical linguistics lies not so much in finding a common predialectal
language as in appreciating the overall linguistics spread of different, apparently unrelated
languages. A language is seldom enclosed within a clearly defined space, but most commonly
overflows its own area by making relationship being sometimes imperceptible at first9.

A common language does not necessarily go together with racial identity. But it does
give relevant information about an essential, indeed the only real, unity, namely, the basic
cultural unity of people united by a common language even though sometimes with very
different origins and political systems10. There were inter-group relations forged by language.
Linguists have classified the various African languages into groups according to how closely
related they are to each other or to one another. It is believed that most of these languages come
from a common parentage i.e. proto-language11.

8
T. Obenga. 1981. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African history: General Outline. General History of
Africa. Methodology and African Prehistory. Ki-Zerbo, Joseph. Ed. Vol 1. UNESCO. California: Heinemann. 81
9
T. Obenga. 1981. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African history: General Outline. 81
10
T. Obenga. 1981. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African history: General Outline. 81
11
S. Ademola Ajayi. 2013. The 1914 Amalgamation and the Challenges of National Integration in Post-Colonial
Nigeria. A lecture delivered at the 1st Prof. J. A. Atanda Memorial Lecture Series No. 1. 12.

5
 Circa 500 B.C. – A.D.1, there exist groups of African language which are categorized
into four. These groups spread over different regions, on the continent and in some instances
extended to some area outside the regions in which they are particularly resident. The African
language groups are;

Niger-Congo – Various West Africa States ( Mande, Voltic, Kwa) and Proto-Bantu (who later
migrated to and dominated Southern and Southeast Africa zone.

Nilo-Saharan – Saharan, Nilotic, and Songhaic (Songhay)

Khoisan – Koi and San of South & South East Africa

Afro-Asiatic – Ancient Egyptians, Berbers, Chadic and Cushitic12.

There is increasing acceptance among scholars of a correlation between proto-Nilotic

speakers and the herding- fishing Khartoum Neolithic peoples. At an earlier level, however, prior
to the adoption of livestock herding by about 500 B.C., the ancestral Khartoum Mesolithic
peoples, with a strong emphasis on fishing, had an even wider distribution within the general
southeastern Sahara area. This correlates very closely with the modern distribution of the
combined languages of the entire Nilo-Saharan family: that is, the Nilotic branch, the Saharan
branch, and the Songhaic branch. Interestingly, the subsistence patterns of many of the modern
speakers of this family still emphasizes herding and fishing. (Nuer), herding (Maasai, Teda), or
fishing (Songhai)13.

Another technique is the study of loan words: which shows the relationship between the
speakers of one language and another language from which they have borrowed14. The study of
loan words among language groups has also helped to improve our knowledge of culture change
and contact in the past. For example, there are several Kanuri loan words in the Hausa language.

12
J. M. Patrick. Africa’s Pre-Historic Past. AFRICA Second Edition Phyllis, M.M. & Patrick O’Meara Eds. London:
Macmillan Publisher. 59-62
13
J. M Patrick. Africa’s Pre-Historic Past. 60
14
O. A Adeboye. 2007. Interdisciplinary Approach to Scholarship in History. Olubohemin, O. O. Ed. Issues in
Historiography. Ibadan: Print mark Ventures. 17

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Similarly, many Arabic words which the Hausa people borrowed through their contact with the
Arabs are today found in the Yoruba language e.g. alaafia, wakati, wahala, anfaani, alubosa
among others15.

HISTORY AND PALAEONTOLOGY

Palaeontology is the study of what fossils tell us about the past, about evolution, and our
place, as humans in the world. This science through its human palaeontology (Palaeo-
Anthropolgy) help in the study of pre-historic human and proto-human fossils, supported by
genetic science a branch of biological science which help in genetic analysis, done through
genetic and biological examination in tracing and ascertaining the trend of a family, group or
society.

HISTORY AND PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. Psychology just like history
is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human
development, sports, health, clinical, social behaviour and cognitive process16. Some aspects
study the influence of culture and society and the analysis of role of evolution complements
historical studies.

Psychology is seen as one aspect of social situation explained in historical context.

Psychology complements history in analysing the motives and actions of man and societies. The
role of psychology in historical writing of biography and auto-biography is unequivocal. The
impact of psychology on history is evident from the fact that in the past, historians inquired
primarily into the origins of war and ignored the result of war, and as a result of the influence of

15
S. Ademola Ajayi.2013. The 1914 Amalgamation and the Challenges of National Integration in Post-Colonial
Nigeria. A lecture delivered at the 1st Prof. J. A. Atanda Memorial Lecture Series No. 1. 14

16
S. A. Mcloed. 2011. What is Psychology? Retrieved on 14/05//2015 from
http://www.simplypsychology.org/whatispsychology

7
psychology, historians have undertaken the study of results and impacts of war and can further
help determine the role of masses in such wars or revolution. Effects of events such as war and
natural disaster on the citizens of a geographical space is best understand through the help of
psycho-analysis of the inhabitants/residents of the affected and neighbouring community.

HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY

Geography is the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of
human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and
resources, and political and economic activities. It is believed that history and geography have
very close ties. Some scholars have opined that geography answers questions spanning the local
to the global, in the past, present and future17 The eminent geographer Donald Meining views
geography and history as complementary and necessarily connected in teaching and learning
about the past and present, as exemplified in his work: The Shaping Of America: A Geographical
Perspective On 500 Years Of American History18.

The importance of geographic knowledge to history are characterised by the abilities to;
develop location skills and understandings, understand human and environmental interactions,
understand human movement, and understand the region19.

Geographic concepts and tools are beneficial to enhancing a multicultural perspective,

especially in the study of migration and movement by a group having examined and interpreted
the economic and cultural space of the migrants and host community. The interaction of
geography and history help understand historical events through the knowledge of physical and
human characteristics of a specific space of occurrence. Physical characteristics includes:

17
What is Geography? by Institute of Australian Geographers Retrieved 14/05/2015 from
https://www.iag.org.au/about-geography/what-is-geography/ Par. 2
18
John J. Patrick. 1993 Geography in History: A Necessary Connection in the School Curriculum. Retrieved
13/05/2015 from http://www.ericdigests.org/1993/history.htm Par. 6
19
Al M. Rocca. Integrating History and Geography. Retrieved on 13/05/2015 from
http://www.socialstudies.org/system/files/publications/se/5802/580215.html

8
landforms, water bodies, soils, natural vegetation and animal life, while human characteristics
includes: population density and distribution, cultural traditions and political institutions, and
social traits.

Without a rudimentary knowledge of geography, it would be difficult to understand or

study certain branches of history such as: diplomatic history or military history as these cannot
be fully grasp except with the understanding of location skills.

According to Kant:

Geography lies at the basis of History

Herder opined that:

History is Geography set in motion.

The physical formation of the country such as Britain, Japan and Greece with broken coastlines
had a very powerful impact on its history; this facilitated their naval strength and empire building
activities. The geographical discoveries of America and a new route to India determined the
character of world history since the Renaissance20. Hence, the knowledge of geography helped a
lot in the age of discovery and is very essential for historical reconstruction.

HISTORY WITH ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY

Sociology and Anthropology are the nearest to historical pre-occupations just like
Archaeology. Anthropology been the study of the origins and development of people and their
society enables historian to understand the cultural pattern and behaviour of primitive peoples
belonging to different races. In tracing the course of social and cultural revolutions of pre-
historic and post-historic man, the knowledge of and the help of anthropology as a related
discipline to history is cogent as it helps with precise assertions.

20
Aggarwal, Mamta. Relationship of History with other Sciences: Study of History. Retrieved on 1/05/2015 from
http://www.historydiscussion.net/history/relationship-of-history-with-other-sciences-study-of-history/638

9
Anthropology helped to provide insights into features of the past which were so strange that
modern historians had found them difficult to comprehend or examine. Complex rituals, blood-
feud, trance and ecstasy, millenarianism, oath-taking, the Divine Right of Kings, and particularly
magical and witchcraft beliefs became legitimate and fruitful topics for study. In the last of these,
for instance, models from African witchcraft provided a stimulus for many important works on
English, French, Spanish, and North American and German witchcraft21.

Also, Anthropological works also had the effect of distancing the familiar, making
historians aware that much of what they had regarded as normal in the past really required
investigation because it was, cross-comparatively, unusual. A particularly striking example of
this was in the field of family relationships. Much of anthropology is concerned with kinship and
marriage. These works helped to stimulate many of the studies of sexuality, marriage, childhood,
parental ties, domestic groups, women, love, incest and other topics. The anthropological
inspiration joined up with interests from historical demography and women's studies, and thereby
opened up the whole field of interpersonal relationships and sentiment22.
Historical research into many other topics was stimulated by anthropological enquiries:
conflict, ceremony, work discipline, time, space, myths, folklore, style and fashion, oral and
literate culture, birth, death, dreams, suicide, animals, and many other subjects were investigated.
The formal historical documents usually conceal such topics, so that it was largely under the
pressure of anthropology that a vigorous development of the study of past mentality and
emotional structures took place, exemplified in the work of historians such as E. Hobsbawm, E.
Le Roy Ladurie, E.P. Thompson and Keith Thomas23.

Anthropology stresses the interdependence of spheres, the overlap of economics, politics,

religion and kinship, which have superficially been separated in the modern industrial world. It
proposes paradoxical and ingenious causes for unquestioned institutions. Anthropology has
analysed the workings of three of the four major forms of human civilization, namely hunters
and gatherers, tribal and peasant societies.

21
Alan Macfarlane. 1988. Anthropology and History. The Blackwell Dictionary of Historians ed. John Cannon et
al. U. K.: Blackwell Publishing. 1.
22
Alan Macfarlane. 1988. Anthropology and History. 2
23
Alan Macfarlane. 1988. Anthropology and History. 2

10
 For the understanding of a past which may have features of these types of social
organization, anthropology has proved an irreplaceable guide. The renewed association of the
two disciplines of history and anthropology has been mutually enriching. Both seek to interpret
the basic patterns in societies, to contrast and compare in order to separate the universal from the
particular, to explain both the single event and the broad institution24.

Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions with diverse subject
matter ranging from family to state, from crime to religion, from divisions of race and social
class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical change in
whole societies. Sociology offers a distinctive and enlightening way of seeing and understanding
the social world25. Sociology as a science of society tries to analyse human interactions and inter-
relations with all their diversity and complexity, this concept to a large extent is sacrosanct to
historical reconstruction even though they differ in regards to approach. Sociology provides
social background for the study of history as well as help history to develop the narrow areas of
human activity.

HISTORY AND ECONOMICS

Economics is the study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods.26

Economics offer history theories to substantiate its facts, as well as using statistics and
mathematics to support these facts. It is believed that in the evolution of man, economic sub-
structure succeeds the cultural structure and precedes the political super structure. Thus,

24
Alan Macfarlane. 1988. Anthropology and History. 3
25
What is Sociology? Retrieved on 15/05/15 from http://www.sociology.unc.edu/undergraduate-
program/sociologymajor/what-is-sociolgy/
26
Joel. Hawbaker. Themes of History and Disciplines Related to History Retrieved 13/05/2015 from
https://prezi.com/9q2cobgzsvcb/themes-of-history-and-disciplines-related-to-history/

11
activities of man in the society are closely related to economic matters, a rudimentary knowledge
of this science is needed by the historian.

The role of economics in historical reconstruction has been so defined that, there is an
aspect of history called ‘Economic History’. Economic history is an important branch of
history, its understanding is absolutely essential for proper understanding of history of any
period.

Due to the complexity of study of economics, especially as it involves mathematics and

statistics (calculations of figures as facts), dedicating time to acquire basic knowledge of
economic theories for a historian to analyze historical cum economic events will be at the
detriment of the study and writing of history, hence, the need arose for a historian to employ the
use of existing economic tools, statistics and facts to help solve relevant economic problems in
historical reconstruction.

A major example of the benefits of economic analysis in historical reconstruction is

evident in Paul E. Lovejoy’s book: Transformation in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa,
published in 2012, where he extensively employs the use of economic tools and word register to
include statistics analysis in explaining how the Medieval slave trade and Atlantic slave trade
from the 15th – early 20th centuries was carried out, indicating to a large extent figures that
closely shows the number of victims of these trades and enslavement process.

HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

In the words of Paul Janet:

Political science is the part of social science which treats the foundation of the state and
principles of government. It studies the political activities of man especially in an organised
society27.

27
Punja, Mondal. The Relationship of Sociology with other Social Sciences. Retrieved on 14/05/2015 from
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/the-relationship-of-sociology-with-other-social-sciences/6248/

12
 Based on the foregoing, history tends to learn the nature of fundamental political
institutions from the knowledge of or expertise of political science. As political science is
beneficial to history, so is history helpful to the study of science, because political aspect is a part
of the whole range of activity recorded by historians. In fact, our knowledge of history is
somewhat meaningless, if the political bearing of events and movements are not adequately
evaluated. For instance, the history of the 19th century Europe is an incomplete narration of facts
without putting into account full significance of the movements, like nationalism and socialism28.

The history of the rise of major Yoruba towns of the South-western region of Nigeria in
the early 19th century would be incomplete without the study of the evolution of new form of
political organization in Yorubaland such as: Republicanism in Ibadan, Military Dictatorship in
Ijaiye, and Military Federalism in Abeokuta, which was attributed to the fall of the Old Oyo
Empire29.

Undoubtedly, opinion polls taken today by those in the social science will form valuable
source materials for the historian in the future, but of course, for the vast sectors of the past with
which the historian is concerned, there can be no question of quizzing the opinions of the dead.
Where history has been beneficially influenced is through the insight recent polls give into
electoral behaviour in general, it is less easy now for historians to deliver those fatuous judgment
about ‘ the people thought this’ or ‘ the electorate wanted that’, which were pure guesses and
pretty shoddy ones at that30.

28
Susan Dhawan. Relationship between Political Science and History –Essay. Retrieved on 13/05/2015 from
http://www.shareyouressays.com/89023/relationship-between-political-science-and-history-essay
29
A. R. Adetoro. 2012. The Political Transition of Ibadanland From Bale to Olubadan, 1820-1936. B. A. Project.
Dept. Of History and International Studies. University of Ilorin. 3-4

30
S. Ademola Ajayi. 2015. History and Related Disciplines. Unpublished Manuscript. 63

13
 CONCLUSION

The role of interdisciplinary approach to the interpretation and documentation of man’s

development is unequivocal. Social history has existed in close dialogue with economics,
sociology and anthropology, intellectual history has ties with philosophy and psychology,
political science and other disciplines. As these disciplines influence history, the study of history
is of immense values particularly to social scientists that are engaged in research or seek
rudimentary knowledge of man. It gives them an insight into the problem they are studying,
provides the necessary data for enquiring into any sociological or economic phenomenon31.

The interaction between history and other disciplines has been so fruitful, that it culminates in
the routine feature of history as a profession though this does not come without its perils. The
challenges from other disciplines have forced inappropriate standards and methods on historians,
weakening epistemological certainties and encouraging generalization.

31
B. V. Rao. 2006. World History from Early Times to A D 2000. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. 3

14
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1936. B. A. Project. Dept. Of History and International Studies. University of Ilorin. Vii + 60pp.
3-4

Aggarwal, Mamta. Relationship of History with other Sciences: Study of History. Retrieved on
1/05/2015 from http://www.historydiscussion.net/history/relationship-of-history-with-other-
sciences-study-of-history/638

Ajayi, Ademola S. 2015. History and Historians: A Historical Guide. Unpublished Manuscript.
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Ajayi, Ademola S.2013. The 1914 Amalgamation and the Challenges of National Integration in
Post-Colonial Nigeria. A lecture delivered at the 1st Prof. J. A. Atanda Memorial Lecture Series
No. 1
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Dhawan, Susan. Relationship between Political Science and History –Essay. Retrieved on
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and-history-essay

Hawbaker, Joel. Themes of History and Disciplines Related to History Retrieved 13/05/2015
from https://prezi.com/9q2cobgzsvcb/themes-of-history-and-disciplines-related-to-history/

Macfarlane, Alan. 1988. Anthropology and History. The Blackwell Dictionary of Historians ed.
John Cannon et al. U. K.: Blackwell Publishing.
Mcloed, S.A. 2011. What is Psychology? Retrieved on 14/05//2015 from
http://www.simplypsychology.org/whatispsychology

Obenga, T. 1981. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African history: General Outline.
General History of Africa. Methodology and African Prehistory. Ki-Zerbo, Joseph Ed. Vol 1.
UNESCO. California: Heinemann

15
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Patrick, John J. 1993 Geography in History: A Necessary Connection in the School Curriculum.
Retrieved 13/05/2015 from http://www.ericdigests.org/1993/history.htm

Punja, Mondal. The Relationship of Sociology with other Social Sciences. Retrieved on
14/05/2015 from http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/the-relationship-of-sociology-
with-other-social-sciences/6248/

Rao, B. V. 2006. World History from Early Times to A D 2000. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers.
3.

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http://www.socialstudies.org/system/files/publications/se/5802/580215.html

What is Geography? by Institute of Australian Geographers Retrieved 14/05/2015 from

https://www.iag.org.au/about-geography/what-is-geography/

What is Sociology? Retrieved on 15/05/15 from http://www.sociology.unc.edu/undergraduate-

program/sociologymajor/what-is-sociolgy/

16