Hindawi

Shock and Vibration

Volume 2020, Article ID 7695276, 15 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7695276

Research Article
Design and Experimental Research on Sealing Structure for a
Retrievable Packer

Yang Liu,1 Zhanghua Lian ,1 Junwen Chen,2 Shengping Kuang,3 Yisheng Mou,1
and Yuhai Wang3
1
State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University,
Chengdu 610500, China
2
China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corp. Southwest Company, Chengdu 610041, China
3
TLM Oilfield Company, CNPC, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Zhanghua Lian; [email protected]

Received 23 November 2019; Revised 23 April 2020; Accepted 1 May 2020; Published 19 May 2020

Academic Editor: Reza Kolahchi

Copyright © 2020 Yang Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

In order to reduce the failure accidents of conventional packers, a kind of sealing structure of retrievable packers is designed,
which can provide reference for optimizing the sealing performance and pressure capacity of packers. And theoretical calculation
and experimental research on their sealing performance and pressure capacity are carried out through the finite element analysis
on the contact with large deformation based on Abaqus and experimental study. The results show that the upper packer is
subjected to greater stress and mainly plays a sealing role in the sealing process. In order to improve the sealing performance of the
packer, the height of the upper and lower packer should be preferentially selected about 60 mm, the height of the middle rubber
cylinders should be about 50 mm, and the thickness of the packer should be about 21 mm. The newly designed rubber cylinders
can meet 150°C. The newly designed rubber cylinders can meet the sealing function and pressure bearing function under the
condition of 10,000 Psi and 150°C. The newly designed rubber cylinder can satisfy the function of sealing and pressure-bearing
under 140°C and 10,000 Psi. The whole experiment shows that the capacity of bearing pressure and sealing is stable, which can
better meet the requirements of field use.

1. Introduction of packers on initiation fracture through carrying out a set of

laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments. He et al., Tong
With the increase of energy demand, the exploitation and et al., and Chen et al. [13–15] studied that hydrogenated ac-
storage technology of oil and gas have been developed rapidly rylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) was chosen to develop
[1, 2]. Packer is an important product used in oil and gas peroxide cured and carbon black N220-reinforced high-
production. It mainly consists of the anticollision part, seating modulus vulcanizates with possible applications in packers for
part, locking part, sealing part, anchoring part, and unloading oil exploration. Moon et al. [16–19] studied that the effect of
part. The seating part is mainly composed of rubber parts. anisotropic characteristics of the jointed rock mass around a
Some scholars have done relevant research on its material and packer interval is also discussed through a numerical para-
structure. Chen et al. [3–7] found that high-pressure packer test metric study using the distinct element method. Hu et al. [20]
(HPPT) is an enhanced constant head packer test for char- found that the stresses concentrated at the shoulder and inner
acterizing the permeability or coupled hydromechanical vertex of the sealing ring have direct impact on the damage of
properties of fractured rocks under high-pressure groundwater the sealing rings under operational conditions. Dobrotă et al.
flow conditions. Zhu et al. [8–10] studied that performances of [21–24] found the duration of the refining process transfor-
rubber materials have a direct relationship with the sealing mation of the rubber waste reclaiming process into a sus-
function of packers. Li et al. [11, 12] got the observations results tainable one by obtaining the new type of reclaimed rubber.
2 Shock and Vibration

In consideration of the analysis results of the above

scholars and experts, the failure reasons of conventional Gas passage
packers are analyzed in this paper, a desirable sealing
structure of packers is designed, and theoretical calculation
and experimental research on their sealing performance and
pressure capacity are carried out, so as to provide certain
data support for the design and safe use of packers.
Packers

2. Structure and Working Principle of a

Retrievable Packer
In the oil and gas well, sealing the formation through the
packers provides a gas passage way for oil and gas at project Slide sleeve
formation, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Work mechanical of packer rubber.
In the sealing process of the conventional packer, the
pressure head goes down firstly, the middle support ring
moves down, and the rubber ring will be extruded. If the external casing can realize the sealing function of the outer
force is too large, plastic deformation will occur, and the annulus of the tube pipe. The implementation process is
elastic deformation will be lost in the process of bottom hole shown in Figure 4.
sealing for a long time. The chamfer position of the pressure
ring and support ring here will cause the rubber cylinder to 3.2. Shape and Dimension Design. The determination of the
protrude, which is more prone to failure and may not height of the rubber cylinder mainly considers the shear
necessarily occur in the contact position, but this structure effect of the compression rubber cylinder of the packer.
helps to fix the rubber cylinder. There is a “mutation” area, When the compression rubber cylinder is working in the
which is prone to failure or shedding, as shown in Figure 2. downhole stratum, the shear effect is caused by the sealing
The retrievable packer studied in this paper is a me- pressure difference between the top and bottom of the
chanical seating packer. It is a recyclable packer. The packer rubber cylinder. The shear effect diagram is shown in
with two-way slips can be seated in tension, compression, or Figure 5.
medium state and can withstand the pressure difference The shear stress generated after the seating can be cal-
from top to bottom. The design of large bypass holes in the culated according to the following equilibrium equation
packer can reduce swabbing effect during downloading and [25]:
recycling and automatically close when the tool is seated. 􏼌􏼌
When the packer is unpacked, the bypass hole is opened 2πR2 hσ r 􏼌􏼌 f + 2πR1 hτ � ΔPπ 􏼐R2 − R2 􏼑.
r�R2 2 1 (1)
firstly, the upper and lower pressure is balanced, and the
upper slip is released. The slip release device on the packer From formula fd1(1),
can reduce the resistance of the recovery tool. A schematic ΔP R22 − R21 􏼁
diagram of the structure of the preferable packer studied is h� . (2)
2R1 [τ] + 2R2 f P1 μ/1 − μ􏼁
shown in Figure 3 in this paper.
The retrievable packer needs to be completed by using In the formula, [τ] is the permissible shear stress of
the sealing element under the external force. The sealing compressed rubber cylinder material and f is the friction
element acts under the action of the axial force to seal the coefficient between the rubber tube and the wellbore.
annular clearance and prevent the passage of high-pressure NBR is used as the material of the compression rubber
mud. As the key core component of the retrievable packer, cylinder. Because rubber is a nonlinear elastic material,
the elastic seal body is made into a cylinder shape and also different formulations of rubber have a great influence on
becomes a rubber cylinder. the properties of the rubber material.
The properties of standard samples of vulcanized nitrile
3. Sealing Structure Design and Finite butadiene rubber were tested under different temperatures
Element Calculation and pressures. Finally, the parameters of the rubber material
were determined, and the allowable shear stress and shear
3.1. Force Analysis of the Rubber Cylinder. The rubber cyl- stress of the rubber material were obtained [25, 26]. The
inder does not bear the corresponding axial force and torque relevant data are shown in Table 1.
during the normal lowering process. When the pressure of According to Table 1, it can be seen that the height of the
the rubber cylinder reaches a certain value, the seat shear rubber cylinder will change significantly with the difference
nails connecting the inner sleeve and the upper jacket of the of allowable shear stress and friction coefficient of rubber.
packer are cut off. The packer begins to realize the seat seal Figure 6 shows that when the allowable shear strength is
[25]. The outer sleeve starts to slide and compress the rubber constant, the height of the rubber cylinder decreases
cylinder under the gravity of the upper tube pipe itself so that gradually with the increase of friction coefficient, and the
the rubber cylinder is compressed and expanded; thus, the slowdown trend decreases gradually. Under the same fric-
rubber cylinder is compressed and expanded. Contact with tion coefficient, the higher the allowable shear stress of the
Shock and Vibration 3

Damage packer rubber Lossing packer rubber

Figure 2: Failure cases of the rubber packer.

Anchoring mechanism Sealing mechanism Rotating mechanism

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: Structural schematic diagram of the retrievable packer of high temperature and high pressure. (a) Two-dimensional assembly
diagram of retrievable packers. (b) Three-dimensional assembly of retrievable packers.

rubber material, the smaller the height of the rubber cyl- The maximum allowable clearance equation can be
inder. When the friction coefficient is greater than 0.3, the obtained by introducing ψ 1 (z) into (4):
permissible shear strength of the rubber cylinder has little
effect on the height. εz R2
u� 􏼠 0 − r􏼡. (6)
2 1 + εz 􏼁 r

3.3. Calculation of Sealing Force of the Rubber Cylinder Seat. εz can be obtained by the following boundary conditions:
Compressive rubber cylinder deformation analysis is com-
pleted in two stages. The first stage is the process from rubber 2u0 R1
cylinder deformation to contact wellbore, and the second r � R1 , u � u0 ; in that way, εz � . (7)
R20 − R21 − 2u0 R1
stage is the process of increasing load after rubber cylinder
contact to make it more close to the wellbore. In the first Since the axial deformation of rubber used in rubber
stage, it is assumed that the radial deformation is sym- cylinder seals must be less than the allowable axial defor-
metrically distributed throughout the height, and the vol- mation, the following relationship exists:
ume compression of the rubber cylinder does not exceed the
elastic limit of the rubber material. The differential equation 2u0 R1
εz � <[ε]. (8)
can be obtained by removing the higher-order differential R20 − R21 − 2u0 R1
terms:
In the formula, [ε] is the relative axial deformation
zu u allowed for the rubber cylinder, %; [ε] can be determined
1 + εz 􏼁 + 1 + εz 􏼁 � − εz . (3)
zr r by the test method. Its value mainly depends on the
The general solution of equation (3) can be obtained: material used in the rubber cylinder and the specific
working conditions.
− εz r ψ (z)
u� + 1 . (4) The maximum allowable clearance obtained by formula
2 1 + εz 􏼁 r (8) is
ψ 1 (z) can be obtained by the following boundary [ε] R2
u0 max ≤ 􏼠R1 − 0 􏼡. (9)
conditions: 2(100 − [ε]) R1
εz R20
r � R0 , u � 0; in that way, ψ 1 (z) � . (5) The corresponding stress values can be obtained
2 1 + εz 􏼁 according to generalized Hooke’s law:
4 Shock and Vibration

R2
R1

R0

P + P1

бz

h
P + P1

u0
Normal drilling process Packing and sealing process
(a)

Casing

Rubber cylinder
Rubber cylinder
before
after
compression
compression

(b)

Figure 4: Force sketch and cross section of the rubber cylinder. (a) Force sketch of the rubber cylinder. (b) The rubber cylinder before and
after compression.

εz εz R2 ⎫ ⎪ In the second stage, the rubber cylinder is close to the

− σr � λ − 2G 􏼠1 + 20 􏼡 ⎪
⎪
1 + εz 2 1 + εz 􏼁 r ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
wellbore due to the further increase of the load. At this time, the
⎪
⎪ deformation of the rubber cylinder depends on the stiffness of
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ the outer sleeve and the wellbore of the packer. Because the
⎪
⎪
εz εz R02 ⎬ deformation of the rubber cylinder does not exceed the yield
− σθ � λ + 2G 􏼠 2 − 1􏼡 ⎪, (10) limit of the material, the elastic modulus of three materials (outer
1 + εz 2 1 + εz 􏼁 r ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ sleeve, rubber cylinder, and borehole rock) is obviously different,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ and the radial and circumferential deformation of the rubber
⎪
⎪
2
εz ⎪
⎪ cylinder after contact with the borehole rock is neglected. Its
− σz � λ + 2Gεz ⎪
⎪
⎭ mathematical expression is as follows (as shown in Figure 5):
1 + εz
εr � εθ � 0. (11)
where G � E/2(1 + μ) and λ is Lame coefficient,
λ � Eμ/(1 + μ)(1 − 2μ). According to generalized Hooke’s law, we can find that
Shock and Vibration 5

P + P1
τ1 τ

бz бz бz

P + P1 ΔP

Figure 5: Shear effect diagram after sealing of the rubber cylinder.

Table 1: Height of the rubber cylinder under different permissible shear stress and friction coefficients (f ).
F
τ (MPa)
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
1 152 109 85 70 59 51 45 40 37
2 138 101 80 66 57 49 44 39 36
3 126 95 76 64 55 48 42 38 35
4 116 89 72 61 53 46 41 37 34

160 λε2z 1 − μ 􏼌􏼌􏼌

P∗ � P + P1 � + 2Gεz + σ 􏼌 . (13)
140
1 + εz μ r r � R2

120 From the above formula, it can be seen that the axial load
Height (mm)

100
affecting the packer is mainly related to the pressure dif-
ference of the packer seal, the original clearance between the
80 sealant cylinder and the seat casing, and the size of the
60 rubber cylinder itself.
40
20 3.4. Material Constants and Constitutive Relations of NBR.
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 In this paper, the material used in the rubber cylinder is NBR.
Friction coefficient The rubber material used in NBR is suitable for Yeoh model
τ = 1MPa τ = 3MPa (reduced polynomial hyperelastic model). The stress-strain
τ = 2MPa τ = 4MPa data of the rubber material at all temperatures are brought into
Figure 6: The height of the rubber cylinder varies with shear stress Abaqus finite element analysis software for fitting. In the
under different friction coefficients. process of fitting, the Yeoh model is selected to judge after
fitting [27]. The material constants of Yeoh model rubber at five
􏼌 temperatures can be obtained as shown in Table 2.
1 − μ 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 As a strain energy function, Gregory believes that the
σ z � P1 � σ 􏼌 . (12)
μ r 􏼌􏼌r � R2 Mooney–Rivlin model does not take enough high-order
terms into account, so the theoretical results of its prediction
In order to ensure the specific pressure (P1 ) on the end are quite different from the experimental data [26–28].
face of the sealing cylinder under the action of pressure Therefore, a third-order expression is proposed:
difference ΔP, the relationship between radial specific 2
pressure and ΔP, P1 � f(ΔP), which can effectively seal, W � C10 I1 − 3􏼁 + C01 I2 − 3􏼁 + C20 I1 − 3􏼁
3
(14)
can be determined according to the experimental method: + C11 I1 − 3􏼁 I2 − 3􏼁 + C30 I1 − 3􏼁 .
σ r | r � R2 ≥ P1 .
According to the force analysis of the front compressed The research shows that zW/zI2 is far less than zW/zI1
rubber cylinder, the total specific pressure applied on the and approximately equal to zero. So, Yeoh assumes zW/zI2
sealing rubber cylinder is the sum of the axial force of the is zero. Formula (14) is derived from I2 by taking partial
rubber cylinder of the two stages, that is, derivation:
6 Shock and Vibration

Table 2: Material constants of the Yeoh model for two rubber materials at five temperatures.
Material constants C10 (Pa) C20 (Pa) C30 (Pa)
7-30 939840.85 284971.93 79314.0152
7-60 2539782.67 − 1816140.36 1246021.2
7-90 1804782.6 − 534617.057 560936.07
7-120 1692499.74 − 489353.895 918409.019
7-150 1755887.92 − 576447.31 897236.305
8-30 1455627.61 131108.146 929565.95
8-60 1438504.43 − 342433.01 1202324.23
8-90 1987618.3 − 989854.139 2064562.35
8-120 2038447.57 − 808712.075 1754438.74
8-150 2001848.94 − 526508.69 1453226.66

2
W � C10 I1 − 3􏼁 + C20 I1 − 3􏼁 + C30 I1 − 3􏼁 .
3
(15) of the two length rubber cylinder models with a friction
coefficient of 0.3 and loading displacement of 40 mm.
Mooney–Rivlin model can better reflect the stress and When the temperature is 150°C in the downhole and the
strain of rubber under tensile deformation, but it is difficult to hardness of the rubber material is 70 as shown in Figure 9, the
describe other deformations, especially compression defor- rubber cylinder gradually decreases and expands with the
mation. Therefore, this paper intends to use the Yeoh model to increase of time. The faster the deformation time of the rubber
complete the finite element analysis of the rubber cylinder. cylinder increases, the faster the deformation of the rubber
cylinder begins to occur. The first rubber cylinder that contacts
seals is the first rubber cylinder. For t � 7 s, the middle and
3.5. Analysis Model of the Packer Rubber Cylinder. In
lower rubber cylinders begin to contact with the casing. It is
order to verify the seating performance and pressure-bearing
found that the maximum stress of the three rubber cylinders is
capacity of the sealing part of the retrievable packer, theoretical
in the position where the ring and the rubber cylinder are
calculation and experimental study are needed. The following
extruded. It is easy to fail here. When t � 9 s, the maximum
are the model of the sealing part of the retrievable packer and
stress is 50.85 MPa. The first rubber cylinder is subjected to the
the basic size parameters of the packer rubber cylinder.
greatest stress and the most serious deformation.
In this paper, two types of rubber cylinders, 65 mm and
Figure 10 shows that the maximum von Mises stress of the
92 mm, are selected in the analysis process. In the first group,
rubber cylinder is 162.4 MPa when the length of the rubber
the inner diameter of the rubber cylinder is 104.6 mm, the
cylinder is 92 mm, and it occurs in the upper part of the outer
outer diameter of the rubber cylinder is 146 mm, the length
surface of the rubber cylinder, and the phenomenon of stress
of the single rubber cylinder is 65 mm, the outer diameter of
concentration is obvious. When the pressure is large enough,
the upper and lower pressure ring is 140 mm, the inner
the region deforms and fails firstly, and the phenomenon of
diameter of the upper and lower pressure ring is 102 mm, the
“protrusion” of the rubber cylinder occurs. In addition, the
seating pressure is 25 MPa, and the inner diameter of the
larger stress area occurs on the inner surface of the rubber
seating casing is 166.5 mm as shown in Figure 7. In the
cylinder. In the middle area, the stress distribution on the inner
second group, except for the length of the single rubber
surface of the rubber cylinder is “small at both ends and large in
cylinder is 92 mm, all other conditions are the same as the
the middle.” After compression, the deformation presents a
first group. Friction coefficient between the rubber cylinder
“lunar” distribution. The rubber cylinder deforms to the same
and the seating section has a great influence on the process of
side, and the middle deformation is the largest. When the
force analysis of the rubber cylinder. In this paper, the force
displacement is the same, the von Mises stress of the short
and deformation of the rubber cylinder with a friction co-
rubber cylinder is larger than that of the long rubber cylinder.
efficient of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 are analyzed, respectively.
At the same time, it can be found that when the displacement is
Because the main analysis of the deformation of the rubber
not large enough, the rubber with the height of 92 mm does not
cylinder is that the separating ring and adjusting ring belong to
contact the borehole wall.
alloy steel and the elastic modulus is relatively large, so this
From Figure 11, it can be seen that there is no linear re-
paper sets the separating ring and adjusting ring as the rigid
lationship between the increase of contact pressure and the
body. According to the structure and size of the rubber cylinder
increase of loading displacement. When the loading dis-
at assembly state, the contact pair between the rubber cylinder
placement is 45 mm, the contact pressure in the upper cylinder
and metal parts is established. The outer cylinder and the inner
sealing area is 4.4–9.4 MPa, the contact pressure in the middle
cylinder are fixed equally, and the lower adjusting ring is fixed
cylinder sealing area is 2.2–3.8 MPa, while the pressure in the
equally. Fixed, the upper adjusting ring establishes the refer-
lower cylinder sealing area is 0.8–1.7 MPa, and the contact
ence point for loading. The finite element model and the
pressure in the upper cylinder sealing area is 4.4–9.4 MPa. The
loading model of the rubber cylinder are shown in Figure 8.
contact pressure is greater than the contact pressure of the
middle rubber cylinder, and the contact pressure of the middle
3.6. Analysis of Results. Assuming that the temperature is rubber cylinder is greater than the contact pressure of the lower
150°C in the well of 5,000 m and the hardness of the rubber rubber cylinder. The contact pressure difference between the
material is 70, Figures 9 and 10 are von Mises stress contours three rubber cylinders increases with the increase of loading
Shock and Vibration 7

Press ring Support ring Inner sleeve Casing Base

Rubber cylinder

83.03
52.4

42.1
Figure 7: Structure dimensions of sealing parts.

RP RP RP RP RP RP

RP RP RP RP RP RP Top rubber
cylinder

RP RP
RP
RP Middle rubber
cylinder

RP RP
RP RP Bottom rubber
cylinder

Z Z Z
Z
T T RP T
R RP R R RP T
R RP

Figure 8: Rubber cylinders and finite element models.

S, Mises S, Mises S, Mises S, Mises

(avg: 75%) (avg: 75%) (avg: 75%) (avg: 75%)
+7.229e + 00 +1.037e + 01 +2.315e + 01 +5.085e + 01
+6.629e + 00 +9.511e + 00 +2.122e + 01 +4.661e + 01
+6.029e + 00 +8.650e + 00 +1.930e + 01 +4.238e + 01
+5.428e + 00 +7.789e + 00 +1.737e + 01 +3.815e + 01
+4.828e + 00 +6.928e + 00 +1.545e + 01 +3.392e + 01
+4.228e + 00 +6.067e + 00 +1.352e + 01 +2.968e + 01
+3.628e + 00 +5.207e + 00 +1.160e + 01 +2.545e + 01
+3.028e + 00 +4.346e + 00 +9.671e + 00 +2.122e + 01
+2.428e + 00 +3.485e + 00 +7.745e + 00 +1.699e + 01
+1.828e + 00 +2.624e + 00 +5.819e + 00 +1.276e + 01
+1.228e + 00 +1.763e + 00 +3.894e + 00 +8.523e + 00
+6.279e – 01 +9.025e – 01 +1.968e + 00 +4.290e + 00
+2.783e – 02 +4.173e – 02 +4.226e – 02 +5.783e – 02
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 9: Stress change of the short rubber cylinder at different seating times. (a) t � 3 s. (b) t � 5 s. (c) t � 7 s. (d) t � 9 s.

displacement. When the loading displacement is small, the It can be seen that the greater the friction coefficient is,
contact pressure in the sealing area of the three rubber cylinders the greater the maximum contact pressure on the rubber
does not change much, and the contact pressure of the three cylinder is, as shown in Figure 12. The contact pressure in
rubber cylinders varies from 0.3 to 1.1 MPa. the sealing area of the upper, middle, and lower rubber
8 Shock and Vibration

S, Mises S, Mises S, Mises S, Mises

(avg: 75%) (avg: 75%) (avg: 75%) (avg: 75%)
+5.564e + 00 +8.318e + 00 +4.495e + 01 +1.624e + 02
+5.101e + 00 +7.626e + 00 +4.121e + 01 +1.489e + 02
+4.638e + 00 +6.934e + 00 +3.746e + 01 +1.353e + 02
+4.175e + 00 +6.242e + 00 +3.372e + 01 +1.218e + 02
+3.712e + 00 +5.549e + 00 +2.998e + 01 +1.083e + 02
+3.249e + 00 +4.856e + 00 +2.623e + 01 +9.475e + 01
+2.786e + 00 +4.165e + 00 +2.249e + 01 +8.122e + 01
+2.323e + 00 +3.473e + 00 +1.875e + 01 +6.769e + 01
+1.860e + 00 +2.780e + 00 +1.500e + 01 +5.416e + 01
+1.397e + 00 +2.088e + 00 +1.126e + 01 +4.063e + 01
+9.341e – 01 +1.396e + 00 +7.516e + 00 +2.710e + 01
+4.711e – 01 +7.036e – 01 +3.772e + 00 +1.357e + 01
+8.084e – 03 +1.134e – 02 +2.861e – 02 +3.881e – 02
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 10: Stress change of the long rubber cylinder at different seating times. (a) t � 3 s. (b) t � 5 s. (c) t � 7 s. (d) t � 9 s.

45 35
40 30
Contact pressure (MPa)
Contact pressure (MPa)

35
25
30
20
25
20 15
15 10
10 5
5
0
0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Contact path (mm)
Contact path (mm)
0.2 0.4
35mm 0.5 0.6
40mm
45mm Figure 12: Change curves of contact pressure under different
friction coefficients.
Figure 11: Change curves of contact pressure under different
displacements.
structure, it can be considered that the sealing contact pressure
cylinders increases with the increase of the friction coeffi- of preferable packers is affected by temperature in deep and
cient. The contact pressure of the upper rubber cylinders ultradeep wells. The effect is small, but the effect of temperature
increases the most, while the contact pressure of the middle is large when sealing is carried out in the shallow wellbore.
rubber cylinders and the lower rubber cylinders increases In order to verify the sealing performance of the rubber
little with the increase of the friction coefficient. It can be cylinder, the working pressure difference can be withstood. It is
inferred that the top rubber cylinder plays the main role in necessary to verify the specific pressure of the rubber cylinder.
the sealing process between the wellbore and the rubber If the specific pressure is too small, the sealing surface will be
cylinder of the removable packer. detached, and the sealing performance will be unstable. If the
According to Figure 13, the contact pressure of the two specific pressure of the seal is too high, the contact surface may
hardness rubber cylinders is the largest at 60°C, the smallest at be damaged because of friction. In the design of the sealing
30°C, and the contact pressure is little affected by temperature structure, there are detailed standards for the specific pressure
at 90°C, 120°C, and 150°C. In high-temperature wells with of rubber. For rubber with medium hardness, the formula for
temperature reaching a certain value, the contact pressure is calculating the specific pressure of rubber is [29, 30]
gradually weakened due to the change in mechanical properties
(0.4 + 0.6PN)
of rubber materials caused by temperature change. As the QMF � 􏽰����� . (16)
temperature increases with the increase of the wellbore bM /10
Shock and Vibration 9

30 40
35
Contact pressure (MPa) 25

Contact pressure (MPa)

30
20
25
15 20
15
10
10
5
5
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Contact path (mm) Contact path (mm)
30°C 150°C 30°C 150°C
120°C 90°C 120°C 90°C
60°C 60°C
(a) (b)

Figure 13: The contact pressure curves at different temperatures and hardness. (a) The hardness of the rubber cylinder is 70. (b) The
hardness of the rubber cylinder is 80.

In the formula, QMF is the specific pressure of the middle 4. Study on Optimization of Seal Structure Size
seal, PN is the working pressure difference, MPa, and bM is
the effective length of the seal, mm. According to the design theory of the packer rubber cylinder, the
Through the discussion of the factors affecting the influence of the rubber cylinder chamfer on the force of the
contact pressure, it can be seen that the contact pressure at rubber cylinder is greater. The existing theory and experimental
the sealing location is greatly affected by the loading dis- verification show that when the rubber cylinder chamfer is
placement and friction coefficient. In this paper, the length 30°∼50°, it is easy to produce “protrusion” phenomenon, which
of the rubber tube is 60 mm, the friction coefficient between minimizes the stress concentration of the rubber cylinder. In this
the borehole wall and the rubber cylinder is 0.3, the paper, the rubber cylinder chamfer is 45°. In the design of rubber
temperature at the bottom of the well is 150°C, and the cylinder assembly, the height of upper and lower rubber cyl-
loading displacement is 45 mm. The effective contact length inders is the same, and the height of the middle rubber cylinder
and average contact pressure are calculated by using the is less than that of upper and lower rubber cylinders [31]. The
extracted contact pressure. By comparing the contact design size diagram of the rubber cylinder is shown in Figure 14.
pressure and sealing specific pressure, it is determined
whether the rubber cylinder can seal the pressure difference
of 35 MPa. The effective contact length of the rubber cyl- 4.1. Height Optimization of the Rubber Cylinder.
inder is 136 mm, and the average contact pressure is According to the relevant literature, the height of upper and
6.1 MPa. The calculation of sealing specific pressure is as lower rubber cylinders is the same in the design of rubber
follows: cylinder assembly, and the height of the middle rubber
cylinder is less than that of upper and lower rubber cylinders.
(0.4 + 0.6 × 35)
QMF � √������ � 5.8 MPa. (17)
136/10
4.1.1. Height Optimization of Upper and Lower Rubber
From the above calculation, it can be seen that the av- Cylinders. For upper and lower rubber cylinder materials,
erage contact pressure is greater than the sealing specific the height H of the rubber cylinder is taken as the design
pressure. Because the friction coefficient between borehole variable under the inclination angle at 45°of the rubber
wall and sealing rubber, that is, the friction coefficient be- cylinder and seating load of 70 kN. The height of the rubber
tween rubber and rock, is generally greater than 0.3, the cylinder varies from 20 mm to 170 mm.
above calculation is safe. Rubber will be destroyed when the The maximum stress on the contact surface between the
contact pressure is larger than the allowable specific pressure rubber cylinder and the inner wall of the casing is extracted,
of NBR. Therefore, when keeping the pressure difference and the curve of the maximum contact pressure between the
between upper and lower rubber, the height of the rubber rubber cylinder and the casing with the height of the rubber
cylinder can be increased appropriately, and the effective cylinder is obtained, as shown in Figure 15.
sealing length between the rubber cylinder and the wellbore According to Figure 15, it can be seen that when the
can be increased. When the length of the rubber cylinder is height of the rubber cylinder is 20 mm, only one part of the
too long, the contact pressure will be affected. Because of its rubber cylinder after deformation contacts with the inner
size, the length of the rubber cylinder is not easy to increase wall of the casing. From 30 mm to 60 mm height, the
too long on the basis of 60 mm. maximum contact pressure increases obviously with the
10 Shock and Vibration

D1 6.5

The maximum contact pressure (MPa)

6
β 5.5

4.5

3.5
d
3
H 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170
The height of upper and lower rubber cylinders (mm)
Figure 15: The relationship between the maximum contact stress
and the height of the rubber cylinder.

7.1

The maximum contact pressure (MPa)

6.9
6.7
6.5
D 6.3
6.1
5.9
Figure 14: The design size diagram of the rubber cylinder.
5.7
5.5
5.3
increase of height, and the contact length between the rubber 5.1
cylinder and the casing also increases, the sealing effect 4.9
increases significantly, but the shoulder has the trend of 4.7
outflow; from 60 mm to 170 mm height, with the increase of 4.5
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
height, the maximum contact pressure decreases accord- The height of the middle rubber cylinder (mm)
ingly. Starting from 70 mm, the gap between the inner wall of
the rubber cylinder and the central tube is large and not Figure 16: The relationship between the maximum contact stress
compacted, which reduces the sealing effect and aggravates and the height of the rubber cylinder.
the shoulder protrusion. In conclusion, in order to improve
the sealing performance of rubber cylinders, the height of the rubber cylinder is not compacted from 100 mm. In
upper and lower rubber cylinders should be preferentially addition, the shoulder protrusion phenomenon is also se-
selected about 60 mm. rious with the increase of height. Because the heights of
30 mm and 40 mm are relatively short, although the contact
pressure is relatively large, it is easy to crush when the load
4.1.2. Height Optimization of the Middle Rubber Cylinder. increases. When the rubber cylinder is 50 mm, the rubber
Under the condition of camber angle of 45°and 70 kN seating cylinder is compacted, and the sealing pressure is large, so
load, the height of the middle rubber cylinder is taken as the the sealing effect is better. In summary, the height of the
design variable, and the height H varies from 20 mm to middle rubber cylinder is about 50 mm.
160 mm.
The maximum stress on the contact surface between the
rubber cylinder and the inner wall of the casing is extracted, 4.2. Thickness Optimization of the Rubber Cylinder.
and the curve of the maximum contact pressure between the Under the condition of camber angle of 45°and 70 kN seating
rubber cylinder and the casing with the height of the rubber load for a single rubber cylinder, the height of the rubber
cylinder is obtained, as shown in Figure 16. cylinder is taken as the design variable, and the height H
It can be seen that when the height of the rubber cylinder varies from 20 mm to 160 mm.
is 20 mm as shown in Figure 16, the axial compression The maximum contact pressure between the rubber tube
deformation of the rubber cylinder is relatively small, and and the casing with different thicknesses through analysis is
the contact length between the rubber cylinder and the obtained as shown in Figure 17.
casing is relatively small; thus, the contact pressure is rel- From Figure 17, it can be seen that, from 15 mm to
atively small; when the height of the rubber cylinder in- 21 mm, the maximum contact pressure increases obviously
creases to 30 mm, the contact pressure increases with the increase of thickness, and the rubber cylinder is
significantly, which makes the sealing effect better. From compacted, the sealing effect is improved significantly, and
30 mm to 160 mm, the maximum contact pressure decreases the degree of shoulder protrusion is also increased, but there
with the increase of height, the sealing effect decreases, and is little difference and within a reasonable range; from 21 mm
Shock and Vibration 11

The maximum contact pressure (MPa)

6.2
The maximum contact pressure (MPa)

6
6.1
5.5
6
5
5.9 4.5
5.8 4
5.7 3.5
5.6 3
5.5 2.5
5.4 2
5.3 1.5
5.2 1
5.1 0.5
5 0
4.9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Sitting force (kN)
Thickness of upper and lower rubber cylinders (mm)
Figure 18: The maximum contact pressure curve of the rubber
Figure 17: The relationship between the thickness of upper and cylinder under different loads.
down rubber cylinders and the maximum contact pressure.

60
to 25 mm, the maximum contact pressure follows with the 55

Axial compression of rubber

increase of thickness. With the decrease of thickness, the
50
sealing effect decreases, and the degree of shoulder pro-
45
trusion decreases, but the effect is not significant. Generally

drum (mm)
speaking, the thickness of upper and lower rubber cylinders 40
should be about 21 mm. 35
30
25
4.3. Effect of External Conditions on Sealing Performance of
20
Packers
15
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
4.3.1. Effect of Sealing Load on Sealing Performance of the
The gap of annular space (mm)
Rubber Cylinder. For the optimized rubber cylinder seal
assembly, the force generated by the contact between the Figure 19: The maximum axial compression curve of the rubber
rubber cylinder and the casing is simulated by numerical cylinder under different gaps of annular.
simulation software. The upper and lower ends of the casing
and the central pipe (tubing) are fixed, and the lower dia-
phragm ring is fixed. The seating pressures of 10 kN, 20 kN, the gap is 7 mm, the inner side of the middle rubber cylinder
30 kN, 40 kN, 50 kN, and 60 kN are applied to the upper begins to appear larger deformation, which is very disad-
diaphragm ring, respectively. The variation curves of Fig- vantageous and seriously affects the life of the rubber
ure 18 are obtained by analysis. It can be seen that the cylinder.
maximum contact pressure between the rubber cylinder and It can also be seen from Figure 20 that when the annular
the casing increases linearly with the increase of the seating space gap is less than 7 mm, the upper rubber cylinder plays
load when the seating force is greater than 30 kN. the main role of sealing. When the annular space gap is
greater than 7 mm, the contact pressure of the middle rubber
cylinder begins to be greater than that of the upper rubber
4.3.2. Effect of Different Annulus Sizes on the Sealing Per- cylinder and begins to play the sealing role together with the
formance of Rubber Cylinders. For the optimized packer, the upper rubber cylinder.
size of the annular space gap is different when the casing type In summary, different annular space gap sizes, in other
is different. Then, the influence of the annular gap on the words, different casing types or different packer outer di-
performance of the packer is simulated by finite element ameters will affect the sealing performance of the packer.
software. The annular space gap (the space of inner diameter Considering the service life of the rubber cylinder, the
of the casing and outer diameter of the rubber cylinder) is annular space gap should not exceed 7 mm, so the upper
1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, and 8 mm, rubber cylinder plays the main sealing role; considering the
respectively. Through analysis, the variation curves between sealing effect, it is obvious that the contact pressure of the
the annular space gap of different casing and the maximum annular space gap is the greatest around 2 mm, so the effect
axial compression of the rubber cylinder are obtained, as is the best. At the same time, the maximum Mises stress of
shown in Figure 19. the rubber cylinder is smaller when the gap is about 2 mm,
From Figure 19, it can be seen that, with the increase of which can better guarantee the rubber cylinder’s perfor-
the gap between the inner diameter of the casing and the mance. Therefore, the optimal annular space gap of this kind
outer diameter of the rubber cylinder, the maximum axial of packer is about 2 mm.
compression of the rubber cylinder has a significant change. The results show that the sealing performance of the
Because the middle rubber cylinder is relatively soft, when packer is better when the inclination angle of the rubber
12 Shock and Vibration

Under different gaps of annular ring outer diameter 144.3 mm) under 150 C and 10,000 Psi
12
The maximum contact pressure (MPa)

conditions is as follows.
11 The assembly parts are tightened everywhere and then
10 connected with the pressing equipment to test the 1# rubber
sleeve as shown in Figure 21. The seating pressure of 8 T is
9
applied slowly, and the pressing test is carried out after 1
8 minute of pressure stabilization. After 3 minutes of pressure
7 stabilization, the pressure drops to 300 Psi; then, the pressure
is hit to 4,000 Psi, and the pressure drops to 200 Psi after 2
6
minutes of pressure stabilization. Continue to increase the
5 pressure of the rubber cylinder until it reaches 10,000 Psi.
4 After 6 minutes of pressure stabilization to 10,000 Psi, the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 pressure drop was 100 Psi. 2# rubber sleeve also uses the
The gap of annular space (mm) same experimental process. The curve of two pressing tests is
Figure 20: The maximum contact pressure curve of the rubber shown in Figure 22.
cylinder under different gaps of annular. After pressure relief, the elasticity of the rubber sleeve is
good, and then the rubber cylinder is taken out. There is a
circle of shear marks on the shoulder of the upper rubber
cylinder is 45°, the height of the upper and lower rubber sleeve, which is relatively intact as a whole, as shown in
cylinder is 60 mm, the height of the middle rubber cylinder is Figure 23.
50 mm, and the thickness of the rubber cylinder is 21 mm.
With the increase of seating load, the contact pressure be- 6. The Whole Performance Test Process of
tween the rubber cylinder and the casing increases con-
tinuously. The maximum contact pressure of the rubber
the Packer
cylinder increases with the increase of the annular space gap. After assembling the removable packer and the pressure
It shows the trend of first increasing and then decreasing and testing tooling, the casing is put into the casing as shown in
reaches the maximum when the gap is about 2 mm. Figure 24, the pin can be cut by 6 MPa pressure, the seat seal
This provides a theoretical basis for the preliminary can be started, and then three times of pressure testing are
seating of the structural dimensions of rubber cylinders by carried out. The pressure is 10 MPa–21 MPa–70 MPa, and
analyzing the stress situation of rubber cylinders. Initially, the temperature varies between 60 and 140°C, respectively.
the inner diameter of the rubber cylinder is 104 mm, the The pressure is stabilized for a certain period of time, and the
outer diameter of the rubber cylinder is 146 mm, and the temperature and seal of the three tests are observed step by
height of the rubber cylinder is 60 mm. The angle of the step. Seating pressure and bearing pressure are stable in the
rubber cylinder is 45°, the height of the upper and lower temperature range. Figure 24 shows a physical drawing of
rubber cylinder is 60 mm, the height of the middle rubber the assembly equipment and the pressure gauge.
cylinder is 50 mm, and the thickness of the rubber cylinder is In the first test, it was found from the temperature,
21 mm. seating pressure, and bearing pressure curves as shown in
Figure 25. There are bearing pressure stabilization stages in
5. Test Simulation of New Packer Rubber each stage. The temperature drops by about 12°C, and the
temperature drops by about 3 MPa. When the temperature is
This section mainly aims at the pressure-bearing capacity 112°C–126°C, the seating pressure and bearing pressure can
and sealing performance test of the new rubber cylinder, be stabilized at about 70–75 MPa, and the seating time is 14
using 7″ casing (inner diameter 166.1 mm, central diameter minutes, which shows that the sealing performance is stable
88.5 mm, and guide ring outer diameter 144.3 mm), under in this temperature range.
150 C, 10,000 Psi conditions of sealing pressure. The second test found the seating pressure and bearing
Test conditions: simulated test temperature: 150°C ± 5°C; pressure curve which found that the seating pressure was
maximum pressure: 10,000 Psi; simulated casing specifica- lower than the bearing pressure as shown in Figure 26. The
tion: 20 Pounds. bearing pressure could reach 52.5 MPa when the tempera-
Test equipment: sealing equipment unit: 160 T rubber ture was 130°C–140°C. The seating pressure was stable at
vulcanizer, maximum pressure: 160 T. Pressure accuracy: 1 T; about 18–36 T. The seating pressure was stable, indicating
pressure equipment unit: 27,000 Psi pneumatic high-pressure that the sealing performance was stable in this temperature
pump; pressure display accuracy: 200 Psi; simulated working range. There were bearing pressure stabilization stages in all
unit: self-designed test tooling for simulated working condi- stages, and the temperature was also stable. The bearing
tions. System pressure drop: 200 Psi/15 min; heating unit: self- pressure can be stabilized at about 52.5 MPa, and the seating
designed oil bath heater. Temperature control error: ±5°C; test time is 10 minutes at 132°C. It shows that the sealing per-
medium: ISO/TS 16949; the viscosity of high-temperature heat formance is stable, and the bearing pressure can reach
conducting oil is − 30 CST at 40°C. 60 MPa in this temperature range.
The whole test process of seal pressure of 7″ casing (inner The third test found the seating pressure and bearing
diameter 166.1 mm, central diameter 88.5 mm, and guide pressure curve which found that the seating pressure is lower
Shock and Vibration 13

Press
ring Top rubber
cylinder
Guide ring

Middle rubber
Central pipe cylinder

Casing Bottom rubber

cylinder

Figure 21: Experimental device of pressure-bearing and physical drawing of rubber sleeve.

10000 10000

Experiment pressure (Psi)

Experiment pressure (Psi)

8000 8000

6000 6000

4000 4000

2000 2000

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min) Time (min)
Figure 22: Pressure curves of 1# and 2# rubber cylinders.

Middle
Top

(a) (b)

Bottom

(c)

Figure 23: Deformation diagram of 2# rubber sleeve after pressure.

than the pressure as shown in Figure 27. The pressure can pressure is stable, the seating and bearing pressure time is
reach 72 MPa when the temperature is 130°C–140°C, the 700 minutes, and the temperature varies between 108°C and
seating pressure is stable at about 15–20 MPa, the seating 140°C.
14 Shock and Vibration

Casing Testing device °C MPa MPa

160 100 100

140 90 90
80 80
120
70 70
100 60 60
80 50 50
Pressure 60 40 40
gauge 30 30
40
20 20
20 10 10
0 0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Figure 24: Pressure testing device and pressure gauge.
Temperature
Seating pressure
°C MPa MPa Bearing pressure
140 60 60
Figure 27: Change curve temperature, seating pressure, and
120 50 50
bearing pressure.

100
40 40 research are carried out, and the following conclusions are
80 drawn:
30 30
60 (1) When the wellbore and the packer are sealed, the
20 20 upper rubber cylinder is subjected to greater stress
40
under various working conditions and mainly plays a
20 10 10
sealing role
0 0 0 (2) Loading displacement, friction coefficient, and
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 temperature increase will increase the contact
Temperature pressure between packer rubber and casing wall, and
Bearing pressure the average contact pressure is greater than the
Seating pressure sealing specific pressure
Figure 25: Change curve temperature, seating pressure, and (3) The effective pressure difference between the top and
bearing pressure. bottom of the rubber cylinder can be maintained by
increasing the height of rubber cylinder and the
°C MPa MPa effective sealing length of the rubber cylinder and the
160 80 80 well bore
140 72 70 (4) Through sealing performance and pressure test, the
64
120 60 sealing effect is stable, and the elasticity of the rubber
56
100 50 sleeve is good, which indicates that the newly
48
designed rubber cylinder can meet the sealing
80 40 40
pressure of 150 and 10,000 Psi
60 32 30
24 (5) Through three tests, it is found that the bearing
40 20 pressure can reach 72 MPa, the seating pressure can
16
20 8 10 be stabilized at about 15–20 MPa, the seating pres-
0 0 0 sure and the holding time can reach 690 minutes,
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 and the sealing performance of the bearing pressure
and the bearing pressure can be stable in the tem-
Temperature
Seating pressure perature range of 108°C–140°C
Bearing pressure
Data Availability
Figure 26: Change curve temperature, seating pressure, and
bearing pressure. The data used to support the findings of this study are in-
cluded within the article.
7. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
In this paper, according to the design of the new seal
structure, theoretical calculation and experimental The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Shock and Vibration 15

Acknowledgments [14] Z. Tong, Q. Ye, J. Qian, Z. Hao, and L. Wang, “Down-hole

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