50.Describe key network management tasks.

Fault management
The facilities that enable the detection, isolation, and correction of abnormal operation of the
OSI environment.
Accounting management
The facilities that enable charges to be established for the use of managed objects and costs to
be identified for the use of those managed objects.
Configuration and name management
The facilities that exercise control over, identify, collect data from, and provide data to
managed objects for the purpose of assisting in providing for continuous operation of
interconnection services.
Performance management
The facilities needed to evaluate the behavior of managed objects and the effectiveness of
communication activities.
Security management
Those aspects of OSI security essential to operate OSI network management correctly and to
protect managed objects.
51.Describe difference between EMS, NMS, and SMS, BMS.
EMS stands for “Element Management System”. It is also called Element manager. EMS can
manage (i.e. FCAPS) a single node/element or a group of similar nodes. For example it can
configure, read alarms etc. on a particular node or group of nodes.
NMS (Network Management System) on the other hand manages a complete network i.e. it
covers all the functions of EMS as well as does FCAPS with relation to the communication
between different devices.
So the difference between EMS and NMS is that NMS can understand the inter-relationship
between individual devices, which EMS cannot. Although EMS can manage a group of
devices of the same type but it treats all the devices in a group as single devices and does not
recognize how individual devices interact with one another.
SMS and BMS???? There is no BMS in slides.
52.What is the role and main functions and the RADIUS system?
The Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) protocol, as an access server
authentication and accounting protocol. Provides security to networks against unauthorized
access. RADIUS secures a network by enabling centralized authentication of dial-in users and
authorizing their access to use a network service. It manages remote user authentication,
authorization and accounting (AAA).
RADIUS performs three major functions:
  Authenticates users trying to establish a connection to a network
 Authorizes users to access requested network services
 Accounts for the use of those services
53.What is SNMP system and describe its main functions.
SNMP is Simple Network Management Protocol, which manages devices over the internet.
SNMP is a simple solution that requires little code to implement, which enables vendors to
easily build SNMP agents for their products.
In addition, SNMP is often the foundation of the network management architecture. SNMP
defines how management information is exchanged between network management
applications and management agents.
SNMP consists of;
 SNMP Manager
 Managed devices
 SNMP agent
 Management Information Database Otherwise called as Management Information
Base (MIB)
SNMP Manager’s key functions;
 Queries agents.
 Gets responses from agents.
 Sets variables in agents.
 Acknowledges asynchronous events from agents.
SNMP agent’s key functions;
 Collects management information about its local environment.
 Stores and retrieves management information as defined in the MIB.
 Signals an event to the manager.
 Acts as a proxy for some non–SNMP manageable network node.
54.Describe two modes of operations of SNMP
GET: The GET operation is a request sent by the manager to the managed device. It is
performed to retrieve one or more values from the managed device.
GET NEXT: This operation is similar to the GET. The significant difference is that the GET
NEXT operation retrieves the value of the next OID in the MIB tree.
GET BULK: The GET BULK operation is used to retrieve voluminous data from large MIB
table.
SET: This operation is used by the managers to modify or assign the value of the Managed
device.
TRAPS: Unlike the above commands which are initiated from the SNMP Manager, TRAPS
are initiated by the Agents. It is a signal to the SNMP Manager by the Agent on the
occurrence of an event.
INFORM: This command is similar to the TRAP initiated by the Agent, additionally
INFORM includes confirmation from the SNMP manager on receiving the message.
RESPONSE: It is the command used to carry back the value(s) or signal of actions directed
by the SNMP Manager.
55.What the term MIB refers to and what role it plays in the networking management?
MIB stands for Management Information Base. The MIB is a detailed definition of the
information on a network device and is accessible through a network management protocol,
such as SNMP. Management information datas that are of interest to a device's management,
usually stored in MIBs.
The management agent collects data and stores it locally in the MIB, a database of objects
about the device. Community strings, which are similar to passwords, control access to the
MIB. To access or set MIB variables, the user must specify the appropriate read or write
community string; otherwise, access is denied.
RMON is an extension of the MIB. The MIB typically provides only static information about
the managed device.
56.What is the content of RMON and MIB-II.
RMON is a MIB that provides support for proactive management of LAN traffic.
The RMON standard allows packet and traffic patterns on LAN segments to be monitored.
RMON tracks the following items:
Number of packets,
Packet sizes,
Broadcasts,
Network utilization,
Errors and conditions, such as Ethernet collisions,
Statistics for hosts, including errors generated by hosts, busiest hosts, and which hosts
communicate with each other,
RMON features include historical views of RMON statistics based on user-defined sample
intervals, alarms that are based on user-defined thresholds, and packet capture based on user-
defined filters.

RMON is defined as a portion of the MIB II database. RFC 2819, Remote Network
Monitoring Management Information Base, defines the objects for managing remote network
monitoring devices.