Chapter 4

Date: 11-12-2020

Branch: ECE /3 year

Topic: OS in Embedded System

Time: 8:00 AM -9:00 AM

What is an Embedded Operating System?

An embedded operating system is simply an operating system designed for
embedded systems.  The main characteristics of the embedded operating system
are resource efficiency and reliability. The existence of embedded operating
system comes into existence because we have a very limited amount of hardware
like RAM, ROM, timer-counters and other on-chip peripherals.
So, in this case, we need some operating system that can manage all the hardware
resource by leaving some unimportant features. Embedded systems generally
have Real Time Operating System(RTOS) to perform the task in a given time
frame.
The hardware in the embedded systems depends on the application need. So some
time for getting the best results we need to customize the embedded operating
system.
As we know the assembly language is more near to hardware and code are written
in assembly perform better. So sometime to get the better result and speed some
code or modules are programmed in assembly language. To get the response from
the system.
The embedded operating systems are generally written in the c language because c
language can interact better with the hardware.
Stand-Alone Operating System
The operating system that you have used in your laptop and desktop computing.
They are totally designed to use that single machine. Even it has a network
capability but its main purpose is to take care of all the hardware resources of the
existing system. This is called stand-alone operating system.
Stand-Alone Operating System Example
 Windows 95
 Windows NT Workstation
 Windows 98
 Windows 2000 Professional
 Windows Millennium Edition
 Windows XP Home Edition
 Windows XP Professional Edition
 Windows 7, 8 & 10
 Mac OS
 OS/2 Warp Client
 UNIX
 Linux
Types of Embedded Operating Systems
 Single System Control Loop
 Multi-Tasking Operating System
 Rate Monotonic Operating System
 Preemptive Operating System
 Real-Time Operating System
Single System Control Loop
This is the very basic type of operating system that performs only a single function
at a time. This is still not clear that such a simple operating system could be an
embedded operating system. Because generally operating systems perform
multiple tasks to manage the system resource.
Multi-Tasking Operating System
This type of operating system can perform multiple tasks at a time. The multiple
tasks can run simultaneously. The operating system can keep track of each task and
can switch between it without losing the information.
In multitasking actually, the overall time of a problem is divided into small tasks.
Each divided subtask gets the CPU time based on a fixed interval.
Only current executing process get the entire CPU time. The remaining task
executing in a virtual environment. Where they get a register, program
counter(PC), stack memory and a stack pointer. The task is executing in a virtual
environment. This all goes in runtime. When a higher priority task is coming to the
currently executing task is saved into memory.
Rate Monotonic Operating System
In this type of operating system, a rate monotonic priority algorithm is used in real-
time operating systems(RTOS). It is a priority-based scheduling algorithm. In this
operating system, the scheduling is preemptive. Means the task gets interrupted or
suspended by another task with a short period.
The execution time of the task is set in such a way that all task gets an equal
amount of execution time or at least the task get the chance to execute when it is
expected to run. This type of operating system always gives the shorter task a
higher priority.
Preemptive Operating System
In this type of operating system, the currently executing task may be interrupted by
the other higher priority task and can be resumed later.
The system has a scheduler that receives the interrupt that is received from the
external calls. Once the interrupt is received scheduler pause the running task and
start the higher priority task. The control of the CPU passes from one task to
another. This is called preemption.
The main concept here is to manage the higher priority task that is more important
and critical.
Features of Embedded Operating Systems
Real-Time Operation
As we know that real-time embedded systems have a time constrained to execute
the task. This time is called a deadline. The soft-realtime system may vary the
deadline. But the hard real-time system must complete the task in a given time
frame.
Soft-Real-Time System
The example of the soft-realtime system could be our day to day lifer products like
washing machine, microwave oven, printer and fax machine. Let’s suppose we are
cooking something. We put some item to cook. We set a time and temperature. As
soon as we press the start button of the oven it takes some random time to start to
suppose 15sec. Even after a 15sec delay, it cooked perfectly, nothing went wrong
in cooking. It missed the time by approx 15sec. This is generally happening in the
soft real-time system.
Hard-Real-Time System
There is some application where the systems should act in a given time otherwise
some went wrong or action is not acceptable.
Like in a traffic light controller, the timing of different signals should be running in
a mentioned time in the program. The variation in time is not acceptable because
something wrong may happen.
In essence, the deadline is fixed according to the system application. And to make
the system time critical we pause other less important tasks so the main priority
task can execute on time.
Reactive Operation
A system is called reactive if it acts on certain input by the user in the form of
switch press or by some sensor. For example, a motion sensor security sensor
triggers the alarm when someone comes in the rang of the sensor. Here system is
reacting based on the sensor input.
Configurability
As we know that embedded systems are designed as per the application
requirement. And according to the hardware we need to customize the embedded
operating system. So the operating system should be designed in such a way that
an embedded developer can configure the operating system as per the need.
In some operating system facility of conditional compilation is available. Where
the developer compiles the only required module from the overall modules. And it
is best suitable if we are using the object-oriented approach.
I/O Device Flexibility
There is no generalise hardware that is suitable or adjustable for all operating
system versions.
Direct Use of Interrupts
The embedded operating system provides the use of interrupts to give them more
control over the peripheral. The general purpose operating system does not provide
such kind of facility to the user directly.
In the embedded system we need more control on the individual hardware so there
is the demand of the interrupts. The interrupt also has the priority. And according
to that priority, the task is serviced by the CPU.
Fast and Lightweight
As the embedded systems have small CPU with limited processing power. It
should be customised perfectly so that it can execute fast.
It the embedded system developer task to understand the existing hardware and
remove the unwanted software modules at the time of compilation. This will give a
lightweight operating system results a faster execution speed.
Small Size
The size is everytime considered in an embedded system. Because it has very
limited resources like RAM, ROM and CPU power. So keep the embedded
operating system small as possible to fit into given memory space.
Embedded Operating Systems Applications
Once the embedded operating system is compiled it can be used in a variety of
application. The list is for mobile using the embedded operating system.
 Symbian
 Embedded Linux
 Palm OS
 Windows Mobile
 iOS
 BlackBerry OS
Embedded Operating Systems List
 VxWorks
 FreeRTOS
 Palm OS ( Programming for Palm OS )
 Windows CE
 MS-DOS or DOS Clones
 Linux, including RTLinux
 MontaVista Linux
 Unison OS
 µC/OS-III
Real-Time Operating Systems(RTOS) List
Open Source RTOS
 Linux
 eCos
 uClinux
FreeRTOS
 RTAI
 Coscox
 Rocket OS
Proprietary RTOS
 QNX
 VxWorks
 INTEGRITY
 ThreadX
 MicroC/OS2
 embOS
 SafeRTOS
Is Android an Embedded Operating System?
Yes, Android is an embedded operating system. It has several advantages over
normal embedded operating systems like royalty-free, license free, stable kernel
and a huge library of open source code and device drivers.
Because of all these advantages, it is favourable by the developer and
manufacturer.