CH 1
CH 1
Chapter 1
What is Artificial Intelligence?
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What is Artificial Intelligence?
Some Definitions
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What is Artificial Intelligence?
Operational Definition of AI
(Turing Test):
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Turing Test
Mathematician Alan If the interrogator
Turing devised a test cannot tell which is the
for defining artificial human and which is the
intelligence: computer, then the
an interrogator poses computer passes the
questions to two entities, Turing Test and should
a human and a computer be considered
intelligent
Turing first called this
the Imitation game but
has since been renamed
the Turing Test – a test
for machine intelligence
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Goals of AI:
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What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Examples of AI Application
systems:
Game Playing
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What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Natural language processing (NLP) gives machines
the ability to read and understand the languages that
humans speak.
Natural Language Understanding
Diagnostic Systems
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What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Examples of AI Application Systems:
Expert Systems:
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What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Examples of AI Application Systems:
Robotics:
- garbage collection
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What is Artificial Intelligence ?
Examples of AI Application systems:
Other examples:
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Notes
Machine learning is the study of computer algorithms that improve
automatically through experience and has been central to AI research
since the field’s inception.
Unsupervised learning is the ability to find patterns in a stream of input.
Supervised learning includes both classification and numerical
regression.
Classification is used to determine what category something belongs in,
after seeing a number of examples of things from several categories.
Regression is the attempt to produce a function that describes the
relationship between inputs and outputs and predicts how the outputs
should change as the inputs change.
In reinforcement learning the agent is rewarded for good responses and
punished for bad ones.
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Voice Recognition
In computer science, voice recognition (VR) is the
translation of spoken words into text.
It is also known as “automatic speech recognition”,
“ASR”, “computer speech recognition”, “speech to
text”, or just “STT”. Some SR systems use “training”
where an individual speaker reads sections of text
into the SR system
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Artificial Intelligence –
Vision
Computer vision is a field that includes methods for
acquiring, processing, analyzing, and understanding
images and, in general, high dimensional data from
the real world in order to produce numerical or
symbolic information, e.g., in the forms of decisions
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Questions
State whether the following statements are true or false:
1. Natural language processing (NLP) gives machines the ability to read and
understand the languages that humans speak.
2. Unsupervised learning includes both classification and numerical
regression.
3. Voice recognition (VR) is also known as “automatic speech recognition” or
“speech to text”.
4. Robots are one of the applications of AI.
5. AI can be defined as “the science and engineering of making intelligent
machines”.
6. Artificial Intelligence has no branch.
7. Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations, invest in
stocks and manage properties.
8. AI deals with the types of problem-solving and decision-making that
humans continually face in dealing with the world.
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AI Programming Languages
General programming languages such as C++ and
Java are often used because these are the languages
with which most computer scientists have
experience. There also exist two programming
languages that have features that make them
particularly useful for programming Artificial
Intelligence projects
PROLOG
LISP
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AI Topics:
Problem solving by searching
(Uninformed search, heuristic search …)
Knowledge-based systems
(expert systems …)
Machine learning
(neural networks, RL …)
Artificial Life <Modern AI>
(cellular automata, GAs …)
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Problem Solving by Searching
Why search ?
• proving theorems
• solving puzzles
• playing games
All AI is search!
Not totally true (obviously) but more true than you might think.
Finding a good/best solution to a problem amongst many possible
solutions.
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Classic AI search problems
Map searching (navigation)
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Problem definition
Initial State : Arad
Actions(state) :
Results ( state , action)
Goal test
Path cost (s1S2,…,Sn)
Note that:
Step_Cost: (s,a,s’)
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3*3*3 Rubik’s Cube
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8-Puzzle
2 1 3 1 2 3
4 7 6 4 5 6
5 8 7 8
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Knowledge-based system
expert system (or knowledge-based system): a program
which encapsulates knowledge from some domain,
normally obtained from a human expert in that domain
components:
Knowledge base (KB): repository of rules, facts
(productions)
working memory: (if forward chaining used)
inference engine: the deduction system used to infer
results from user input and KB
user interface: interfaces with user
external control + monitoring: access external databases,
control,...
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Knowledge-based system
Why use expert systems:
commercial viability: whereas there may be only a few experts whose time
is expensive and rare, you can have many expert systems
expert systems can be used anywhere, anytime
expert systems can explain their line of reasoning
commercially beneficial: the first commercial product of AI
Weaknesses:
expert systems are as sound as their KB; errors in rules mean errors in
diagnoses
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Questions
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