CHM 213

LABORATORY REPORT

Nama : Nurhafiqah binti Muji

No ID : 2019250538

Title : Phase Equilibrium 1

Lecturer’s Name : Dr. Royhaila Mohamad

Date of submission : 8 May 2020

Introduction :
When a pure liquid consisting of only one substance is cooled down to a very low
temperature, it will solidify at a certain temperature. However, with a presence of a
dissolved solid or simply an impurity, the freezing process of the liquid will take place at a
longer time and well below its freezing point. Therefore, the existence of impurities will
lower down the freezing point of a liquid for the melting point of a solid. The temperature-
composition diagram of A and B are as follows:

P
Q

Solid A + Solid B +
Liquid Mixture E Liquid Mixture F
D
Solid
0 Percent composition of B 100

Point P is the freezing point of a pure A and the line PE represent of a progressive reduction
for freezing point of A when the percentage of B increases. Point Q is the freezing point of
pure B. The line PE and QE meets at point E which is known as eutectic point, i.e. the lowest
temperature where by mixture A and B can exist as liquid.

The mixture has the lowest freezing at point E is called the eutectic mixture and the
temperature at which the eutectic mixture freeze is called eutectic temperature.
Chemicals :
Solid naphthalene, solid p-nitrotoluene

Apparatus :
Large test tubes, water bath, thermometer and conical flask.

Procedure :
1. Did two sets of weighing. For each set of substance, addition accumulative.
Set 1 : Addition of p- nitrotoluene into naphthalene : PROCEDURE A
Set 2 : Addition of naphthalene into p-nitrotoluene : PROCEDURE B

PROCEDURE A

p-nitrotoluene (g) 0 1 2 3
Naphthalene (g) 3 3 3 3

Freezing point temperature (˚C) 80 69 57 34

Naphthalene (g) 0 1 2 3
p-nitrotoluene (g) 3 3 3 3
Freezing point temperature (˚C) 100 78 56 34
Percentage of p-nitrotoluene (g) 0 17 40 50
PROCEDURE B

2. The solid mixture putted into a large test tube for each composition. The test tube
warmed in the bath water for the solid to dissolved completely. The test tube placed
in an empty beaker. Noted its decreasing temperature, a constant temperature upon
justified time period is taken as the freezing point temperature for the composition
as the mixture starts to cooled.

Results :
1. Plot the phase diagram of naphthalene/ p-nitrotoluene system ( temperature versus
percent naphthalene). In the diagram label the following
Eutectic temperature
Eutectic composition
All areas
Freezing/ melting point of pure solid.

2. What are the precautions that you take while doing the experiments ?
 The precautions taken during the experiment in order to prevent an error is we read
the thermometer with correct eye position because we not used the electronic
thermometer. We have to take the right reading of freezing point once the mixture
start to cold because this will be used to finding the eutectic temperature. Besides
that, labelled the test tube . This experiment consist 2 procedure which is A and B
contain 2 different mixture. We labelled these two so that its not changed

Questions :

1. What is the effect of adding p-nitrotoluene to the freezing point of naphthalene ?

The effect of adding p-nitrotoluene to the naphthalene had caused the freezing point
of naphthalene to be decreased. This is because p-nitrotoluene (solutes) increases
the boiling point and decreasing the freezing point. Solutes can change the boiling
point of solvent. When the solute is added in a solvent, the boiling point of the
solution increases. When solute is added in the solvent the solvent molecules take
more time and temperature to make vapour pressure and cause the boiling point of
the solvent increases. On the other hand, adding a solute to a solution decreases the
freezing point because it will interfere with the frozen solution’s crystal structure.

2. Define eutectic mixture.

A eutectic mixture is defined as a mixture of two or more components which usually

3. The melting points of cadmium and bismuth are 321˚C and 271˚C respectively. A
mixture of cadmium and bismuth forms a eutectic mixture at 147˚C containing a
mole fraction of cadmium 0.6.
i. Sketch the freezing point-composition ( eutectic ) diagram for the cadmium-
bismuth system
 ii) And , then describe the physical nature of a mixture of cadmium and bismuth, in the
mole ratio of 1:3 at 180˚C
The physical nature of a mixture of cadmium and bismuth in the mole ratio of 1:3 at
180˚C IS liquid solid and mixture.
Discussion :
The experiment is not too complicated because its only have two procedure with different
mixture. We only need to combined two solutions into test tube then warm them so that
they can completely dissolved. Once its dissolved, these two mixture will be cooled we and
noted the decreasing constant temperature as freezing point. Then the eutectic
temperature and eutectic composition will be calculate by using these collected data.

Conclusion :
A phase equilibrium diagram is a plot of the phases present under conditions of varying
temperature, pressure and chemical composition. Only these three variable can be used to
depict a phase equilibrium diagram. Hence, the eutectic temperature and eutectic
composition for naphthalene and p-nitrotoluene can be determined.

References :
1. https:// www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless
2. https://www.longdom.org