Results in Physics 7 (2017) 574–580

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/results-in-physics

Two-phase magnetoconvection flow of magnetite ðFe3 O4 Þ nanoparticles

in a horizontal composite porous annulus
Zaheer Abbas, Jafar Hasnain ⇑
Department of Mathematics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A numerical study is performed to examine the two-phase magnetoconvection and heat transfer phe-
Received 1 November 2016 nomena of Fe3 O4 -kerosene nanofluid flow in a horizontal composite porous annulus with an external
Received in revised form 6 December 2016 magnetic field. The annulus is filled with immiscible fluids flowing between two concentric cylinders.
Accepted 19 December 2016
The governing equations of the flow problem are obtained using Darcy-Brinkman model. Heat transfer
Available online 24 December 2016
is analyzed in the presence of viscous and Darcian dissipation terms. The shooting method is used as a
tool to solve the obtained non-linear ordinary differential equations for the velocity and temperature pro-
Keywords:
files. The velocity and temperature distributions are analyzed and discussed under the influence of
Two-phase flow
Nanofluid
involved flow parameters with the aid of graphs. It is found that both velocity and temperature of fluid
Porous medium are decreased with ferroparticle volume fraction. In addition to that, it is also presented that the existence
Magnetoconvection of magnetic field decreases the benefit of ferrofluids in heat transfer progression.
Horizontal annulus Ó 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction [7] numerically investigated the entropy generation of incom-

pressible micropolar fluid within the concentric cylindrical annu-
The study of fluid flow and heat transfer in an annular space lus in the presence of slip and convective boundary conditions.
between two concentric cylinders has drawn attention of many For the enhancement of heat transfer in convectional cooling
engineers, physicist and mathematicians because of its significant liquid like water, oil, grease, kerosene and ethylene glycol mixture,
number of applications. Such sort of fluid movement has been Choi [8] introduced nanofluids in which ultrafine nanoparticles
noticed in electrical motors and generators, heating of under- (100-nm diameter) are added in a base fluid. Nanofluids have
ground electric cables, ventilation and air conditioning system, unique physical and chemical properties and the solid particles
solar collector-receiver, nuclear reactors, double pipe heat exchan- in it have higher thermal conductivities. Examples of some applica-
ger, aircraft cabin insulation, turbo machinery and etc. Taylor [1] tions of nanofluid are found in nano-electromechanical system, in
discussed the flow of viscous fluid within two concentric cylinders advanced energy conversion devices like solar collectors and heat
with heat transfer. Borjini et al. [2] numerically investigated the pipe, cooling of microchips, sensing and imaging, cancer therapeu-
influence of radiation and unsteady natural convection in a hori- tics. Choi et al. [9] presented that the thermal conductivity of the
zontal annular space between two horizontal concentric cylinders. fluids can be enhanced approximately two times with the intro-
By taking horizontal concentric cylinders, both experimental and duction of nanoparticles in it (less than 1% by volume). However,
numerical study on natural convection heat transfer was carried there also exist special types of nanofluids called as ferrofluids or
out by Atayilmaz [3]. Nasir et al. [4] has considered unsteady flow magnetic fluids which are colloidal suspensions of magnetic parti-
in a horizontal annulus of a composite porous medium with heat cles (nanoparticles or ferroparticles) in a carrier fluid. These fer-
transfer and time-dependent injection. Deka and Paul [5] discussed roparticles are magnetite ðFe3 O4 Þ; cobalt ferrite ðCoFe2 O4 Þ;
the stability of dean flow within two porous concentric circular manganese zinc ferrite ðMn  ZnFe2 O4 Þ as well as other materials
cylinders having uniform heat flux at the inner cylinder. Mallikar- having iron. The fluids containing these particles have properties
juna et al. [6] discussed the combined impact of Soret and Dufour of fluid together with the magnetic properties of solid. The inten-
effects on the free convection flow of viscous fluid through a annu- sity of magnetic properties of such fluids can be regulated by
lar region filled with porous medium. Srinivasacharya and Bindu changing the size, concentration and composition of the ferropar-
ticles. One of the advantages of ferrofluids is that these fluids can
be restrained with the implementation of magnetic field because
⇑ Corresponding author.
when magnetic field is applied, each particle comes into contact
E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Hasnain).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2016.12.022
2211-3797/Ó 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
 Z. Abbas, J. Hasnain / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 574–580 575

Nomenclature

B0 magnetic field, [T] r; h; z cylindrical coordinates, [m]

Cp specific heat at constant

pressure, [J kg1 K1] r i dimensionless variables
Ec Eckert number, ¼ u  21 =C p ðT w1  T w2 Þ
g acceleration due to gravity, [LT2] Greeks letters
ji thermal conductivity of fluids of phases, [W m1 K1] ai thermal diffusivities of the phases, [m2 s1]
k ratio of coefficient of thermal conductivity of fluids of li dynamic viscosities of the phases, [kg m1 s1]
phases, [=K1/K2][–] mi kinematic viscosities of the phases, [m2 s1]
k⁄ permeability of porous medium, [m2] qi fluid densities of the phases [kg m3]
m ratio of coefficient of dynamic viscosity of phases, hi dimensionless temperatures of the phases,
[=l1/l2][–] pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi [ðT  T w2 Þ=ðT w1  T w2 Þ][–]
M Hartman number, ½¼ B0 h2 r=l2  ri electrical conductivities of fluid, [s m1]
P nondimensional pressure gradient, [–] u nanofluid volume fraction [–]
Pr Prandtl number, [l1Cp/K1][–] w porosity of porous medium
Ri radii of the cylinders, [m] 
k porosity parameter, [¼ R21 w=k ]
R - ratio of heights of phases, [=R2/R1][–]
Ti temperature of the fluid of phases, [K] Subscripts
T wi temperature at the surfaces of the plates of the phases, w surface conditions
[K]
i for phase I i = 1, for phase II i = 2, for nanofluid i = nf, for
wi velocity of phases x-direction, [m s1] nanoparticles i = s
w0 average velocity, [m s1]
wi dimensionless velocities of phases, [m s1]

with a force which is shifted to the connected liquid phase. Some of driven enclosure with a sinusoidal heated wall were studied by
the applications of ferrofluid are viscous dampers for gravity gradi- Sheikholeslami and Chamkha [25].
ent satellites, energy conversion devices, novel pumps, vacuum Two-phase flow occurrence in many industrial sectors, nature
chambers in semi-conductor industry, accelerometers, rotating and bio-fluids make this flow phenomena much thoughtful for
anode X-ray generators, in high speed computer disk devices to engineers and scientists. Thermo-nuclear power generators,
remove deleterious dust particles. Eastman et al. [10] discussed nuclear engineering, steam generators and condensers, refrigera-
the thermal conductivity of copper nanoparticles in the ethylene tion, food manufacturing, spray casting, mud and air flow and
glycol based fluid. Abu-Nada et al. [11] investigated the enhance- blood flow are few examples of this flow. Immiscible fluids flow
ment of convection heat transfer in with nanofluids filled horizon- is a significant part of numerous procedures. These flows occur
tal concentric annuli. Moghari et al. [12] considered two phase in nature, industries and bio-fluids (living bodies) for example in
mixed convection flow of nanofluid in an annulus with heat flux blood flow, spray casting, dust collection, solid propellant rocket,
boundary condition. Nasrin et al. [13] examined the heat and fluid air and mud flow. Shail [26] studied the laminar flow of two
flow of natural convection in an annulus with a water–alumina immiscible fluids with MHD between two horizontal insulating
nanofluid for two different viscosity models. Soleimani et al. [14] plates. Projahn and Beer [27] discussed laminar thermogravita-
studied the convective heat transfer in a semi-annulus enclosure tional convection in two immiscible fluids between two concentric
containing nanofluid. Parvin et al. [15] worked on numerical mod- or eccentric, horizontal cylinders. Lohrasbi and Sahai [28] found
eling of natural convection flow in an annulus containing water analytical solution for two-phase fluid flow with one electrically
based alumina nanofluid. The effects of magnetic field on water conducting fluid in a horizontal parallel-plate channel with heat
based Titanium oxide in an isoflux vertical annulus was investi- transfer. Chamkha [29] studied the problem of flow and heat trans-
gated by Mahian et al. [16] analytically. Sheikholeslami and Ganji fer of two electrically conducting immiscible fluids in a vertical
[17] studied the problem of ferrofluid flow and heat transfer with channel of asymmetric wall temperatures in the presence of por-
magnetic field through semi annulus enclosure. The heat transfer ous medium. In another study, Chamkha [30] investigated the
analysis of nanofluid flow with uniform suction by considering dif- mixed convection flow of heat generating or heat absorbing fluid
ferent flow geometries was carried out by Sheikholeslami [18,19]. in a vertical channel with the three wall heating conditions. Cham-
Seyyedi et al. [20] examined steady and incompressible flow of kha et al. [31] reported the analytical solution for the unsteady
water base nanofluid in an annulus with natural convection heat laminar flow of immiscible fluids between permeable walls with
transfer using control volume based finite element method. Sree- time-dependent oscillatory transpiration velocity. Umavathi et al.
devi et al. [21] discussed the nanofluid flow and non-Darcy convec- [32] computed the numerical solution for the convection flow in
tive heat transfer inside the concentric annulus with mass transfer. an open-ended vertical parallel plate channel through a porous
Sheikholeslami et al. [22] studied the force convection heat trans- material in the vicinity of viscous and Darcy dissipation. Analytical
fer in semi annulus enclosure filled with water base magnetite in solution of magnetoconvection of two immiscible fluids in a verti-
the presence of variable magnetic field. Sheikholeslami and Cham- cal enclosure was presented by Malashetty et al. [33]. The problem
kha [23] studied effect of non-uniform electric field on the free of fully developed laminar flow between vertical parallel plates
convective heat transfer flow of Fe3 O4  ethylene glycol nanofluid filled with an immiscible couple stress permeable fluid and a clear
in a semi-annulus with a left sinusoidal wall. The radiative effects viscous fluid was analyzed by Umavathi et al. [34]. Kumar et al.
on the flow of Al2 O3  water nanofluid in a square cavity in the [35] examined the fully developed free convective laminar flow
presence of external magnetic field were examined by Sheik- of two-phase fluids (micropolar and viscous fluids) in a vertical
holeslami et al. [24]. The effects of both ferro-hydrodynamics and channel. Abbas et al. [36] discussed the couple stress and electri-
magneto-hydrodynamics on ferrofluid flow in a double-sided lid- cally conducting viscous fluids flow in an inclined channel in the
576 Z. Abbas, J. Hasnain / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 574–580

presence of mixed convective heat transfer. An analytic solution of where wi are the velocities, T i are the temperatures, where i ¼ 1 is

two phase flow of electrically conducing fluids in an inclined chan- for the region-I and i ¼ 2 is for the region-II, k is the permeability
nel with velocity and thermal slip boundary conditions was stud- and w is the porosity of the porous medium. The thermo physical
ied by Abbas et al. [37]. Hasnain et al. [38] obtained the properties of ferrofluid are expressed as [39].
numerical solution for heat transfer flow of two immiscible fluids 0   1
rs
in an inclined channel through a porous media. 3 r 1 u
jnf r
lanf ¼ ; qnf ¼ ð1  uÞq2 þ uqs ; rnf ¼ @1 þ     A;
f

The main aim of this study is to investigate the two-phase mag- ðqC p Þnf f rs rs
rf þ2  rf 1 u
netoconvection flow of magnetite based kerosene nanofluid in a
horizontal composite annulus with an external magnetic field. lnf ¼ ð1lu2Þ2:5 ; ðqC p Þnf ¼ ð1  uÞðqC p Þ2 þ uðqC p Þs ;
The annular space between two convective cylinders is filled with jnf js þ2j2 2uðj2 js Þ
viscous and Fe3 O4 -kerosene nanofluid. The numerical calculation is j2 ¼ js þ2j2 þuðj2 js Þ ;

performed for different fluid parameters such as magnetic param- ð5Þ

eter M; volume fraction u; ratio of radii R; ratio of viscosities m; where anf ; qnf ; lnf ; rnf ; ðqC p Þnf ; jnf ; u are the thermal diffusivity,
ratio of thermal conductivities k, Prandtl number Pr and Eckert
effective density, effective dynamic viscosity, effective electrical
number Ec; using shooting technique.
conductivity, heat capacitance, thermal conductivity and volume
fraction of the ferrofluid, respectively, while li ; qi ; ri ; ðqC p Þi ; ji are
Formulation of the problem
the dynamic viscosities, densities, electrical conductivities, specific
heat parameters, thermal conductivities of the fluids, js ; qs ; ðqC p Þs
Fig. 1 shows an infinitely long composite annulus consisting of
are the thermal conductivity, density and specific heat parameter
two concentric cylinders of radii R1 and R2 having laminar, steady
of the ferro particles, respectively. The thermophysical properties
and fully developed flow of two immiscible fluids galvanized by
of kerosene and ferroparticle are given in Table 1.
constant pressure gradient. The region R1 6 r 6 ðR1 þ R2 Þ=2
The suitable boundary and interface conditions for velocity are
(Region I) occupies an electrically non-conducting viscous fluid
flowing through a porous medium while an electrically conducting w1 ¼ 0 at r ¼ R1 ; w2 ¼ 0 at r ¼ R2
ð6Þ
kerosene-based ferrofluid containing ferroparticles (magnetite w1 ðR3 Þ ¼ w2 ðR3 Þ; l1 dwdr1 ¼ lnf dwdr2 at r ¼ R3 ;
ðFe3 O4 Þ) is flowing in the region ðR1 þ R2 Þ=2 6 r 6 R2 (Region II).
The cylinder with radius R1 is kept at constant temperatures T w1 and the suitable boundary and interface conditions for temperature
whereas the cylinder with radius R2 is held at constant tempera- are
tures T w2 with T w2 > T w1 which causes the heat to transfer. A uni- T 1 ¼ T w1 at r ¼ R1 ; T 2 ¼ T w2 at r ¼ R2 ;
form external magnetic field of strength B0 is applied in r ð7Þ
T 1 ðR3 Þ ¼ T 2 ðR3 Þ; jdT 1
1 dr ¼j dT 2
nf dr at r ¼ R3 ;
direction. The thermo physical properties of fluid are assumed as
constant. where R3 ¼ ðR1 þ R2 Þ=2:
The governing flow equations for both fluids, under the above The following dimensionless variables and parameters are used
assumptions are given as: to transform the flow equations in dimensionless form and aster-
Region-I isks have been discarded for simplicity.
!
R2

wt1 T T w
2
d w1 1 dw1 1 @p wi ¼ ww0i ; r i ¼ Rrii ; hi ¼ T wi T w2 ; P ¼ l w1 0 @p ;
t1 þ   w1  ¼ 0; ð1Þ @z
q1 @z
1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 2
2 r dr
dr k ð8Þ
M ¼ B0 R2 r2 =l2 ; k ¼ R1 w=k ; Ec ¼ w20 =C p1 ðT w1  T w2 Þ;
2 

!  2 Pr ¼ l1 C p1 =j1 ; m ¼ l1 =l2 ; k ¼ j1 =j2 ; R ¼ R2 =R1 :

2
d T1 1 dT 1 l1 dw1 wt1 2
a1 þ þ þ  w ¼ 0: ð2Þ
dr
2 r dr q1 C p1 dr C p1 k 1 So the flow Eqs. (1)–(4) become
Region-I
Region-II 2
! d w1 1 dw1
2
d w2 1 dw2 rnf 2 1 @p 2
þ  kw1  P ¼ 0; ð9Þ
tnf þ  B w  ¼ 0; ð3Þ dr r dr
dr
2 r dr qnf 0 2 qnf @z
2  2
d h1 1 dh1 dw1
! þ þ PrEc þ PrEckw21 ¼ 0: ð10Þ
2
d T2 1 dT 2 lnf dw2 2 rnf 2 2 dr
2 r dr dr
anf þ þ þ B w ¼ 0: ð4Þ
dr
2 r dr ðqC p Þnf dr ðqC p Þnf 0 2 Region-II
2
d w2 1 dw2 rnf
þ  M2 ð1  uÞ2:5 w2  mR2 ð1  uÞ2:5 P ¼ 0; ð11Þ
dr
2 r dr rf
!  2
jnf d2 h2 1 dh2 kPrEc dw2 kPrEcM 2 rnf 2
þ þ þ w ¼ 0:
j2 dr2 r dr mð1  uÞ2:5 dr m rf 2
ð12Þ
The boundary conditions in new variables emerge as

w1 ¼ 0 at r ¼ R1 ; w2 ¼ 0 at r ¼ R2
dw1
1
1 dw ð13Þ
w1 ðR3 Þ ¼ w2 ðR3 Þ; dr
¼ mR ð1uÞ2:5 dr
2
at r ¼ R3 ;

h1 ¼ 1 at r ¼ R1 ; h2 ¼ 0 at r ¼ R2 ;
1 jn f ð14Þ
h1 ðR3 Þ ¼ h2 ðR3 Þ; dhdr1 ¼ kR j2
dh2
dr
at r ¼ R3 ;
Fig. 1. Physical configuration.
 Z. Abbas, J. Hasnain / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 574–580 577

Table 1
Thermo physical properties of kerosene and ferroparticle [39,40].

Liquid and ferroparticle q (kg m3) C p (J kg1 K1) r (X m)1 j (W m1 K1)
10
Kerosene 783 2090 6  10 0.15
Magnetite ðFe3 O4 Þ 5200 670 25,000 6

where M is the magnetic parameter, k is the porosity parameter, Ec h1 ðR3 Þ  h2 ðR3 Þ

s2 ðj þ 1Þ ¼ s2 ðjÞ þ : ð27Þ
is the Eckert number, Pr is the Prandtl number, P is the dimension- #2 ðR3 Þ
less pressure gradient, m is the ratio of dynamic viscosities, k is the
The above procedure is repeated until an accuracy of 106 is
ratio of thermal conductivities, R is ratio of radii of cylinders and w0
attained.
is the average velocity.

Numerical solution Results and discussion

Shooting technique with Runge-Kutta algorithm is opted as The system of ordinary differential Eqs. (9)–(12) together with
numerical method to obtain solution of the problem for velocity the boundary conditions (13), (14) are solved numerically by
and temperature profiles. To solve the Eqs. (9)–(14) by shooting applying shooting method with Runge-Kutta technique. The effects
method we must transform the boundary value problems into ini- of magnetic parameter M; volume fraction u; ratio of radii R; ratio
tial value problems by supposing of viscosities m; ratio of thermal conductivities k; Prandtl number
Pr and Eckert number Ec on fluid flow through the annulus are pre-
w01 ðR1 Þ ¼ q1 ; h01 ðR1 Þ ¼ q2 ; w02 ðR2 Þ ¼ s1 ; h02 ðR2 Þ ¼ s2 : ð15Þ sented through graphs and discussed. Figs. 2–5 are plotted to show
Differentiating Eq. (9) w. r. t q1 ; Eq. (10) w. r. t q2 ; Eq. (11) w. r. t the variations in fluid velocity wðrÞ whereas Figs. 6–9 are plotted to
s1 ; Eq. (12) w. r. t s2 observe the variations in fluid temperature hðrÞ.
Fig. 2 displays the influence of magnetic parameter M on non-
2
d W1 1 dW 1 dimensional velocity profile wðrÞ. As the magnetic field is imposed
2
þ  kW 1 ¼ 0; ð16Þ
dr r dr transversely to the fluid flow and magnetic field lines only affect
the flow of an electrically conducting fluid so one can see the sig-
2 nificant change in the behavior of fluid flowing in the region II. The
d #1 1 d#1
2
þ ¼ 0: ð17Þ increment in the magnetic field gives rise to the Lorentz force
dr r dr
which acts as a resistive force for the fluid flowing in region II,
resulting in the decrease of the fluid velocity wðrÞ through the
1 dW 2 rnf 2
2
d W2
þ  M ð1  uÞ2:5 W 2 ¼ 0; ð18Þ annulus. Fig. 3 illustrates the variation in the fluid velocity wðrÞ
dr
2 r dr rf
with the changing values of ferrofluid volume fraction u. It is
2 observed from the figure that an increase in ferroparticle volume
d #2 1 d#2 fraction parameter results in the decrement of fluid velocity wðrÞ
2
þ ¼ 0: ð19Þ
dr r dr throughout the annulus. The decrease in the fluid velocity flowing
subject to initial conditions the region I is outcome of continuity as fluid flowing in region II
only contains ferroparticles whose variation will affect the fluid
W 1 ðR1 Þ ¼ 0; W 01 ðR1 Þ ¼ 1; ð20Þ velocity. The variation in the behavior of fluid velocity wðrÞ with
the increasing values of dimensionless pressure P is presented in
#1 ðR1 Þ ¼ 0; #01 ðR1 Þ ¼ 1; ð21Þ Fig. 4. From the figure it can be seen clearly that the fluid velocity
wðrÞ increases through the annulus with the increasing values of
W 2 ðR2 Þ ¼ 0; W 02 ðR2 Þ ¼ 1; ð22Þ pressure P. Fig. 5 exhibits the influence of ratio of viscosities m
on the fluid velocity wðrÞ: From the figure one can conclude that
#2 ðR2 Þ ¼ 0; #02 ðR2 Þ ¼ 1; ð23Þ if fluid in region I is denser than the fluid flowing in region II, the
fluid velocity increases. It is also observed that increase in fluid
where W 1 ; #1 ; W 2 ; #2 represent derivatives with respect to
q1 ; q2 ; s1 ; s2 ; respectively.
Our numerical technique functions in the following manner. We
select a proper value for parameters q1 ; q2 ; s1 and s2 then R-K
method is used to integrate the initial value problems (9)–(12),
(16), (17), (18) and (19) with the initial conditions (13)–(14),
(20), (21), (22) and (23) respectively. The values of parameters
q1 ; q2 ; s1 and s2 are improved by means of an appropriate zero find-
ing algorithm. Here we have employed Newton’s method so that

dw1 ðR3 Þ
1
dw2 ðR3 Þ
dr
 1
mR ð1uÞ2:5 dr
q1 ðj þ 1Þ ¼ q1 ðjÞ  dW 1 ðR3 Þ
; ð24Þ
dr

dh1 ðR3 Þ jnf dh2 ðR3 Þ

 kR
1
j2
q2 ðj þ 1Þ ¼ q2 ðjÞ 
dr dr
d#1 ðR3 Þ
; ð25Þ
dr

w1 ðR3 Þ  w2 ðR3 Þ
s1 ðj þ 1Þ ¼ s1 ðjÞ þ ; ð26Þ
W 2 ðR3 Þ Fig. 2. Variation in velocity profiles for distinct values of magnetic parameter M.
578 Z. Abbas, J. Hasnain / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 574–580

Fig. 3. Variation in velocity profiles for distinct values of ferrofluid volume fraction Fig. 6. Variation in velocity profiles for distinct values of porosity parameter k.
u.

Fig. 7. Variation in temperature profiles for distinct values of ratio of thermal

Fig. 4. Variation in velocity profiles for distinct values of pressure P. conductivities k.

Fig. 5. Variation in velocity profiles for distinct values of ratio of viscosities m. Fig. 8. Variation in temperature profiles for distinct values of ferrofluid volume
fraction u.

velocity in region II is higher than fluid velocity in region I due to Fig. 7 elucidates the influence of thermal conductivities ratio k
less viscosity relative to the fluid in region I. The reduction in the on the fluid temperature hðrÞ: It is noted from the figure that fluid
fluid velocity wðrÞ with the ascending values of porosity parameter temperature hðrÞ increases with the increasing values of ratio of
k can be viewed in Fig. 6. The fluid velocity in region I is decreasing thermal conductivities. However, an increase in temperature of
more than the fluid velocity in region II because the region I con- fluid in region II is much higher as compared to the fluid temper-
tains a porous media which resists the flow of fluid through it. In ature in region I since it contains ferroparticles. The role of fer-
fact this resistive force is a property of Darcy’s resistance. rofluid volume fraction u is to reduce the fluid temperature as
 Z. Abbas, J. Hasnain / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 574–580 579

The increase in internal heat generation with an increase in viscous

dissipation leads to an increment in the fluid temperature in the
annulus. Fig. 10 gives the variation of fluid temperature hðrÞ for
various values of pressure P: This figure shows that fluid tempera-
ture increases with an increase in the ratio of radii R: The impact of
variation in Eckert number Ec on temperature of fluid hðrÞ is
depicted in Fig. 11. One can infer from the figure that an increase
in the Eckert number increases the temperature throughout the
annulus.

Conclusions

Steady and fully developed flow of kerosene based ferrofluid

and viscous fluid through a horizontal annulus is analyzed. The
effects of constant magnetic field and viscous dissipation are also
observed. The solution of the mathematical model is obtained
Fig. 9. Variation in temperature profiles for distinct values of Prandtl number Pr.
numerically using shooting technique with Runge-Kutta method.
The obtained results are plotted graphically to study the effects
of involved parameters on fluid velocity and temperature. The out-
comes of the present analysis are listed below:

 Increase in magnetic parameter M; porosity parameter k and

ferroparticle volume fraction u decrease the fluid velocity.
 Increase in ratio of viscosities m as well as pressure P give rise to
the fluid velocity.
 Increase in the ratio of thermal conductivities k; Prandtl number
Pr, Eckert number Ec and pressure P enhance the temperature of
fluid whereas an increase in ferroparticle volume fraction u
reduces the fluid temperature.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exits.

Fig. 10. Variation in temperature profiles for distinct values of pressure P.

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the anonymous reviewer for his/her useful

comments to improve the version of the paper.

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