Radio Network Overview

Md. Mustafizur Rahman

 GSM System at a Glance:

MSC: Mobile Switching Centre

BSC: Base Station Controller BSC Location Area
HLR: Home Location Register
VLR: Visitor Location Register MSC f1
f8
TC: Transcoder Capacity: f3
16 kb/s pr f6
user
f4
PSTN/PLMN TC
64 kb/s
MSC 64 kb/s speech
BSC13 kb/s f7
pr speech speech
channel f2 f 2, TS 8
f9
X S
HLR VLR
BSC
Home Register Visitor Register
 Radio singnal and its behaviour
(Radio signal propagation)
Path loss

Signal Fading
– Multi path/Raleigh and
– Log normal/shadow fading
Penetration loss
– Building loss: 15-25dBm
– In car: 5-10dBm
 AIR INTERFACE
Frequency Allocation

Radio Channel
DOWNLINK
935 - 960 MHz
1805-1880 MHz

UPLINK
890-915 MHz
1710-1785 MHz
Mobile
Cell Site

Air Interface
 GSM: TRX/TDMA Frame
25 MHZ: 890 to 915 MHz (UL) Frequency band
935 to 960 MHz (DL)

Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 124

200kHz 200kHz 200kHz
Channels

Time Time Time

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 7 TRX/TS
TDMA Frame (4.616 ms)

57 bits 57 bits 8.25

3 tail 1 bit 26 bit TSC 1 bit (interleaved sub block ) 3 tail
bits
(interleaved sub block)
from a 20ms Voice frame
flag for error prediction flag from another 20ms Voice
frame
bits
guard
bits TS/bit stream
148+8.25=156.25 bits

1TS=0.577ms 1800MHz Band : 1710-1785MHz(UL)

1bit=3.69ms 1805-1880MHz(DL)
Total no. of Channel is 374.
 GSM Voice Transmission Block Diagram

Channel coding

Convolutional
Speech Coding Interleaving Burst forming Modulation
Coding
Speech

Air interface
Speech Convolutional
decoding
DeInterleaving Demodulation
Decoded decoding
Speech

• Speech coding - to compress speech

• Channel coding – to detect and correct errors at the
received speech
• Modulation - to fit bits into channel characteristics
Cellular
Concept
High Population Density Low
 GSM: Site/Cell/Sector

• Cell
– A cell may be defined as an area of radio coverage
for a BTS (Base Transceiver Station) system. It is the
smallest building block in a mobile network.
– Typically, cells are represented graphically by
hexagons. There are two types of cell:
• Omni directional cell
– An Omni-directional cell (or Omni cell) is served by a
BTS with an antenna which transmits equally in all
directions (360 degrees).
• Sector cell
– A sector cell is the area of coverage from an antenna,
which transmits, in a given direction only.
– One BTS can serve as two-sectored sites and more
commonly, three-sectored sites.
C/I
C/A
 Cell Concept – Cellular System

◙ A cellular network split in to Cell.

◙ A cell is the area covered by a set of

frequencies, transmitted from one radio base
station antenna system.

- What is limiting Factor in Cellular system capacity ??

- Capacity & Quality always reciprocal in Cellular

system !!

- GSM system evolve different Freq planning

technique

- Due to limitation in no. of frequency, frequency is

reused a little distant apart by 3/9 or 4/12 pattern
 Cellular Concept: GSM Technology
The cellular concept solved the problem of limited spectrum by replacing a single,
high power transmitter (large cell) with many low power transmitters (small cells). Each
providing coverage to only a small portion of the service area.

The fundamental idea behind the cellular concept is frequency reuse

B
G C
A
F D
E

Reuse pattern depends on the population density

High Population Density Low

 Basics of GSM Antenna : Antenna Types
Formation of Omni Directional Antenna from Dipole radiation
A single element creates the pattern like a bread ring

In order to direct the signal to the receivers close to the surface of the earth, the bread ring can be pressed flat. An
array of symmetrical dipole elements radiates energy like a “flat bread ring”:
 Cellular Concept :Sectorization
Directional Antenna is used to divide the channels of the cell into specific areas

GP is using 3 sectored cellular system

Cell A

360o 120o

120
120
Comm. Tower
Cell B
Cell C

UL cell
Omni directional cell 3-sectored cell

3 sectored site Coverage

OL cell
UL/OL cell site Coverage

Comm. Tower

Comm. Tower

Omni cell site Coverage

Cell Planning
 Coverage Capacity and Quality
The main Responsibility of a Radio planner is to ensure
A. Coverage
– An area is under coverage if radio signal is sufficient enough to make
successful call.
– Outdoor Coverage
– In car Coverage
– Indoor Coverage

B. Capacity
– How many users can be served by the network maintaining a target Quality
of Service (QoS)

C. Quality of Service (QoS)

– Accessibility of network
– Speech quality and call drop.
 Coverage
Coverage is a fluctuating parameter depends on lot of factors which changes
from area to area and position of user. Coverage can be classified as-
• Indoor Coverage
– Indoor coverage is defined as sufficient coverage for making a successful call inside building from ground floor level.
– Very important in Urban and Dense urban Area for Home and office.

• Incar Coverage
– Incar coverage is defined as sufficient coverage to make a successful call inside a car.
– Very important in Urban, Suburban and Highways

• Outdoor Coverage
– Outdoor coverage is defined as sufficient coverage to make a successful call in open air.
– Important for everywhere

• Probability of Coverage(area):
 Capacity

Capacity of a network can be defined as

FR
follows…
• Busy hour traffic handling ability
AMRFR
• Calling minutes handling ability [BH traffic vs
Avg traffic]

• No. of Subscriber [BH mErl per Sub] AMRHR AMRHR

• Unit of Traffic capacity is usually expressed as
Erlang

• Capacity of the network may vary based on

offered QoS

• Subscriber behavior

• Build ahead capacity (% of buffer capacity)

C. Quality of Service [QoS]
1. Accessibility E2E (%)
– Success rate of attempted calls reaching to called party
– The attempted calls have to be successful on SDCCH (signaling channel), TCH
(traffic channel), BSC-MSC routes, MSC-TSC routes to achieve the overall
accessibility
– (Success of Signaling x Success of traffic x Success of core network)2=(0.98 x
0.97 x 1)2 = 90%

2. Retain ability (%)

• Percentage of on-going calls that are retained by our network
until disconnected intentionally by the subscribers. It is
commonly expressed by Drop Call Rate (DCR)…
• Drop call rate [DCR]
– It is a measure of retainability. Lower drop rates signify better QoS
No. of Drop
– DCR= No. of Attempt x 100%
• Minute per Drop [MPD]
– It is also a measure of retainability. Higher MPD signifies better QoS but it
requires higher investment.
– MPD= Total Calling Minutes
Total No. of Drop
C. Quality of Service [QoS] contd…

3. Speech quality: MOS [Mean opinion ITU P 862.1 MOS:

score] min. max.

Excellent >= 3.5 4.5
– It is a measure of integrity of service. It is Good >= 2.7 < 3.5
measured by subjective or objective test. Fair >= 2.1 < 2.7
Poor >= 1.5 < 2.1
– Subjective method: A listener panel to assess Bad < 1.5
speech quality. Speech quality is expressed as a mean
opinion score (MOS), which is the average speech
quality perceived by the members of the panel.
Speech quality is marked by 1-5 scale. 1 means worst
and 5 means best.
– Objective method replace the listener panel by an
algorithm to compute a MOS value from a speech
sample.
 GP Radio Infrastructure
Macro BTS

• Green Field
• Roof Top
-Pole
-Tower
• Mobile BTS
• Small Cell
-Pico
-Atom
-Femto
Micro Cell
Indoor BTS

Spectrum Band

• GSM900
• GSM1800
• UMTS2100

Site Type

• GSM900
• Collocated
• GSM+UMTS
Roof Top Green Field
 GP Radio Infrastructure (Cont..)

Camouflage MC Mobile BTS

 GP Radio Infrastructure (Cont..)

Monopole Site Hybrid Tower

GP Radio Infrastructure (Small Cell)
 Radio Cabinet

TG sync cable

RBS2216 RBS 2111

RBS 2308
Combination of RBS Combination of
2216 w/ 24 TRX RBS 2216 w/ BBS
Basic GSM Radio Features

– Hopping
– Power control
– DTX
– AMR
– Handover
– Frequency Reuse
Data service: GPRS/EGPRS:
SMS-G/IW MSC SOG
Gd (MAP)
A’’ P A
BTS C BSC MSC/VLR AUC
U
Gr (MAP)
HLR
Gs (BSSAP+)
Gb
ISP
Gi (IP) Network
SGSN GGSN
MS Gi (IP)
Gn Gn

Corporate
BGw Backbone Network
Network

Traffic & Signalling Additional HW

Signalling Additional SW
Evolution of Data Service
GPRS EGPRS CODING SCHEME- DATA RATE
 GPRS/GSM MOBILE CLASSES

Class A
 The MS is attached to both GPRS and other GSM services and the MS supports
simultaneous operation of GPRS and other GSM services.
 Operational requirements of this class include an additional receiver in the mobile
phone for neighbor cell measurements

Class B
 The MS is attached on GPRS network and GSM network simultaneously but not
enabling circuit switching and packet switching services at the same time.
 Simultaneous CS/PS paging.
 Services are selected automatically.

Class C
 The MS is attached to either GPRS or other GSM services. Alternate use only.
 Simultaneous CS/PS paging not possible.
 Services are selected manually or default selected service.
 MOBILE MULTISLOT CLASSES

Maximum Number of Slots Minimum Number of Slots

Multislot
Type
Class
Rx Tx Sum Tta Ttb Tra Trb

1 1 1 2 3 2 4 2 1

2 2 1 3 3 2 3 1 1

3 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 1

4 3 1 4 3 1 3 1 1

5 2 2 4 3 1 3 1 1

6 3 2 4 3 1 3 1 1

7 3 3 4 3 1 3 1 1

8 4 1 5 3 1 2 1 1

9 3 2 5 3 1 2 1 1

10 4 2 5 3 1 2 1 1

11 4 3 5 3 1 2 1 1

12 4 4 5 2 1 2 1 1
Access Techniques
WCDMA Process Diagram
Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA Network
Interfaces
GSM NSS WCDMA Core Network

A Gb Iu－CS Iu－PS
Iu

BSS RNS RNS

Iur
BSC RNC RNC

Abis Abis Iub Iub Iub Iub

BTS BTS Node B Node B Node B Node B

Sector = Cell. One cell can include One sector can include multiple cells. Cell = Carrier
multiple carriers.

Page 41
Major Differences Between WCDMA and GSM
Air Interfaces
GSM WCDMA

Carrier spacing 200 kHz 5 MHz

Frequency reuse
1-18 1
coefficient
Method for
Frequency + BSIC Frequency + Scrambling code
differentiating cells
Power control
2 Hz or lower 1500 Hz
frequency
Network planning (frequency Algorithm of radio resource
QoS control
planning) management
The 3.84-MHz bandwidth
enables the network to use
Frequency diversity Frequency hopping
the rake receiver for
multipath diversity
Timeslot-based scheduling in Packet scheduling based on
Packet data
the GPRS loads
Downlink transmit Not supported by the Supported for increasing the
diversity standards but applicable capacity of downlinks
Page 42
 Multipath Environment

Tx signals

Rx signals

Intensity

Time

Page 43
 HSDPA Overview

15 Code 16QAM TTI = 2 ms Hybrid ARQ Fast Link Advanced

Shared Modulation with incr. redundancy Adaptation Scheduling
transmission

Benefit
Higher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +100-200%
Reduced Latency: ~75 ms

• Hybrid ARQ introduces IR method of retransmission

• Shorter TTI ensures larger bit rate and 16QAM also ensures larger bit rate
• Active scheduing is done in NodeB whereas in R99 it is done in RNC.
Optimisation Summit 2006 – February 2006 Stay Close | Grameen Phone
 Comparison of UTRAN & E-UTRAN Network

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 Access Techniques OFDMA

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 Worldwide LTE Network

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 Difference Between UMTS and LTE

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Thank You