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First Order System Dynamics: Government Engineering College, Valsad Chemical Engineering Department

1) The document describes an experiment to determine the time constant of a first-order system using a mercury thermometer. A step change and impulse change in temperature were applied and the thermometer response was recorded over time. 2) For the step change, the time constant was determined graphically to be 15.5 seconds based on the thermometer reaching 63.2% of the final temperature change. For the impulse change, the time constant was 1.1 seconds. 3) The experiment confirmed the first-order dynamic behavior of the thermometer system and allowed calculation of its time constants based on step and impulse inputs.

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Shivam Panchal
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112 views8 pages

First Order System Dynamics: Government Engineering College, Valsad Chemical Engineering Department

1) The document describes an experiment to determine the time constant of a first-order system using a mercury thermometer. A step change and impulse change in temperature were applied and the thermometer response was recorded over time. 2) For the step change, the time constant was determined graphically to be 15.5 seconds based on the thermometer reaching 63.2% of the final temperature change. For the impulse change, the time constant was 1.1 seconds. 3) The experiment confirmed the first-order dynamic behavior of the thermometer system and allowed calculation of its time constants based on step and impulse inputs.

Uploaded by

Shivam Panchal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, VALSAD

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT


3150504 – INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL
B.E. SEM –V FOR ODD TERM 2020-21 W.E.F. 22/06/2020
Experiment 1

First order system dynamics


Student name: PANCHAL SHIVAM JAYANTIBHAI
Enrollment number: 190193105010
Submitted on: 11/07/2020

Figure:
film resistance

Mercury
Y

Glass-Wall

Cross section view of Thermometer

Thermometer

Caster Water

Heating Mental
FIRST ORDER DYNAMICS (THERMOMETER)

Aim:
To determine the time constant of a first order system (Thermometer) from its response to
a step change in the input variable.

Apparatus:
 A mercury thermometer.
 Water bath with a heater
 Stop watch

Chemicals: Water

Procedure:
 Take 100 ml of water in 250 ml beaker
 The beaker is kept on the heater than water is heated with constant agitator by means of
stirrer
 Note down the room temperature (its initial steady state condition)
 Dip the given thermometer in Water-bath and start the stop watch. Note down the temp.
rise at every 10 second interval up to particular temp. (new steady state condition)
 Now take out the thermometer from water bath. Start the stopwatch and note down the
temp. fall at every 10 second interval down to room temp.

Theory:
We shall develop the transfer the function for a first order system by considering the
unsteady state behavior of an ordinary mercury in glass thermometer. A cross sectional view of
the bulb is shown in fig.
Consider the thermometer the to be located in a following stream of fluid for which the
temperature X varies with time. our problem is to calculate the response or time variation of the
thermometer reading y for a particular change in X*.
The following assumptions will be used in the analysis.
1. All the resistance to heat transfer resides in the film surrounding the bulb
2. All the thermal capacity is in the mercury. Furthermore, at any instant the mercury
assumes a uniform temperature thought.
3. The glass wall containing the mercury does not expand or contract during the transient
response.
Observation:

Positive Step Change for water:

Initial steady state temp. (Room Temp.) = xs1 = ys1 = 25 ˚C

Final Steady State Temp.= xs2 = 100 ˚C

Step Input = A = xs1- xs2 = 75 ˚C

Observation Table:

Temp. indicated Y(t) = Time


Time Practical Theoretical
Sr. by Thermometer y(t) - y constant
(Sec.), response response
No. (˚C), y(t) (τ)
t s1 Y(t) /A 1-e^(-t/τ)
(GRAPH)

1 0 25 0 0 0 15.5

2 5 40 15 0.2 0.2757 15.5

3 10 50 25 0.33 0.4754 15.5

4 15 70 45 0.6 0.6201 15.5

5 20 90 65 0.87 0.7248 15.5

6 25 100 75 1 0.8007 15.5


It is assumed that the thermometer is initially at steady state. This means that, before time
Zero, there is no change in temperature with time. At time Zero the thermometer will be
subjected to some change in the surrounding temperature X(t)

By applying the Unsteady state energy balance

Input rate – Output rate = rate of accumulation


We get the result
hA(X – Y ) – 0 = mC dy/dt...........................................................................................(1)

Where A = Surface area of bulb for heat transfer, ft2


C = heat capacity of mercury, Btu/(lbm)(˚F)
m= mass of mercury in bulb, lbm
t = time, hr
h = film co-efficient of heat transfer, Btu/(hr) ft2F

For the steady state condition above eq. may be written as

hA(Xs - Ys) = 0 t < 0.........................................................................................................(2)

The subscript ‘s’ is used to indicate that the variable is the steady state value. Eq.(2)
simply that Ys = Xs, or the thermometer reads the true, bath temperature. subtracting eq. (2)
from Eq. (1) gives

hA[ ( X – Xs) – ( Y - Ys)] = mC (d(Y-Ys)/dt)......................................................................


(3)

Notice that d(Y – Ys)/dt = dY/dt because Ys is a constant.


If we define the deviation variables to be the difference between the variables and their
steady state values
X = x - xs
Y = y – ys
Eq. (3) Becomes

hA(X – Y) = mCdY/dt...........................................................................................
(4)
If we let mC/hA = τ, Eq. (4) becomes

X – Y = τ dY/dt....................................................................................................(5)
Taking Laplace Transform of Eq. (5) gives

X(s)-Y(s) = τsY(s)...............................................................................................(6)
For Positive step change :
Observation:

For impulse change:

Initial steady state temp. (Room Temp.) = xs1 = ys1 = 25˚C

Final Steady State Temp.= xs2 = 100˚C

Step Input = A = xs1- xs2 = 75 ˚C

Observation Table:

Temp. indicated Y(t) = Practical


Time Theoretical Time constant
Sr. by Thermometer y(t) - y response
(Sec.), response (τ)
No. (˚C), y(t)
t s1 Y(t) /A (1/ τ )*e^(-t/τ) (GRAPH)

1 0 90 65 0.87
0.91 1.1

2 3 45 20 0.27
0.06 1.1

3 6 33 8 0.11
0.004 1.1

4 9 30 5 0.07
0.0002 1.1

5 12 27 2 0.027
1.66E-05 1.1

6 15 26 1 0.013
1.087E-06 1.1

7 18 25 0 0
7.11E-08 1.1

8 21 25 0 0
4.65E-09 1.1

9 24 25 0 0
3.04E-10 1.1
Rearranging the eq. (6) as a ratio of Y(s) to X(s) gives
Y(s)/ X(s) = 1/ (τs + 1) .........................................................................................(7)

The parameter τ is called the time constant of the system and has the units of the time.
Any Physical system for which the relation between Laplace transform of input and
output deviation variables if of the form given by eq. (7) is called the first order system

Graphs:
Draw the graph of Y(t) /A vs. t.

Results:

For Water:

For step change:

 Time constant of thermometer from 63.2% response = 15.5 sec.


 Time constant of thermometer from Analytical method =_ _sec.

For Impulse change:

 Time constant of thermometer from 63.2% response = 1.1 sec.


 Time constant of thermometer from Analytical method = ___________sec.

Conclusion:
In this experiment was performed very nicely and the graph is plotted as suggested by the
manual and from all the data we have nicely calculated the time constant.

For Impulse change:

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