Programming With C++ COMP2011: Introduction: Cecia Chan Albert Chung Cindy Li

Programming with C++
COMP2011: Introduction
Cecia Chan
Albert Chung
Cindy Li
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Hong Kong SAR, China
developed by Prof. Brian Mak
{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.1

Course Objectives
To learn how to solve problems by writing computer programs.

To learn how to design a computer program.
To learn how to program in C++.
To learn how to debug a computer program.
To learn object-oriented programming.
To prepare you for COMP2012 (OOP & Data Structures), etc.
Question: computer science = programming ?

What’s a Computer Program?

What’s a Computer Program? ..
Human work model work WORKER output
HUMAN
INSTRUCTIONS
work COMPUTER output

Computer work model
PROGRAM
A computer program is a set of machine-readable instructions

that tells a computer how to perform a specific task.
(During the execution of the program, it may interact with
the users and its environment.)
Schematic Diagram of a Personal Computer

A Typical Motherboard

von Neumann Computer Architecture
Memory
results of operations instructions/data
CPU
Control
ALU I/O devices
Unit
Designed by John von Neumann, a mathematician, in 1945.

It is still today’s dominant computer architecture.
CPU = Central Processing Unit
ALU = Arithmetic Logic Unit.
For efficiency, many programming languages, including C++,
are designed to take advantage of the architecture.
More on this in COMP2611 (Computer Organization).
Can You Understand This?
0000100100101110011001100110100101101100011001010000100100100010011011000110010101100011011101000111
0101011100100110010100110001001011100110001100100010000010100110011101100011011000110011001001011111
0110001101101111011011010111000001101001011011000110010101100100001011100011101000001010001011100111
0011011001010110001101110100011010010110111101101110000010010010001000101110011101000110010101111000
0111010000100010000010100000100100101110011000010110110001101001011001110110111000100000001101000000
1010000010010010111001100111011011000110111101100010011000010110110000100000011011010110000101101001
0110111000001010000010010010111001110100011110010111000001100101000010010010000001101101011000010110
1001011011100010110000100011011001100111010101101110011000110111010001101001011011110110111000001010
0000100100101110011100000111001001101111011000110000100100110000001101000000101001101101011000010110
1001011011100011101000001010000010010010000100100011010100000101001001001111010011000100111101000111
0101010101000101001000110010000000110000000010100000100101110011011000010111011001100101001000000010
0101011100110111000000101100001011010011000100110010001110000010110000100101011100110111000000001010
0000101000001001001000010010001101010000010100100100111101001100010011110100011101010101010001010010
0011001000000011000100001010000010010110110101101111011101100010000000110001001011000010010101101111
0011000000001010000010010111001101110100001000000010010101101111001100000010110001011011001001010110
0110011100000010110100110010001100000101110100001010000010010110110101101111011101100010000000110010
0010110000100101011011110011000000001010000010010111001101110100001000000010010101101111001100000010
1100010110110010010101100110011100000010110100110010001101000101110100001010000010010110110001100100
0010000001011011001001010110011001110000001011010011001000110000010111010010110000100101011011110011
0000000010100000100101101100011001000010000001011011001001010110011001110000001011010011001000110100
0101110100101100001001010110111100110001000010100000100101100001011001000110010000100000001001010110
1111001100000010110000100101011011110011000100101100001001010110111100110000000010100000100101110011
0111010000100000001001010110111100110000001011000101101100100101011001100111000000101101001100100011
1000010111010000101000001001011011010110111101110110001000000011000000101100001001010110100100110000
0000101000001001011000100010000000101110010011000100110000110001000010100000100101101110011011110111
0000000010100010111001001100010011000011000100111010000010100000100101110010011001010111010000001010
0000100101110010011001010111001101110100011011110111001001100101000010100010111001001100010011000110
0110011001010011000100111010000010100000100100101110011100110110100101111010011001010000100100100000
0110110101100001011010010110111000101100001011100100110001001100011001100110010100110001001011010110
1101011000010110100101101110000010100000100100101110011010010110010001100101011011100111010000001001
0010001001000111010000110100001100111010001000000010100001000111010011100101010100101001001000000011
0010001011100011100000101110001100010010001000001010

How About This?
main:
!#PROLOGUE# 0
save %sp,-128,%sp
!#PROLOGUE# 1
mov 1,%o0
st %o0,[%fp-20]
mov 2,%o0
st %o0,[%fp-24]
ld [%fp-20],%o0
ld [%fp-24],%o1
add %o0,%o1,%o0
st %o0,[%fp-28]
mov 0,%i0
nop

Is This Better Now?
int main( )
{
int x, y, z;
x = 1;
y = 2;
z = x+y;
return 0;
}

Example: Write a Program to Sum 2 Numbers
There are 3 int main( )

integer-value-holding {
objects: x, y, and z. int x, y, z;
x = 1;
x and y have the value of
y = 2;
1 and 2 respectively. z = x+y;
z’s value is the sum of x’s return 0;

and y’s. }

Levels of Programming Languages
machine (binary) language is unintelligible
assembly language is low level

mnemonic names for machine operations
explicit manipulation of memory addresses/contents
machine-dependent
high level language

readable
instructions are easy to remember
faster coding
less error-prone (fewer bugs?)
easier to maintain
no mention of memory locations
machine-independent = portable

Chronology of Some Programming Languages

Tiobe Index: Most Popular Programming Languages
It is based on the number of skilled engineers world-wide, courses and

third party vendors. Popular search engines such as Google and Bing are
used to calculate the ratings.
PYPL PopularitY: Most Popular Programming Languages
It is based on the
number of Google
searches on the
languages’ tutorials.

Most In-demand Programming Languages for Jobs
It is based on the number of job openings for the languages collected by

indeed.com.
Mostly Used Programming Languages in Github

Compilation: From Source to Runnable Program
A compiler translates source
programs into machine codes
source code
that run directly on the target
computer.
For example,
machine A compiler a.cpp −→ a.out (or a.exe).
Some C++ compilers:

compile gcc/g++, VC++.
machine A code static codes

compile once, run many
run
optimized codes
⇒ more efficient
output
examples: FORTRAN,
Pascal, C++
Programming as Problem Solving
Understand and define the problem clearly.

What are the input(s) and output(s)?
Any constraints?
Which information is essential?
Develop a solution.
Construct an algorithm.
Translate the algorithm into a C++ program.
Compile the program.
Test the program.
Debug the program.
Document the program as you write the program.
Maintain the program
modify the codes when conditions change.
enhance the codes to improve the solution.

Summary
Why C++?
Read the FAQ from the designer of C++, Bjarne Stroustrup.
Which C++?
The language has been evolving:
C++ 1983 ⇒ C++ 1998 ⇒ C++ 2003 ⇒ C++ 2011 ⇒ · · ·
We will learn C++11 (but not all the new features).
Which compiler?
GNU gcc/g++. It is free.
(The compiler you will use in CSE lab is C++11-compliant.)
Which IDE (integrated development environment) for writing

programs?
Eclipse. It is free and supported by many operating systems
such as Windows, Mac OS, and Linux.

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Programming with C++

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

developed by Prof. Brian Mak

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.1

To learn how to solve problems by writing computer programs.

Question: computer science = programming ?

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.2

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.3

Human work model work WORKER output

work COMPUTER output

A computer program is a set of machine-readable instructions

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.5

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.6

results of operations instructions/data

Designed by John von Neumann, a mathematician, in 1945.

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.8

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.9

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.10

There are 3 int main( )

z’s value is the sum of x’s return 0;

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.11

machine (binary) language is unintelligible

assembly language is low level

high level language

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.12

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.13

It is based on the number of skilled engineers world-wide, courses and

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.15

It is based on the number of job openings for the languages collected by

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.17

Some C++ compilers:

machine A code static codes

Understand and define the problem clearly.

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.19

Which IDE (integrated development environment) for writing

{ kccecia, achung, lixin}@cse.ust.hk COMP2011 (Spring 2019) p.20

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