• Arijit Das

• ROLL – 09

• Energy Management
ASSIGNMENT-6
 First Part

A consumer has a maximum demand of 100 MV at 60% load factor. If the tariff is rs
20 per KW of maximum demand plus 1 paise per kWH, find the overall cost per KWH.

➢ Given Data ➢ To find

• Max demand = 100 MW Overall = cost/kWH
• Load factor (L.F) = 60% = 0.6
• Max demand Tariff = Rs 20/kW

Now max demand = 100 MW

= 100x103 kW
Now total unit consumed per year = m.d x LF x 8760
= 100x103x0.6x8760
= 5256x105 kWhr
Now Annual charges = (m.d x charge) + certain amount per kWh of energy consumed
1
= (100 x 103x20) + ( × 5256 × 105 )
100
= 7256x103 Rs

Now overall cost per kWh is

7256 ×103
=
5256×105
= 13805 x 10-6 Rs
= 1.3805 paise

The maximum demand of a consumer is 25A at 220V and his total energy consumption is
9750 kWH. If energy is charged at the rate of 20 paise per kWH for 500 Hours use
of maximum demand plus 5 paise per unit for all additional units, estimate his annual bill
and equivalent.

➢ Given Data ➢ To find

• Max demand consist of 25A at 220V • Estimate annual bill
• Total energy consumption 9750 kWh • Equivalent Flat rate
• Max demand charged = 20paise/kWH
For 500 hours
• Additional unit charged 5 paise /unit.

Now max power demand at unity power factor

= VIcosɸ
= 220x25x1
=5.5kW
Now unit consumed (M.D) in 500 Hr
= 500x5.5
= 2750kWh
Now additional kWH consumption is

Page 1 of 11
= 9750-2750
=7000 kWh

Now annual bill charged

= (20x2750) + (5x7000)
= 90000 paise kWhr
= 900 Rs kWhr
Now equivalent flat rate
900
=
9750
= 0.092 Rs
= 9.2 paise

A consumer has an annual consumption of 2× 𝟏𝟎𝟓 units. The tariff is Rs 50 per kW of

maximum demand plus 10 paise per kWh.
1) Find the annual bill and the overall cost per kWh if consumption were reduced by 25%
with the same Load Factor?
2) What is the overall cost per kWh if the load factor were 25% with the same condition
as in (1)?

Given Data

• Annual consumptions = 2x105 units

• Tariff of max demand = 50/kW
• Additional cost/kWh = 10 paise

Condition – 1

Finding Annual bill at L.F 35%

Now total unit consumed per year = m.d x L.F x 8760
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
Or, m.d =
𝐿.𝐹 ×8760

2×105
=
0.35×8760

= 65.231 unit

Now annual charge is

= (m.d x charge) + total energy consumed
= (65.231 x 50) + (0.10x2x105)
= 23261 Rs

Now overall cost

23261
= 5
2×10
= 0.116 Rs
= 11.6 paise
Page 2 of 11
Condition-2

Let the new consumption be x,

2×105 −𝑥
Then = 0.25
2×105
Or, (2 × 105 ) − 𝑥 = 0.25 × 2 × 105
Or, 𝑥 = 150000 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Or, 𝑥 = 1.5 × 105 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Now finding New M.D

1.5×105
Or, M.D =
0.35×8760
= 48.92 units

Now annual cost

(48.9 x 50) + (0.10x150000)
=17446 Rs

17446
Also, overall cost =
2×105
= 0.087 Rs
= 8.723 Paise

2×105
Now M.D =
0.25×8760
= 9132 unit
Now annual cost = (91.32x 50) + (0.10x2x105 )
= 24566.21 Rs
24566.21
Or, Overall cost =
2×105
= 0.1228 Rs
= 12.28 Rs

Daily load of an industry is 200kW for one hour, 150 kW for next seven hour, 50kW
for next eight hours and 1kW for remaining time. If tariff is force is Rs 100 per kW
of max demand per annum plus 5 paise per kwh, find the annual bill.

Given data Now total working hours

• 200 kW for 1 hour = 200x1
• 150 kW for 7 hours +150x7
• 50 kW for 8 hours +50x8
• 1 kW for remaining 8 hours +1x8
= 1658 kWhr

From the data, we know the max demand is 200 kW

Page 3 of 11
Or Annual cost is [200x100] + [1658x0.05x365]
= 50258.5 Rs

A consumer requires on million units per year and his annual load factor is 50%. The
tariff is force Rs 120 per kW per annual plus 5 paise per unit consumed. Estimated the
saving in his energy costs if he improves the load factor to 100%.

Solution

i. 106 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

We have to find annual cost annual L.F = 50%
106
m.d = = 228.31 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑟
0.5×8760

Annual cost
= (228.31 x 120) + (106 × 0.05)
= Rs 77397.2

ii. At 100% load

m.d = 114.1

Annual cost
= (114.1x120) + (106 × 0.05)
= 63692 Rs

Now total saving = Rs (77397.2 + 63692)

= Rs 13705.2

An industrial undertaking has connected load of 100 kW. The max demand is 80 kW. On
an average, each machine works for 60% time. Find the yearly expenditure on the
electricity if the tariff is
Rs 10000 + Rs 1000 per kW of max demand per year + Re 1 per kWh.

Solution

Energy consumed per year Now md = 80 kW (given)

= connected load x working time x No of Now according to given structure of
days in a year tariff
= 100 x 0.6 x 365 Rs 10000 + Rs 1000x80 + Rs 1 x 525600
= 525600 kWh = Rs 615600

Page 4 of 11
 Second Part

An industrial consumer has a maximum demand of 120 kW and maintains a Load factor
of 80%. The tariff in force is Rs 60 per kVA of maximum demand plus 8 paise per unit.
If the average p.f. is 0.8 lagging. Calculate the total energy consumed per annum and
annual bill.

Solution
Unit consumed per year Max demand in kVA
= max demand x L.F x Hours in a year
= 120 x 0.8 x 8760 (kWh) 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑾
=
= 8.4096x105 kWh 𝟎.𝟖
= 150 kVA
Annual bill
= Max demand + charges
= (Rs 60 x 150 kVA) + (Rs 0.08 x 8.4096 x 105)
= 76276.8 Rs

A customer is offered power at Rs 50 per annum per kVA of maximum demand plus 5
paise per unit. He proposes to install a motor to carry his estimated maximum demand
of 300 b.h.p (metric). The motor available has a power factor of 0.82 at full load. How
many units will be required at 30% load factor and what will be the annual bill? The
motor efficiency is 90%.

Solution

➢ Given Data ➢ To find

• Proposed tariff = 50 Rs /kVA Units required at 30% load factor
• Additional unit = 5 paise /unit Annual bill
• Max demand proposed = 300 B.H.P
= 300 x 0.746 = 223.8 kW
• Full load PF = 0.83
• Motor Efficiency (η) = 90%
• = 0.9
• Load Factor (LF) = 30% = 0.3

Max power intake by motor or energy consumed by the motor

𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
=
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝟐𝟐𝟑.𝟖
= 𝟎.𝟗
= 248.66 kW
Avg demand = Max power intake x LF
= 248.66 x 0.3 = 74.6 kW
Annual consumption = 74.6 x 8760
= 653496 kWh
Page 5 of 11
 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑘𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
Now Max kVA consumed =
𝑃𝐹

248.66
=
0.83
= 299.59 KVA

Now Annual bill = (50 x 299.59) + (0.05 x 653496)

= Rs 47654.3

A factory has a maximum load of 300 kW at 0.72 p.f. lagging with an annual consumption
of 40000 units. The tariff is force is Rs 4.5 per kVA of maximum demand plus 2 paise
per unit. Calculate the flat rate of energy consumption. What will be the annual saving
if p.f is raised to unity?

Solution

➢ Given Data ➢ To find

Max load = 300 kW Flat rate
P.f. = 0.72 Saving when p.f. raised to unity.
Annual consumption of 40000 units
Tariff of max demand = 4.5
Additional unit = 2 paise per unit

300
kVA consumed =
0.72
= 416.66 kVA
Now annual bill = (416.66 x 4.5) + (0.02 x 40000)
= Rs 2674.97
2674.97
Equivalent Flat Rate =
40000
= 0.0668 Rs
= 6.68 paise
Saving when pf raised to unity
300
kVA consumed =
1
= 300 kVA
Now annual bill = (300 x 4.5) + (0.02 x 40000)
= Rs 2150
Savings = 2674.97 – 2150
= 524.97 Rs

The monthly readings of a consumer’s meter are under;

Maximum demand = 60 kW
Energy consumed = 24000 kWh
Reactive Power = 15600 kVAR
If the tariff is Rs 20 per kW of maximum demand plus 3 paise per unit plus 0.1 paise per
unit for each 1% power factor below 85%, calculate the monthly bill of the consumer.
Page 6 of 11
Solution

➢ Given Data ➢ To find

• Maximum demand = 60 kW Monthly bill of the consumer
• Energy consumed = 24000 kWh
• Reactive Power = 15600 kVAR

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

Average Active Load = Average Reactive power =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

24000 15600
= =
24 ℎ𝑟 ×30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑟 ×30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

= 33.33 kW = 21.66 kW

Let ɸ be the power-factor angle.

ɸ
Active power

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

So, Tanɸ =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

21.66
So, ɸ = Tan-1
33.33

So ɸ = 33.01˚
Reactive power

Or, Power Factor = cosɸ = cos33.01˚ = 0.8385 = 83.85%

Power Factor surcharge = Additional charge x energy consumed x difference in power factor
= 0.001 Rs x 24000 x (85 – 83.85)
= 27.6 Rs
Annual bill = (20 x 60kW) + (0.03Rs x 24000kW) + 27.6 Rs
= 1947.6Rs

Compare the annual cost of power supply to a factory having a maximum demand of
500kW and a load factor of 40% by having the supply from:
a) The factory’s own diesel generating plant.
b) A public supply
With regards to
The capital cost of factory’s own generating plant is Rs 8 Lakhs, cost of fuel oil is Rs
200 per ton, fuel consumption 0.65 lbs per kWh. Capital charges, cost of repairs and
maintenance, interest and depreciation 15% of the total capital cost. Salaries and
wages of the operating staff are Rs 15000 per Year.
With regards to
The tariff is Rs 150/kW per annum of maximum demand plus 2.5 paise per kWh.
Which of the two alternatives is favorable for the operation of the factory?

Page 7 of 11
Condition: - Factory’s own diesel unit plant
Maximum Demand = 500 kW
Load factor LF = 40%
➢ Given Data ➢ To find
• Capital cost Rs 800000 Annual bill
• Cost of Rs 200 per ton
= Rs 0.2 per kG
• Fuel consumption
= 0.65 lbs per kWh
• Salaries
= 15000 Rs
• Depreciation = 15% = 0.15
Average per annum = 500x0.4x8760 = 1752000 kWHr
Fixed cost = 800000 x 0.15
= Rs 120000

oil consumption = 0.65 lbs /kWhr

= 0.65x1752000
= 1138800 lbs = 1138800/2205 tones = 516.5 tones
oil cost = 200/ton
= 200 x 516.5 tones
= Rs 103300
Running cost = 15000 Rs

Total annual cost = Fixed cost + oil cost + Running cost

= 120000 + 103300 + 15000
= 238300 Rs
Flat Rate = (238300 x 100)/1752000 = 13.6 paise

Condition 2: - Public supply

Maximum Demand = 500 kW

Load factor LF = 40%
➢ Given Data ➢ To find
• Tariff max demand = 150/kW Annual bill
• Additional demand = 2.5 paise
= 0.025 Rs
• Load Factor = 40%

Annual cost of max demand = 500 x 150

= Rs 75000
Avg demand = max demand x L.f
= 500 x 0.4
= 200 kW
Annual demand = 200 x 8760 Hr

Page 8 of 11
 = 1752000 kWh
Annual cost = 1752000 x 0.025
= Rs 43800
Total annual cost is 75000 + 43800 = 118800 Rs
Flat rate = (118800x100)/1752000 paise = 6.8 paise
So, 2nd option is recommended and the difference is as fallows

An industrial load can be supplied from the alternative tariffs:

a) High voltage supply at Rs 65 per kW per annum plus 3 paise per kWh.
b) Low voltage supply at Rs 65 per kW per annum plus 3.3 paise per kWh.
The high voltage equipment costs Rs 50 per kW and the losses can be taken as 3%. Interest
and depreciation charges are 15% per annum. If there are 40 working weeks in a year,
find working hours per week above which high voltage supply is cheaper.

Solution

Let x = Industrial Load in kW

Y = No. of working hours per week above which H.V supply is cheaper

a) H.V side supply

Assuming power-factor to be at unity and losses are already
mention 3% Because efficiency = Output/input
𝑥 In this case input = rating and
Or, Ratting of electrical Switchgear = Output = factory load.
0.97
Or, it works for 40 weeks
Now 40 weeks contain 6720 days Now 3% is mention loss hence
So 1 week contain 6720/40 = 168 hours efficiency is 97%
𝑥
Now energy consumed per annum = x y x 168 kWh
0.97

𝑥
Annual fixed cost of the H.V due to KVA demand = Rs 65 x Rs
0.97

𝑥
Cost of the electrical switchgear = 50 x Rs
0.97

Annual fixed charges of electrical switchgear

= Depreciation charge x cost of switchgear
𝑥
= 0.15 x 50 x
0.97

Total annual fixed charges of H.V supply

𝑥 𝑥
= (Rs 0.15 x 50 x ) + (65 x )
0.97 0.97
= 𝑥(7.73+67.01) Rs
= Rs74.74 𝑥
Now total running cost = Energy consumed x Additional charged
𝑥
= x y x 168 kWh x 0.03 Rs
0.97

Page 9 of 11
 = Rs 5.19𝑥y

Total annual charge = Rs 74.74 𝑥 + 5.19𝑥y

b) L.V side
Energy consumed per annum = 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 168 = 168𝑥𝑦
Annual fixed charge of L.V supply = 65𝑥
Annual running charges of LV supply = Rs 0.033 x 168𝑥𝑦 = 5.544𝑥𝑦 Rs
Total annual cost = Rs 5.544𝑥𝑦 + 65𝑥
The two tariffs will give equal annual cost if the factory is run for y days. Therefore, equating
we get
74.74 𝑥 + 5.19𝑥y = (5.544𝑥𝑦 + 65𝑥)
Or, 9.74 = 0.354𝑦
Or, 9.74 /0.354 = y
Or, y = 27.51 Hrs/week
If the factory is run for more than 27.51 Hr/week, Then HV supply will be cheaper.

Supply company offers the following alternative tariffs:

（1) Standing charges of Rs 75 per annum plus 3 paise/kWh.
（ii) first 300 kWh at 20 paise/kWh; and additional energy at 5 paise/kWh.
If the annual consumption is 1800 kWh, which tariff is more economical and by how
much?
Consider the first tariff
Total energy consumption - 1800 kwh
Cast of energy consumption = Energy consumption x Cost Per kwh
=1800x3x10-2
= Rs. 54
Total cost= Rs (75+54) = Rs 129
Consider the second tariff
For first 300 kwh the cost/kwh is 20 paise
cost for first 300 kwh = 300 x 20x 10-2
= Rs 60
the remaining energy = 1800 - 300 = 1500 kwh
Cost for 1500 kWh = 1500 x 5 x1 0-2
=Rs 75
Total cost= Rs (60+75)
=Rs 135
Comparing two tariffs it can be seen that the tariff 1 is more economical by
Rs (135-129) =Rs 6 per annum.

A factory has a maximum demand of 500 kW, the load factor being 60% during working
hours. The following two tariffs are available:
a) Re 8 per kW of maximum demand plus 3 paise per kWh
b) A flat rate of Re 0.1/kWh
Determine the working hours per week above which tariff (a) will be cheaper.

Page 10 of 11
Let x be the total working hours
Now load factor being 60% of the working hours
So, total load factor is 0.6x
1st condition
Now total energy consumption is 500 × 0.6𝑥 = 300𝑥
According to question Tariff a) = (8 × 500) + (0.03 × 300𝑥)
= 4000 + 9𝑥

2nd condition
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
Flat rate tariff =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑

4000+9 𝑥
Or, 1.1 = or 330𝑥 = 4000 + 9𝑥
300𝑥
𝑜𝑟, 𝑥 = 12.46
So now working hours is 12.46 hours/week.

Page 11 of 11