VOL.

REINFORCED
CONCRETE
. STRUCTURES

I �, Dr. B.C. l'1llllil I AIINlk ._, .Iii• I Anl ._ .llil

·,
 REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTUPJ:S
(VOLUME I)

• 1992 •

[ CONTAINING 28 CHAPTERS ]
 REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
(VOLUME I)

By

Dr. B.C. PUNMIA

Formerly,
Professor and Head, Deptt. of Civil Engineering, &
Dean, Faculty of Engineering
M.B.M. Engineering College,
Jodhpur

o�\\
Er. ASHOK KUMAR JAIN
Director,
Arihant Consultants,
Jodhpur

(({.ff:.�,�
diJ.,
Dr. ARUN KUMAR JAIN
Assistant Profe_ssor
�Ji
M.B.M. Engineering College, ({�
Jodhpur 1 •
....,jj/
�1
(AS PER IS: 456-1978)
�

SEVENTH EDITION

THOROUGHLY REVISED AND ENLARGED INCORPORATING

WORKING STRESS AND LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHODS

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REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
0 1995, 1992 : B.C. PUNMIA
0 1994 : ASHOK K. JAIN, ARUN K. JAIN
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 Preface

Reinforced Concrete occupies a leading position in modern

construction. Proper reinforced concrete construaion depends upon
thorough understanding of the action of the s ructure and upon
the knowledge of characteristics and limitations of those materials
that are used in its construction. The personal , lement - the care
with which wo�k is excecuted in the field - is also c1 major importance
in concrete construction. The text book, in its twc V!)lumes, presents
modern methods of design for both ordinary and irestressed concrete
structures. Volume I has 19 chapters and deals -nth the design of
more common and elementary. structures. Volume 2 incorporates
the design principles of advanced structures, includin� prestressed
concrete structures.
In the present volume, the subject matter has been introduced
gradually, beginning with properties and characterit:cs of the materials
used in · the reinforced concrete. Chapter 2, 3, & and 5 deal with
the basic design principles of various types of beam and slabs white
chapter 6 gives their detailed designs. In chapte1 7, the designs of
various types of stairs, including cinema balcony, are given. Chapter
8, 9, 10 and 11 present the detailed design pr<><=dures for various
types of roof slabs. Axially loaded columns are given in chapter
12 while problems of combined direct and beading. stresses are
discussed in chapter 13. Chapters 14 and1 15 de•I with reinforced
concrete foundations and reinforced concrete retaming walls respec­
tively. Practically all the common types of foundatons and retaining
·wans have been included. Reinforced concrete domes are given
in chapter 16. The design of water tanks have ,een divided into
two parts : (i) tank resting on ground surface, and (ii) under-ground
and overhead tanks. The first has been given in chapter 17. The
underground and overhead tanks have been give. in volume 2 of
the book. Chapter 18 describes the formwork o various concrete
�tructures. The tests for cement and conci;ete ha-e been described
in detail in chapter 19.
Each chapter begins with clear statements ex pertinent defini- · ·
tions, design principles and theories, and the desip procedur�
basic principles are supplemented with numero� design examples
and illustrations, along with the detailed drawin;. The book is a
text for students of civil engineering discipline. 'mle designing and
construction engineers will also find it a useful guide.
 (vi)

Various designs in this volume are based on latest Indian

Standards. The tables or curves giving permissible stresses and/or
design coeffcients, as well as the ba�ic rules· for design, taken from
the various Indian Standards are gratefully acknowledged. In spite
of every care taken to check the numerical work, some errors may
remain, and I shall be obliged for any intimation of these readers
may discover.
Jodhpur
1-4-75 B.C. PUNMIA

Preface to the Second Edition

In the Second Edition, the subject matter has been thoroughly
updated and the revised Indian Standard Code (IS : 456-1978) has
been introduced. The revised Indian Standard Code differs from the
earlier Code (IS: 456-1964) in two aspects: (1) some design procedures
have been basically changed, and (2) the Code uses SI units. The
Second Edition of the book incorporates both the aspects. However,
since the change over from the MKS to SI units has to be gradual,
and since the revised Code has yet not been included in the teaching
curriculum of all the Institutions, the design procedures based on
earlier Code have been retained. The design procedur� laid down
in the revised Code have been given at the end of each chapter
and the illustrative examples using these new procedures have been
solved in SI units. Further suggestions will be greatly appreciated. ·
Jodhpur
1-11-80 B.C. PUNMIA

Preface to the Third Edition

In the Third Edition of the book the subject matter bas been
thoroughly revised and updated. The revised Indian Standard Code
I� : 4-56-1978 has now been incorporated in all the chapters. The
notable addition to the book is the introduction of the development
length requirements at the supports of beams and slab to limit the
�axiQlllm diameter of steel reinforcement envisaged in the equation
 (vu)

1
V + Lo > L,. Similarly, in Chapter 11 on Flat· Sabs, simple tables
have been provided with the help of which flexural s-tffness coefficients
for columns and slabs (with or without drops) can be cbmputed
with ease, thus taking into account the effect of 1attem of loading.
This would make ·the. design of flab slab easier and simpler. The
IS Code on water tanks has not been revised as .,et. However, the
changes introduced in the permissible stresses in s.eel reinforcement
in the Code in its fourth reprint (May 1982) have ,een incorporated
in the book. Further suggestions will be great(: appreciated.
Jodhpur
11.283 B.C. PUNMIA

Preface to the Fourth Edi8on

In the Fourth Edition, the book has been conpletely rewritten,
using SI units and incorporating the recommendat ons of the Latest
Indian Standards. The basic text has now been give1 new orientation.
The design requirements laid down in Indian St-ndard Code IS :
456-1978 have been explained in greater details tlrough illustrative
examples. Special 11ttention has been paid to the shea- and development
length requirements of the Code, for beam, slabs, lat slabs, footings
and retaining walls. The useful suggestions given by man:y readers
have been incorporated. Further suggestion� wll be greatly ap­
preaciated.
Jodhpur
21.3.85 B.C. PUNMIA

Preface to the Fifth Editi•n

In the Fifth Edition, the subject matter h� been thoroughly
revised and enlarged. In all the chapters, a large number of illustrative
design examples have been added, using Fe 415 Stea. This will enable
the designers to use high yield strength deformed hlrs (HYSD bars).
Further suggestions will be greatly appreciated.
. Jodhpur
1st Jan. 1988 B.C. PUNMIA
 (viii)

Preface to the Sixth Edition

In the Sixth Edition, the subject matter has been thoroughly
revised and enlarged. The book has now been divided into two pans.
Pan I deals with the Working Stress Method of Design. Pan II,
con�ining Eight chapters is on Limit State Method of Design and
is .oompleteley a new addition. This bas been done to acqaint the
students with the modern trends of Designs in which preference
is given to the Limit State Method of Design. In many Institutions
and Universities, both the methods are taught simultaneously, so
that the students can compare both the methods in each design.
It is hoped, this new addition of Pan II will be useful to the students
teachers and the Field/Practising Engineers.
Jodhpur B.C. PUNMIA
fJth May 1 <J90 ASHOK KUMAR JAIN

Preface to the Seventh Edition

In the seventh Edition, the book has been thoroughly revised,
enlarged and updated. The number of chapters have been increased
from 27 to 31. The book has been divided into five parts. Part
1, containing 12 chapters, is on Beams and Slabs. Part 11 on Compression

F,:17-'
Members has 2 chapters. Part 111, containing four chapters is on
ns and Retaining Structures. Part W, conshting of Four chap­
ters · on Water Tanfq and Miscellaneous structl .res, Lastly, Part V
b · g 9 chapters is1 devoted to the Limit Stat, Design. Thus, in
the first volume of the book, the student will ht introduced to both
the Working Stress Method as well as the Umit State Method.
It is hoped, with these ehaftges, the New Edition will be more useful
to both the studen� a-well as Field Engineers.
B.C. PUNMIA
Jodhpur ASHOK KUMAR JAIN
15.5.92 ARUN KUMAR JAIN
 Contents
Part I
BEAMS AND SLABS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Page

1.1 Cement concrete 3
1.2 ClaMification and Composition of cemen 4
13 Specifications for. Portland Cement 12
1.4 Aggregates 18
1.5 Water 26
1.6 Measurement of materials 29
1.7 Water cement ratio 32
1.8 Properties and tests on concrete ,33
1.9 Methods of proportioning concrete mixes 36
1.10 Grades of concrete and characteristic st�ngth 42
1.11 Permissible stresses in concrete "48
1.12 Mixing, compacting and curing concrete 5-1
1.13 Steel reinforcement 54
Problems ·- 60
CHPATER 2. THEORY OF REINFORCED BEAMS nm SLABS
2.1 Introduction 61
2.2 Modular ratio 62
2.3 Singly reinforced beam 64
2.4 Neutral axis of beam section 69
2.5 Moment of resistance 73
2.6 Balanced, under-reinforced and over-reinf•rced
sections 75
2.7 �ms •
Types of problems in singly-reinforced
.. ·
78
2.8 Variation of M, �th p 96
2.9 Beam of triangular section . .. 99
210 Beam of trapezoidal sectt.6n. ·· .' 103
211 Slabs spanning in one �g 118
·
Problems 123
CHAPTER 3. SHEAll AND BOND
3.1 Shear Stresses in R.C. beams 125
3.2 Effects of shear : diagonal tension 128
3.3 Reinforcement for diagonal tension 129
3.4 Vertical stirrups 132
 (x)

Inclined bars
3.5 134
Indian Standard (IS : 456-1964) on shear
3.6
reinforcement 138
3.7 Bond, anchorage and development length 153
3.8 I.S. Code on bond and anchorage requirements 159
1
3.9 Curtailment of tension reinforcement 165
Problems 166
CHAPTER 4. TORSION
4.1 Introduction 167
4.2 Torsional resistance : elastic behaviour 168
4.3 Indian Standard Recommendations on design for
torsion 170
Problems 175
CHAPTER 5 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
5.1 Introduction 176
5.2 Location of neutral axis 177
53 Mement of resistance 179
5.4 Steel beam tbeory 181
5.5 Types of problems in doubly reinforced . beam 182
5.6 Shear stress, bond stress and development length ... 195
Problems 199
CHAPTER 6. T AND L-BEAMS
6.1 Introduction 201
6.2 Dimensions of a T-beam 202
6.3 Position of netural axis 205
6.4 Lever arm and moment of resistance 206
6.5 Mement of resistance taking compression in rib
into account 208
6.6 Depth .of balanced section of T-beam 209
Economical depth of T-beam 210
:},'
Shear, bond the de'velopmcnt length 212
6.9 Types of problt"ms in T-beams 213
6.10 Doubly reinforced T-f,eams 229
6.11 L-beams 237
Problems 239
CHAPTER 7 DESIGN OF. BEAMS AND SLABS
7.1 Design of beams 241
7.2 Design of lintel beams 263
7.3 Design of cantilever 274
7.4 Design of one way slab 278
7.5 Design of cantilever chajja 287
7.6 Design of lintel with sumbade 289
 (n)

7.7 Design of continuous slab 293

7.8 Design of doubly reinforced beam 299
7.9 Design of T-beam 304
7.10 Design of cycle stand shade 310
7.11 Design of T-beams roof 317
7.12 Design of inverted T-beam roof 323
7.13 Design of oyerhanging T-beam roof 328
7.14 Design of cantilever canopy 337
7.15 Design of L beam : design for torsion 344
Problems 357
CHAPTER 8. DESIGN OF STAIR CASES
8.1 Introduction 361
8.2 General notes on design of stairs 362
8.3 Design of stairs spanning horizontally 367
8.4 Design of dog-legged stairs 368
8.5 Design. of stairs with quarter space landilg 371
8.6 Design of open newel stairs with quarte1 space
landing 375
8.7 _Design of stair-quie with central stringer beam 379
8.8 Design of cinema balcony 385
Prdblems 398
CHAPTER 9. REINFORCED BRICK AND HOLLOW TILE ROOFS
9.1 Reinforced brick work 400
9.2 Design of reinforced brick slab 401
93 Hollow tile roof 405
9.4 Design of hollow tile roof 407
CHAPTER 10. 'IWO--WAY SLABS
10.1 Introduction 410
10.2 Slab simply supported on the four edg� with
corners not held down and carrying U.C.L 411
10.3 Slab simply supported on the four edg� with
corners held down and carrying U.D.L 417
10.4 Slab with edges, fixed or continuous anc
carrying U.D.L 425
10.5 Other cases af slabs 429
10.6 I.S. Code naethod 441
Problems 453
CHAPTER 11. CIRCU� SLABS
11.1 Introduction 454
11.2 Slab freely supported at the edges and ::anying
U.D.L 455
11.3 Slab fixed at edges and carrying U.D.L 456
 11.4 Slab simply supported at edges and with U.D.L
uniformly distributed along the circumference of
a concentric circle 458
11.5 Slab simply supported at edges, with U.D.L
inside a concentric cricle 459
11.6 Slab simply suppcrted at edges, with a central
hole and cal'l)'ing U.D.L 460
11.7· Slab simply supported at the edges with a
central hole and carrying W distributed along
the circumference of a concentric circle ... 461
Problems 480
CHAPTER 12 FLAT SLABS
12.1 Introduction 481
12.2 Components of flat slab construction 482
12.3 Indian Code Recommendations (IS : 456-1978) 483
12.4 Direct design method 485
12.5 Equivalent frame method 490
12.6 Shear in flat slab 492
12.7 Slab reinforcement 495
12.8 Opening in Aat slab 495
Problems 514

PART II
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
CHAPTER 13. AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
13.1 Introduction 516
13.2 Long and short columns 516
13.3 Types of columns 517
13.4 Load cal'l)'ing capacity of short columns 519
135 Indian Standard Recommendations 521
13.6 R.C. walls 528
13.7 Design procedure 530
Problems 538
CHAPTER 14. COMBINED DIRECT AND BENDING STRESSES
14.1 Introduction 539
14.2 Case 1 : Compressive load at small eccentricity ... 540
14.3 Bending about two axes 542
14.4 Design of columns subjected to combined bend-
ing and direct stresses 543
145 Case 2 : Compressive load at large eccentricity 554
14.6 Case 3 : Compressive load at moderate
eccentricity 558
14.7 Circular section subjected to eccentric load 566
14.8 Case 4 : Tensile load at small eccentricity 573
 (xiii)

14.9 Case 5 : Temile load at '1arge eccentricty 575

14.10 Case 6 : Tensile load at moderate eccentricity 578
14.11 Sections of irregula:: shape 581
14.12 Design examples 582
Problems 585

PART III
FOUNDATIONS AND ·RETAINING STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 15. CONTINUOUS AND ISOLATED h>CTINGS
15.1 Introduction 591
15.2 Pressure distribution beneath footings 594
15.3 Bearing capacity of soil and settlement ::1f
footings' 594
15.4 IS Code Recommendations (IS : 456-U:;78) 599
15.5 Design of continuous footings '604
15.6 Isolated footings of uniform depth 607
15.7 Isolated sloped footings 613
15.8 Isolated stepped footing 617
15.9 Isolated footing for circular columns 619
15.10 Isolated footing subjected to eccentric IGtd 648
Problems 660
CHAPTER 16. COMBINED FOOTINGS
16.1 Introduction 661
16.2 Combined retangular footing 661
16.3 Combined trapezoidal footing 667
16.4 Strap footing 707
16.5 Raft footing 718
Problems 736
CHAPTER 17. PILE FOUNDATIONS
17.1 Types of piles 737
17.2 Pile driving 739
17.3 Load canying capacity of piles . 742
17.4 Group action in piles 742
17.5 Structural design of R.C. Piles 743
17.6 Design of pile cap 746
Problems 754
CHAPTER 18. RETAINING WALLS
18.1 Introduction 755
18.2 Types of retaining walls 755
18.3 Active earth pressure : Rankine's theol), 757
18.4 Passive earth pressure 762
18.5 Stability of cantilver retaining walls 763 °
18.6 Design principles of cantilever retaining -..alls 76? '
 Reinforced Concrete Structures Vol I

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