2nd Yr

Punjab College Naushehra
Chemistry :- 2nd Year Chapter:1 Date: 30th Nov-5th Dec,2020
Topic: Electron Affinity
Definition:- When we add up an electron in isolated gaseous atom then some amount of energy
is released or absorbed, such an amount of energy is known as electron affinity.
First Value of Electron Affinity:- When we add first electron in the gaseous atom then energy is
released. This released energy is electron affinity. In this case we use negative sign with electron
affinity.
For Example: F + e-- → F— E.A1= -337KJmol-1
O + e-- → O— E.A1= -141KJmol-1
Second Value of Electron Affinity:- When we add second electron into a uninegative ion then
the incoming electron is repelled by already present negative charge and energy is absorbed.
This absorbed energy is electron affinity. In this case we use positive sign with electron affinity.
For Example: O-1 + e-- → O-2 E.A2=+780KJmol-1
Factors affecting the Electron Affinity: i) Atomic size ii) Nuclear charge iii) Vacancies in outermost shell.
→Greater the atomic size, smaller will be the electron affinity.
→Greater the number of protons in the nucleus, greater will be the electron affinity.
→If the size of atom is small and 1 or 2 vacancies are available in the outermost shell then the value of
electron affinity will be high.
Trend in Period:-
Electron affinity increases from left to right in a period because:
→Atomic size decreases along the period.
→Nuclear charge increases along the period.
Trend in Group:-
Electron affinity decreases from top to bottom in a group because:
→Atomic size down the group.
→Shielding effect also increases down the group.
Topic: Metallic and Non-Metallic character
Metals:-
→They have ability to lose electron and form positive ions.

→They are good conductor of heat and electricity.
→They form basic oxides. Basic oxides produce bases on dissolving in water.
e:g Na2O+H2O → 2NaOH
Trend of Metallic character in Group:- It increases from top to bottom in a group because:
→Atomic size increases.
→Removal of electron becomes easy.
Trend of Metallic character in Period:- It decreases from left to right in a period because:
→Atomic size decreases.
→Removal of electron becomes difficult.
Non-Metals:
→They gain electron to form negative ions.
→All gases are non-metals.
→They are poor conductor of heat and electricity.
→They form acid oxides. Acid oxides give acids on dissolving in water.
e:g SO3 + H2O →H2SO4
Trend of Non-Metallic character in Period:- It increases from left to right in a period because
atomic size decreases.
Trend of Non-Metallic character in Group:- It decreases from top to bottom in a group

because atomic size increases.
Topic: Melting and Boiling points
Variation in Period:
→As we move from left to right in a period, the melting and boiling point increase upto group IV-A.
→ The melting and boiling point decrease from group V-A to noble gases.
Reasons:
→The melting point of group I-A is low because its elements give only 1 electron to form a bond with other
atom so bond is weak and can be broken down easily.
→ Melting points of Group II-A elements are higher than those of group I-A because they provide 2
electron for bonding.
→Group IV-A elements provide 4 electrons for bonding so they have a maximum melting point e:g In
diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to 4 others thus diamond has a very high melting point.
→Group V-A,VI-A and VII-A: Their elements exist as small covalent molecules. These molecules have
weak intermolecular forces between them so they have low melting and boiling points.
Variation in Group:-
Group I-A,II-A,III-A and IV-A: Their melting and boiling points decrease from top to bottom in a group
because:
→Binding forces decrease.
Group V-A,VI-A,VII-A and VIII-A:- Their melting and boiling point increase down the group because:
→Polarizability increases.
→Force of attraction between molecules increases.
Topic: Oxidation State
Definition: It is defined as a charge present on an atom in a compound.
In Ionic compounds: It is equal to number of electrons gained or lost by an atom. e:g Na +1Cl+1
In Covalent compounds: It depends upon the electronegativity difference between atoms. e:g
Sn+4Cl4+4
In Free state: In this case, the oxidation state is zero.
Oxidation state of Group I-A: Their oxidation state is +1.It is equal to number of their valence
electron.
Oxidation state of Group II-A: Their oxidation state is +2.They have 2 valence electrons.
Oxidation state of Group III-A: Their oxidation state is +3.They have 3 valence electrons.
Oxidation state of Group V-A: They show two types of oxidation states.’+5’(equal to their
valence electrons) or ‘-3’ (equal to vacancies available in valence shell).
Oxidation state of Group VI-A: They show two types of oxidation states.’+6’(equal to their
valence electrons) or ‘-2’ (equal to vacancies available in valence shell).e:g In H 2SO4 ,the
oxidation state of S is +6.In H2S ,the oxidation state of S is -2.
Oxidation state of Group VII-A: Mostly their oxidation state is ‘-1’(equal to vacancy available in
valence shell).
Oxidation state of Group VIII-A: They have zero oxidation state because their octets and
duplets are complete. They have no vacancy in their valence shell.
Oxidation state of Transition elements: They are elements of group B. Their oxidation state is
also equal to their group number as Cu+1, Zn+2, V+5,Cr+6,Mn+7
→These elements show more than one oxidation state because they contain greater number of
electrons in d and f subshells.
Topic: Hydration Energy
Definition: It is equal to amount of heat absorbed or evolved when 1 mole of gaseous ions
dissolve in water to give dilute solutions. e:g H+ +H2O → H3O+ ∆Hn=-1075KJ/mol
→It depends upon charge to size ratio of ions.
Hydration energy in Group: It decreases from top to bottom in a group because charge to size
ratio decreases down the group.
Hydration energy in Period: It increases from left to right in a period because charge to size
ratio increases along the period.

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Punjab College Naushehra

Chemistry :- 2nd Year Chapter:1 Date: 30th Nov-5th Dec,2020

Topic: Electron Affinity

For Example: F + e-- → F— E.A1= -337KJmol-1

O + e-- → O— E.A1= -141KJmol-1

For Example: O-1 + e-- → O-2 E.A2=+780KJmol-1

→Greater the atomic size, smaller will be the electron affinity.

Electron affinity increases from left to right in a period because:

→Atomic size decreases along the period.

→Nuclear charge increases along the period.

Electron affinity decreases from top to bottom in a group because:

→Atomic size down the group.

→Shielding effect also increases down the group.

Topic: Metallic and Non-Metallic character

→They have ability to lose electron and form positive ions.

e:g Na2O+H2O → 2NaOH

→Atomic size increases.

→Removal of electron becomes easy.

→Atomic size decreases.

→Removal of electron becomes difficult.

→They gain electron to form negative ions.

→All gases are non-metals.

→They are poor conductor of heat and electricity.

e:g SO3 + H2O →H2SO4

Trend of Non-Metallic character in Group:- It decreases from top to bottom in a group

Topic: Melting and Boiling points

→Atomic size increases.

→Binding forces decrease.

→Atomic size increases.

→Force of attraction between molecules increases.

Topic: Oxidation State

Definition: It is defined as a charge present on an atom in a compound.

In Free state: In this case, the oxidation state is zero.

Topic: Hydration Energy

→It depends upon charge to size ratio of ions.

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