‫الفرقه االولي ميكانيكا – مقرر جديد‬

Thermodynamics – ‫ديناميكا حراريه‬

Model (1)
1 How is the combined pump–motor efficiency of a pump and motor system defined?
Can the combined pump–motor efficiency be greater than either the pump or the
motor efficiency? Explain.
2 A room is heated as a result of solar radiation coming in through the windows. Is this
a heat or work interaction for the room? Explain.

3 Consider the process of heating water on top of an electric range. What are the forms
of energy involved during this process? What are the energy transformations that take
place? Explain.
4 In what kind of pot will a given volume of water boil at a higher temperature: a tall
and narrow one or a short and wide one? Explain.
5 Pressure transducers are commonly used to measure pressure by generating analog
signals usually in the range of 4 mA to 20 mA or 0 V-dc to 10 V-dc in response to
applied pressure. The system whose schematic is shown can be used to calibrate
pressure transducers. A rigid container is filled with pressurized air, and pressure is
measured by the manometer attached. A valve is used to regulate the pressure in the
container. Both the pressure and the electric signal are measured simultaneously for
various settings, and the results are tabulated. For the given set of measurements,
obtain the calibration curve in the form of P= a (I) + b, where a and b are constants,
and calculate the pressure that corresponds to a signal of 10 mA.
Δh, 28 181.5 297.8 413.1 765.9 1027 1149 1362 1458 1536
mm
I, 4.21 5.78 6.97 8.15 11.76 14.43 15.68 17.86 18.84 19.64
mA

6 A frictionless piston–cylinder device initially contains 200 L of saturated liquid

refrigerant-134a. The piston is free to move, and its mass is such that it maintains a
 pressure of 900 kPa on the refrigerant. The refrigerant is now heated until its
temperature rises to 70°C. Calculate the work done during this process.

7 Air at 80 kPa and 127°C enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily at a rate of 6000 kg/h and
leaves at 100 kPa. The velocity of the airstream is decreased from 230 to 30 m/s as it
passes through the diffuser. Find (a) the exit temperature of the air and (b) the exit
area of the diffuser.
8 Refrigerant-134a at 800 kPa and 25°C is throttled to a temperature of 20°C.
Determine the pressure and the internal energy of the refrigerant at the final state.
9 Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. Repeat the
solution for air, refrigerant-134a, refrigerant- 22, and ammonia.

T, ˚C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description

(a) 200 0.6
(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0.0

Model (2)
1 Energy conversion processes are often accompanied by environmental pollution.
Explain with case study.

2 How are heat, internal energy, and thermal energy related to each other? Explain with
case study.
3 You are asked to design a heating system for a swimming pool that is 2 m deep, 25 m
long, and 25 m wide. Your client desires that the heating system be large enough to
raise the water temperature from 20 to 30°C in 3 h. The rate of heat loss from the
water to the air at the outdoor design conditions is determined to be 960 W/m 2, and the
heater must also be able to maintain the pool at 30°C at those conditions. Heat losses
to the ground are expected to be small and can be disregarded. The heater considered
is a natural gas furnace whose efficiency is 80 percent. What heater size (in kW input)
would you recommend to your client?

4 What is the difference between the macroscopic and microscopic forms of energy?
What is total energy? Identify the different forms of energy that constitute the total
energy.
5 Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. Repeat the
 solution for air, refrigerant-134a, refrigerant- 22, and ammonia.

T, ˚C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description

(a) 200 0.6
(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0.0
6 A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.25 kg of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa and
120°C. The nitrogen is now expanded isothermally to a pressure of 100 kPa.
Determine the boundary work done during this process.

7 Air at 600 kPa and 500 K enters an adiabatic nozzle that has an inlet-to-exit area ratio
of 2:1 with a velocity of 120 m/s and leaves with a velocity of 380 m/s. Determine (a)
the exit temperature and (b) the exit pressure of the air.
8 Carbon dioxide gas enters a throttling valve at 5 MPa and 100°C and leaves at 100
kPa. Determine the temperature change during this process if CO 2 is assumed to be (a)
an ideal gas and (b) a real gas.

9 Consider two identical fans, one at sea level and the other on top of a high mountain,
running at identical speeds. How would you compare (a) the volume flow rates and
(b) the mass flow rates of these two fans?

Model (3)
1 What is the greenhouse effect? How does the excess CO 2 gas in the atmosphere cause
the greenhouse effect? What are the potential long-term consequences of greenhouse
effect? How can we combat this problem?
2 What is mechanical efficiency? What does a mechanical efficiency of 100 percent
mean for a hydraulic turbine?
3 A 1000-W iron is left on the iron board with its base exposed to the air at 20°C. The
convection heat transfer coefficient between the base surface and the surrounding air
is 35 W/m2·°C. If the base has an emissivity of 0.6 and a surface area of 0.02 m 2,
determine the temperature of the base of the iron.

4 Find out the prices of heating oil, natural gas, and electricity in your area, and
determine the cost of each per kWh of energy supplied to the house as heat. Go
through your utility bills and determine how much money you spent for heating last
January. Also determine how much your January heating bill would be for each of the
heating systems if you had the latest and most efficient system installed.
5 Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. Repeat the
solution for air, refrigerant-134a, refrigerant- 22, and ammonia.

T, ˚C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description

(a) 200 0.6
(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0.0
6 An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at a
constant pressure of 175 kPa. Water is stirred by a paddle wheel while a current of 8 A
flows for 45 min through a resistor placed in the water. If one-half of the liquid is
evaporated during this constant-pressure process and the paddle-wheel work amounts
to 400 kJ, (a) determine the voltage of the source. (b) Also, show the process on a P-v
diagram with respect to saturation line

7 Consider an adiabatic turbine operating steadily. Does the work output of the turbine
 have to be equal to the decrease in the energy of the steam flowing through it?
8 A well-insulated valve is used to throttle steam from 8 MPa and 500°C to 6 MPa.
Determine the final temperature of the steam.
9 Which process requires more energy: completely vaporizing 1 kg of saturated liquid
water at 1 atm pressure or completely vaporizing 1 kg of saturated liquid water at 8
atm pressure? Explain.

Model (4)
1 How does energy conversion affect the environment? What are the primary chemicals
that pollute the air? What is the primary source of these pollutants? Explain.

2 Find out the prices of heating oil, natural gas, and electricity in your area, and
determine the cost of each per kWh of energy supplied to the house as heat. Go
through your utility bills and determine how much money you spent for heating last
January. Also determine how much your January heating bill would be for each of the
heating systems if you had the latest and most efficient system installed
3 Pressure transducers are commonly used to measure pressure by generating analog
signals usually in the range of 4 mA to 20 mA or 0 V-dc to 10 V-dc in response to
applied pressure. The system whose schematic is shown can be used to calibrate
pressure transducers. A rigid container is filled with pressurized air, and pressure is
measured by the manometer attached. A valve is used to regulate the pressure in the
container. Both the pressure and the electric signal are measured simultaneously for
various settings, and the results are tabulated. For the given set of measurements,
obtain the calibration curve in the form of P= a (I) + b, where a and b are constants,
and calculate the pressure that corresponds to a signal of 10 mA.
Δh, 28 181.5 297.8 413.1 765.9 1027 1149 1362 1458 1536
mm
I, 4.21 5.78 6.97 8.15 11.76 14.43 15.68 17.86 18.84 19.64
mA
4 Consider the process of heating water on top of an electric range. What are the forms
of energy involved during this process? What are the energy transformations that take
place? Explain the forms of energy that contribute to the internal energy of a system.
5 Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. Repeat the
solution for air, refrigerant-134a, refrigerant- 22, and ammonia.

T, ˚C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description

(a) 200 0.6
(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0.0
3
6 A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.8 m of saturated water vapor at 250 kPa.
At this state, the piston is resting on a set of stops, and the mass of the piston is such
that a pressure of 300 kPa is required to move it. Heat is now slowly transferred to the
steam until the volume doubles. Show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to
saturation lines and determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the work done during this
process, and (c) the total heat transfer.
7 Consider an air compressor operating steadily. How would you compare the volume
flow rates of the air at the compressor inlet and exit?
8 In steam power plants, open feedwater heaters are frequently utilized to heat the
feedwater by mixing it with steam bled off the turbine at some intermediate stage.
Consider an open feedwater heater that operates at a pressure of 1000 kPa. Feedwater
at 50°C and 1000 kPa is to be heated with superheated steam at 200°C and 1000 kPa.
In an ideal feed- water heater, the mixture leaves the heater as saturated liquid at the
feedwater pressure. Determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the feedwater and
the superheated vapor for this case.

9 Consider a river flowing toward a lake at an average velocity of 3 m/s at a rate of 500
m 3/s at a location 90 m above the lake surface. Determine the total mechanical energy
of the river water per unit mass and the power generation potential of the entire river
at that location.
 Model (5)
1 What is the greenhouse effect? How does the excess CO 2 gas in the atmosphere cause
the greenhouse effect? What are the potential long-term consequences of greenhouse
effect? How can we combat this problem?
2 The pilot of an airplane reads the altitude 3000 m and the absolute pressure 58 kPa
when flying over a city. Calculate the local atmospheric pressure in that city in kPa
and in mm Hg. Take the densities of air and mercury to be 1.15 kg/m 3 and 13,600
kg/m3, respectively.

3 How is the combined pump–motor efficiency of a pump and motor system defined?
Can the combined pump–motor efficiency be greater than either the pump or the
motor efficiency? Explain.
4 Electric power is to be generated by installing a hydraulic turbine–generator at a site
120 m below the free surface of a large water reservoir that can supply water at a rate
of 1500 kg/s steadily. Determine the power generation potential.
5 Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. Repeat the
solution for air, refrigerant-134a, refrigerant- 22, and ammonia.

T, ˚C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description

(a) 200 0.6
(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0.0
6 A piston–cylinder device contains steam initially at 1 MPa, 450°C, and 2.5 m 3. Steam
is allowed to cool at constant pressure until it first starts condensing. Show the process
on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines and determine: (a) the mass of the
steam. (b) the final temperature, and (c) the amount of heat transfer.

7 Will the temperature of air rise as it is compressed by an adiabatic compressor? Why?

8 Refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and 90°C is to be cooled to 1 MPa and 30°C in a condenser
by air. The air enters at 100 kPa and 27°C with a volume flow rate of 600 m3/min and
leaves at 95 kPa and 60°C. Determine the mass flow rate of the refrigerant.

9 Write an essay on the various mass- and volume-measurement devices used

 throughout history. Also, explain the development of the modern units for mass and
volume.

Model (6)
1 How does the science of heat transfer differ from the science of thermodynamics?
Explain.
2 On a hot summer day, a student turns his fan on when he leaves his room in the
morning. When he returns in the evening, will the room be warmer or cooler than the
neighboring rooms? Why? Assume all the doors and windows are kept closed.
3 Consider two identical fans, one at sea level and the other on top of a high mountain,
running at identical speeds. How would you compare (a) the volume flow rates and
(b) the mass flow rates of these two fans?
4 Your neighbor lives in a 2500-square-foot (about 250 m 2) older house heated by
natural gas. The current gas heater was installed in the early 1970s and has an
efficiency (called the Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency rating, or AFUE) of 65
percent. It is time to replace the furnace, and the neighbor is trying to decide between
a conventional furnace that has an efficiency of 80 percent and costs $1500 and a
high-efficiency furnace that has an efficiency of 95 percent and costs $2500. Your
neighbor offered to pay you $100 if you help him make the right decision.
Considering the weather data, typical heating loads, and the price of natural gas in
your area, make a recommendation to your neighbor based on a convincing economic
analysis.

5 Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. Repeat the
solution for air, refrigerant-134a, refrigerant- 22, and ammonia.

T, ˚C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description

(a) 200 0.6
(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0.0
6 Student living in a 4-m x 6-m x 6-m dormitory room turns on her 150-W fan before
she leaves the room on a summer day, hoping that the room will be cooler when she
comes back in the evening. Assuming all the doors and windows are tightly closed
and disregarding any heat transfer through the walls and the windows, determine the
temperature in the room when she comes back 10 h later. Use specific heat values at
room temperature, and assume the room to be at 100 kPa and 15°C in the morning
when she leaves
7 Somebody proposes the following system to cool a house in the summer: Compress
the regular outdoor air, let it cool back to the outdoor temperature, pass it through a
turbine, and discharge the cold air leaving the turbine into the house. From a
thermodynamic point of view, is the proposed system sound?
8 When two fluid streams are mixed in a mixing chamber, can the mixture temperature
be lower than the temperature of both streams? Explain.
9 Steam is to be condensed in the condenser of a steam power plant at a temperature of
50°C with cooling water from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the condenser
at 18°C at a rate of 101 kg/s and leaves at 27°C. Determine the rate of condensation of
the steam in the condenser.

Model (7)
1 Write an essay on the various mass- and volume-measurement devices used
throughout history. Also, explain the development of the modern units for mass and
volume.

2 Your neighbor lives in a 2500-square-foot (about 250 m 2) older house heated by

natural gas. The current gas heater was installed in the early 1970s and has an
efficiency (called the Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency rating, or AFUE) of 65
percent. It is time to replace the furnace, and the neighbor is trying to decide between
a conventional furnace that has an efficiency of 80 percent and costs $1500 and a
high-efficiency furnace that has an efficiency of 95 percent and costs $2500. Your
neighbor offered to pay you $100 if you help him make the right decision.
Considering the weather data, typical heating loads, and the price of natural gas in
your area, make a recommendation to your neighbor based on a convincing economic
analysis.

3 Pressure transducers are commonly used to measure pressure by generating analog

 signals usually in the range of 4 mA to 20 mA or 0 V-dc to 10 V-dc in response to
applied pressure. The system whose schematic is shown can be used to calibrate
pressure transducers. A rigid container is filled with pressurized air, and pressure is
measured by the manometer attached. A valve is used to regulate the pressure in the
container. Both the pressure and the electric signal are measured simultaneously for
various settings, and the results are tabulated. For the given set of measurements,
obtain the calibration curve in the form of P= a (I) + b, where a and b are constants,
and calculate the pressure that corresponds to a signal of 10 mA.
Δh, 28 181.5 297.8 413.1 765.9 1027 1149 1362 1458 1536
mm
I, 4.21 5.78 6.97 8.15 11.76 14.43 15.68 17.86 18.84 19.64
mA

4 A hydraulic lift is to be used to lift a 2500 kg weight by putting a weight of 25 kg on a

piston with a diameter of 10 cm. Determine the diameter of the piston on which the
weight is to be placed.

5 Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. Repeat the
solution for air, refrigerant-134a, refrigerant- 22, and ammonia.

T, ˚C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description

(a) 200 0.6
(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0.0
6 A 4-m x 5-m x 7-m room is heated by the radiator of a steam-heating system. The
steam radiator transfers heat at a rate of 10,000 kJ/h, and a 100-W fan is used to
distribute the warm air in the room. The rate of heat loss from the room is estimated to
be about 5000 kJ/h. If the initial temperature of the room air is 10°C, determine how
 long it will take for the air temperature to rise to 20°C. Assume constant specific heats
at room temperature.

7 Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 10 MPa and 500°C and leaves at 10 kPa with a
quality of 90 %. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, determine
the mass flow rate required for a power output of 5 MW
8 Consider a steady-flow mixing process. Under what conditions will the energy
transported into the control volume by the incoming streams be equal to the energy
transported out of it by the outgoing stream?
9 Consider two identical fans, one at sea level and the other on top of a high mountain,
running at identical speeds. How would you compare (a) the volume flow rates and
(b) the mass flow rates of these two fans?

Model (8)
1 Pressure transducers are commonly used to measure pressure by generating analog
signals usually in the range of 4 mA to 20 mA or 0 V-dc to 10 V-dc in response to
applied pressure. The system whose schematic is shown can be used to calibrate
pressure transducers. A rigid container is filled with pressurized air, and pressure is
measured by the manometer attached. A valve is used to regulate the pressure in the
container. Both the pressure and the electric signal are measured simultaneously for
various settings, and the results are tabulated. For the given set of measurements,
obtain the calibration curve in the form of P= a (I) + b, where a and b are constants,
and calculate the pressure that corresponds to a signal of 10 mA.
Δh, 28 181.5 297.8 413.1 765.9 1027 1149 1362 1458 1536
mm
I, 4.21 5.78 6.97 8.15 11.76 14.43 15.68 17.86 18.84 19.64
mA
2 Your neighbor lives in a 2500-square-foot (about 250 m2) older house heated by
natural gas. The current gas heater was installed in the early 1970s and has an
efficiency (called the Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency rating, or AFUE) of 65
percent. It is time to replace the furnace, and the neighbor is trying to decide between
a conventional furnace that has an efficiency of 80 percent and costs $1500 and a
high-efficiency furnace that has an efficiency of 95 percent and costs $2500. Your
neighbor offered to pay you $100 if you help him make the right decision.
Considering the weather data, typical heating loads, and the price of natural gas in
your area, make a recommendation to your neighbor based on a convincing economic
analysis.

3 An insulated room is heated by burning candles. Is this a heat or work interaction?

Explain. Take the entire room, including the candles, as the system.
4 A room is heated by an iron that is left plugged in. Is this a heat or work interaction?
Explain. Take the entire room, including the iron, as the system.
5 Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. Repeat the
solution for air, refrigerant-134a, refrigerant- 22, and ammonia.

T, ˚C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description

(a) 200 0.6
(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0.0
6 A mass of 15 kg of air in a piston–cylinder device is heated from 25 to 77°C by
passing current through a resistance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure inside the
cylinder is held constant at 300 kPa during the process, and a heat loss of 60 kJ
occurs. Determine the electric energy supplied, in kWh.
7 Argon gas enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 900 kPa and 450°C with a velocity of
80 m/s and leaves at 150 kPa with a velocity of 150 m/s. The inlet area of the turbine
is 60 cm2. If the power output of the turbine is 250 kW, determine the exit temperature
of the argon.

8 Consider a steady-flow heat exchanger involving two different fluid streams. Under
what conditions will the amount of heat lost by one fluid be equal to the amount of
heat gained by the other?
9 Liquid water at 300 kPa and 20°C is heated in a chamber by mixing it with
superheated steam at 300 kPa and 300°C. Cold water enters the chamber at a rate of
1.8 kg/s. If the mixture leaves the mixing chamber at 60°C, determine the mass flow
rate of the superheated steam required

Model (9)
1 What is the greenhouse effect? How does the excess CO 2 gas in the atmosphere cause
the greenhouse effect? What are the potential long-term consequences of greenhouse
effect? How can we combat this problem?
2 You are asked to design a heating system for a swimming pool that is 2 m deep, 25 m
long, and 25 m wide. Your client desires that the heating system be large enough to
raise the water temperature from 20 to 30°C in 3 h. The rate of heat loss from the
water to the air at the outdoor design conditions is determined to be 960 W/m2, and
 the heater must also be able to maintain the pool at 30°C at those conditions. Heat
losses to the ground are expected to be small and can be disregarded. The heater
considered is a natural gas furnace whose efficiency is 80 percent. What heater size
(in kW input) would you recommend to your client?
3 Engine valves (C=440 J/kg·°C and =7840 kg/m3) are to be heated from 40°C to
800°C in 5 minutes in the heat treatment section of a valve manufacturing facility. The
valves have a cylindrical stem with a diameter of 8 mm and a length of 10 cm. The
valve head and the stem may be assumed to be of equal surface area, with a total mass
of 0.0788 kg. For a single valve, determine
a. The amount of heat transfer,
b. The average rate of heat transfer, and
c. The average heat flux.

4 In what forms can energy cross the boundaries of a closed system? Explain with a
case study.
5 Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. Repeat the
solution for air, refrigerant-134a, refrigerant- 22, and ammonia.

T, ˚C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description

(a) 200 0.6
(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0.0
6 Helium is to be compressed from 120 kPa and 310 K to 700 kPa and 430 K. A heat
loss of 20 kJ/kg occurs during the compression process. Neglecting kinetic energy
changes, determine the power input required for a mass flow rate of 90 kg/min.

7 The kinetic energy of a fluid increases as it is accelerated in an adiabatic nozzle.

Where does this energy come from?
8 A stream of refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and 12°C is mixed with another stream at 1
MPa and 60°C. If the mass flow rate of the cold stream is twice that of the hot one,
determine the temperature and the quality of the exit stream.
9 A diffuser is an adiabatic device that decreases the kinetic energy of the fluid by
slowing it down. What happens to this lost kinetic energy?
 Model (10)
1 How does the science of heat transfer differ from the science of thermodynamics?
2 On a hot summer day, a student turns his fan on when he leaves his room in the
morning. When he returns in the evening, will the room be warmer or cooler than the
neighboring rooms? Why? Assume all the doors and windows are kept closed.
3 Does the amount of heat absorbed as 1 kg of saturated liquid water boils at 100°C
have to be equal to the amount of heat released as 1 kg of saturated water vapor
condenses at 100°C? Explain why?
4 When is the energy crossing the boundaries of a closed system heat and when is it
work? Explain with a case study.
5 Complete the blank cells in the following table of properties of steam. Repeat the
solution for air, refrigerant-134a, refrigerant- 22, and ammonia.

T, ˚C P, kPa u, kJ/kg x Phase description

(a) 200 0.6
(b) 125 1600
(c) 1000 2950
(d) 75 500
(e) 850 0.0
6 Is heat transfer to or from the fluid desirable as it flows through a nozzle? How will
heat transfer affect the fluid velocity at the nozzle exit?
7 Steam at 3 MPa and 400°C enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily with a velocity of 40
m/s and leaves at 2.5 MPa and 300 m/s. Determine (a) the exit temperature and (b) the
ratio of the inlet to exit area A1/A2.

8 Why are throttling devices commonly used in refrigeration and air-conditioning

applications?
9 Steam enters the condenser of a steam power plant at 20 kPa and a quality of 95 %
with a mass flow rate of 20,000 kg/h. It is to be cooled by water from a nearby river
by circulating the water through the tubes within the condenser. To prevent thermal
pollution, the river water is not allowed to experience a temperature rise above 10°C.
If the steam is to leave the condenser as saturated liquid at 20 kPa, determine the mass
flow rate of the cooling water required.