𝑣0 = 250 𝑚/𝑠 and 𝜃0 = 00

A projectile is fired horizontally from

a gun that is 45.0 m above flat
ground, emerging from the gun with
a speed of 250 m/s. (a) How long
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = −45 𝑚
does the projectile remain in the air?
(b) At what horizontal distance from
the firing point does it strike the
𝑥0 𝑥
ground? (c) What is the magnitude
of the vertical component of its
velocity as it strikes the ground? (b) We know 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 ) 𝑡
Answer: (a) We know
1 2
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 ) 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (250)(cos 00 ) (3.03)
2
−45 = (𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 00 ) 𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2
𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (250)(1)(3.03)
−45 = 0 − 4.9𝑡 2
𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 757.50 𝑚
45
𝑡= = 3.03 𝑠
4.9
 (c) We know 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 − 𝑔𝑡

𝑣𝑦 = 250(sin 00 ) − (9.8) (3.03)

𝑣𝑦 = 0 − (9.8) (3.03)

𝑣𝑦 = −29.69 m/s

The current world-record motorcycle jump is 77.0 m, set by Jason Renie.

Assume that he left the take-off ramp at 12.0º to the horizontal and that the
take-off and landing heights are the same. Neglecting air drag, determine his
take-off speed. 𝑦
Answer:
Since the take-off and landing heights are the same, 𝑣0
that is 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 0, we can use the formula
𝜃0 = 120
𝑣02 sin 2𝜃0 𝑅𝑔 𝑥
𝑅= 𝑜𝑟 𝑣0 = 𝑅 = 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 77 𝑚
𝑔 sin 2𝜃0
(77)(9.8) 754.6
𝑜𝑟 𝑣0 = 𝑣0 = = 43.07 𝑚/𝑠
sin 240 0.4067
A soccer ball is kicked from the ground with an initial speed of 19.5 m/s at an
upward angle of 45°. A player 55 m away in the direction of the kick starts
running to meet the ball at that instant. What must be his average speed if he is
to meet the ball just before it hits the ground?
𝑦
Answer: Here, 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 0 𝑣0
We use the following formula to find the
time of flight of the ball. 𝜃0 = 450
1 2 𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 ) 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2
55 𝑚
0 = 19.5 (sin 450 ) 𝑡− 4.9 𝑡 2
We need to find 𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
19.5 (0.707) 𝑡 = 4.9 𝑡2 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟.
13.787
𝑡= = 2.81 𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 ) 𝑡 = (19.5)(cos 450 )(2.81)
4.9
The player must take the time 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 38.74 𝑚
2.81 s to meet the ball.

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 55 − 38.74

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 = = = 5.786 m/s
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 2.81
You throw a ball toward a wall at speed 25.0 m/s and at angle 40.0° above the horizontal
(as shown in the figure). The wall is distance d= 22.0 m from the release point of the
ball. (a) How far above the release point does the ball hit the wall? What are the (b)
horizontal and (c) vertical components of its velocity as it hits the wall? (d) When it hits,
has it passed the highest point on its trajectory?

Answer: (a) We know 1

𝑦 − 𝑦0 = (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 ) 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = (25)(sin 400 ) 𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 2

𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 25 0.6428 𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 2
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 16.07𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 2
To find t we use the following formula, Given 𝑣0 = 25 𝑚/𝑠 ; 𝜃0 = 400
𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 ) 𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑑 = 22 𝑚
𝑥 − 𝑥0 22 22 𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑦0 =? 𝑏 𝑣𝑥 =? 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑣𝑦 =?
𝑡= = =
𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 25 𝑐𝑜𝑠400 (25)(0.7660) 𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡?
𝑡 = 1.149 𝑠
Therefore,
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 16.07 1.149 − 4.9 1.149 2 = 18.46 − 6.469 = 11.99 𝑚
(b) We know 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 = 25 cos 400 = 25 0.766 = 19.15 𝑚/𝑠

(c) We know 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 − 𝑔𝑡 = 25 sin 400 − (9.8)(1.149)

𝑣𝑦 = 25 0.6428 − 11.26 = 4.81 m/s

(d) Since 𝑣𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠, 𝑣𝑦 > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙.
 A force is a push or a pull.
 A force is an interaction between two objects.
 A force is a vector quantity, with magnitude and direction.
Units of force: SI unit: Newton (N); CGS unit: dyne; British unit: pound (lb)
If two or more forces act on a body, we find the net force (or resultant force)
by adding them as vectors.
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑗

Reference: university Physics

The force , which acts at an angle from the x-axis, may be replaced by its rectangular
component vectors 𝐹𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 . 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 .
The Gravitational Force:
A gravitational force on a body is a pull by another body. In most situations,
the other body is Earth or some other astronomical body. For Earth, the force is
directed down toward the ground, which is assumed to be an inertial frame.
With that assumption, the magnitude of 𝐹𝑔 is
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
where m is the body’s mass and g is the magnitude of the free-fall
acceleration.
Normal Force:
A normal force 𝑭𝑵 is the
force on a body from a
surface against which the
body presses. The normal
force is always perpendicular
to the surface.

Figure (a) A block resting on a table experiences a

normal force perpendicular to the tabletop. (b) The
free-body diagram for the block.
Weight:
The weight W of a body is equal to the magnitude 𝐹𝑔 of the gravitational force
on the body.
That is, 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔

Frictional force:
A frictional force is the force on a
body when the body slides or
attempts to slide along a surface.
The force is always parallel to the
surface and directed so as to
oppose the sliding. On a
frictionless surface, the frictional
force is negligible.
Tension:
When a cord (or a rope, cable, or other such
object) is attached to a body and pulled taut,
the cord pulls on the body with a force
directed away from the point of attachment to
the body and along the cord (as shown in the
adjacent figure). The force is often called a
tension force. For a massless cord (a cord with
negligible mass), the pulls at both ends of the cord
have the same magnitude T, even if the cord runs
around a massless, frictionless pulley (a pulley
with negligible mass and negligible friction on its
axle to oppose its rotation).
The relation between a force and the acceleration it causes was first
understood by Isaac Newton (1642 –1727) .The study of that relation, as
Newton presented it, is called Newtonian mechanics. We shall focus on its
three primary laws of motion.

Newton’s First Law:

If there is no net force on a body, the body remains at rest if it is initially at rest
or moves in a straight line at constant speed if it is in motion.
OR
If no net force acts on a body (𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0), the body’s velocity cannot change;
that is, the body cannot accelerate.

Newton’s Second Law:

The net force(𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ) on a body is equal to the
product of the body’s mass (m) and its
acceleration (𝑎). For a specific case along x-axis,
In vector equation form, 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
 Units in Newton's Second Law

Newton’s Third Law:

When two bodies interact, the forces on
the bodies from each other are always
equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction.
For the book and crate, we can write
this law as the vector relation
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = −𝐹𝐶𝐵 The force on B due to C has the
same magnitude as the force on
(equal magnitudes and opposite directions) C due to B.
Free-body diagram for an object:
A free-body diagram is a stripped-
down diagram in which only one body
is considered. That body is represented
by either a sketch or a dot. The external
forces on the body are drawn (as
Fig.1 A box is pulled up a plane by
shown in figure 2), and a coordinate
a cord.
system is superimposed, oriented so as
to simplify the solution.

Fig.2 Four forces acting on the box:

The tension force (𝑇), the normal force(𝐹𝑁 ),
the frictional force(𝑓 ), and the gravitational
force(𝐹𝑔 ).
If the 1 kg standard body has an acceleration of 2.00 m/s2 at 20.0° to the
positive direction of an x axis, what are (a) the x component and (b) the y
component of the net force acting on the body, and (c) what is the net force
in unit-vector notation? 𝑦
Answer:

(a) The x component acceleration, 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 200 𝒂

𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑎𝑥 = 2 0.9397 = 1.879 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑥
The x component force, 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 1.879 = 1.879 𝑁

(b) The y component acceleration, 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 200

𝑎𝑦 = 2 0.3420 = 0.6840 𝑚/𝑠 2
The y component force, 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 = 1 0.6840 = 0.6840 𝑁

(c) The resultant force (net force) in unit -vector notation,

𝐹 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑗 = 1.879 𝑖 + 0.684 𝑗