fiziks

Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics
JEST-2012
Q1. A monatomic ideal gas at 1700 C is adiabatically compressed to 1/ 8 of its original
volume. The temperature after compression is
(a) 2.10 C (b) 17 0C (c) 200.5 0C (d) 887 0C
Ans. : (d)
Solution: PV   costant , PV  RT
TV 
 costant
V
 TV  1  costant
x
 V1  5
   443   8   443  4
 1  1 1
 TV 
2/3
1 1 T V
2 2  T2  T1   443 8 3

 V2 
Temperature in 0 C  1772  273  1499
 Most appropriate answer is option (d)

Q2. Consider a system of particles in three dimensions with momentum p and energy

E  c p , c being a constant. The system is maintained at inverse temperature  , volume

V and chemical potential  . What is the grand partition function of the system?

(a) exp e  8 V /   ch   (b) e  6V /  ch 

3 2
 

(c) exp e  6 V /   ch   (d) e  8V /  ch 

3 2
 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Canonical partition function,
1  H
h3 
zN  e dpx dp y dpz dxdydz , E  pc

 
V V 4 V 3 8 V
zN  3 
4 p 2 e  E dp  3  4 p 2 e   pc dp   
  c    hc 
3 3 3
h 0 h 0 h
     8V 
Grand canonical partition function, z u  exp e kT z N   exp e kT  
   hc 3 
 8V 
 exp e  
 hc 3 

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 fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
Q3. Consider a system maintained at temperature T, with two available energy states E1 and
E2 each with degeneracies g1 and g2. If p1 and p2 are probabilities of occupancy of the two
energy states, what is the entropy of the system?
(a) S  k B  p1 ln  p1 / g1   p 2 ln  p 2 / g 2 
(b) S  k B  p1 ln  p1 g1   p 2 ln  p 2 g 2 

  
(c) S   k B  p1 ln p1g1  p2 ln p2 g2  
(d) S  k B 1 / p1  ln  p1 / g1   1 / p 2  ln  p 2 / g 2 
Ans. : (a)
gi e   Ei
Solution: pi  , where z is partition function
z
 ln pi  ln gi   Ei  ln z

pi F
 ln    Ei   F  kT ln z 
gi kT

pi
 ln    Ei   F
gi

pi
 ln   F U   F  U  TS 
gi

pi  1 
ln
gi
    TS ,    kT 

pi  p   p p 
S  k ln  k   pi ln i    k  p1 ln 1  p2 ln 2 
gi  gi   g1 g2 

Q4. Efficiency of a perfectly reversible (Carnot) heat engine operating between absolute
temperature T and zero is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.75 (d) 1
Ans. : (d)
T2 0
Solution:   1   1  1
T1 T

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 fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
Q5. Consider an ideal gas of mass m at temperature T1 which is mixed isobarically (i.e. at

constant pressure) with an equal mass of same gas at temperature T2 in a thermally

insulated container. What is the change of entropy of the universe?
 T  T2   T  T2 
(a) 2mC p ln 1  (b) 2mC p ln 1 
2 TT  2 TT 
 1 2   1 2 

 T  T2   T  T2 
(c) 2mC p ln 1  (d) 2mC p ln 1 
 2T1T2  2 TT 
 1 2 
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Let us consider final temperature will be T
T1  T2
mC T1  T   mC T  T2   T 
2
T
S1  mC p
T
T T
dT dT
Now, S  S1  S 2  S  mC p   mC p 
T1
T T2
T

T  T 
 S  mC p ln    mC p ln  
 T1   T2 
2
T  T T   T T 
 S  2mC p ln  mC p ln  1 2   S  2mC p ln  1 2 
T1T2  2 TT   2 TT 
 1 2   1 2 
Q6. A collection of N two-level systems with energies 0 and E  0 is in thermal
equilibrium at temperature T . For T   , the specific heat approaches to,
3Nk B
(a) 0 (b) Nk B (c) (d) 
2
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Z   e  Ei  e   0  e  Ei  Z  1  e  E  ln z  ln 1  e  E 

  Ee   E
U  E 

ln z  

 
ln 1  e   E  
1
1  e  E
 e  E
  E  
1  e  E

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 fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
 
E

 U    Ee kT 
Now,    CV 
 T V T  
E 
kT 
 1 e 
 E 2 kTE E 2 kT2 E E 2 kT2 E  E 2 kT
E
 2e  2e  2e  e
 CV     C  kT 2
kT kT kT
V  CV T 
0
E 2 E 2
   
1  e 
kT 1  e kT 
 
 
 
Q7. A thermally insulated ideal gas of volume V1 and temperature T expands to another

enclosure of volume V2 through a porous plug. What is the change in the temperature of
the gas?
V  V   V V 
(a) 0 (b) T ln  1  (c) T ln  2  (d) T ln  2 1 
 V2   V1   V2 
Ans. : (c)
Solution: dH  TdS  VdP , for porous plug Joul Thomshon dH  0 and TdS  0 since it is
thermally insulated ideal gas
VdP  0
nRTdV
 VdP  0  nRdT  pdV  nRdT 
V
dV V2 dV V
dT  T  dT  T   dT  T ln 2
V V1 V V1

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 fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
JEST-2013
Q8. Consider a system of two particles A and B . Each particle can occupy one of three
possible quantum states 1 , 2 and 3 . The ratio of the probability that the two particles

are in the same state to the probability that the two particles are in different states is
calculated for bosons and classical (Maxwell-Boltzmann) particles. They are respectively
1 1 1
(a) 1, 0 (b) ,1 (c) 1, (d) 0,
2 2 2
Ans.: (c)
Solution: For two particle in same state:
AB 3 AB
3 3 3 3 3
AB 2 AB
2 2 2 2 2
AB AB
1 1 1 1 1 1
Boson Classical (Maxwell - Boltzman)
1/ 3
Probability ratio: 1
1/ 3
For two particle in different states
B B B A B A
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
B A B A A B
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A A 1 A B A B
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Boson Classical (Maxwell-Boltzmann)
1/ 3 1
Probability ratio: 
2/3 2
Q9. For a diatomic ideal gas near room temperature, what fraction of the heat supplied is
available for external work if the gas is expanded at constant pressure?
1 5 3 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 4 7
Ans.: (d)
Solution: It is isobaric process (constant pressure). Then  Q  nC p T  W  nRT

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 fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
In this process  Q is heat exchange during process.
Function of heat supplied
W nRT R  1 1
     1
Q nC p T R   
 1

1  Cp R 
 1     Cp  
 2  CV   1
1  
 f 

f
 1 [ f  degree of freedom, for diatomic molecule f  5 ]
f 2
5 2
 1 
5 2 7
Q10. A metal bullet comes to rest after hitting its target with a velocity of 80 m / s . If 50% of
the heat generated remains in the bullet, what is the increase in its temperature? (The
specific heat of the bullet  160 Joule / kg / 0 C )

(a) 140 C (b) 12.50 C (c) 100 C (d) 8.20 C

Ans.: (c)
1 2 1 80  80
Solution: Conservation of momentum 50% of mv  mcT   160 T
2 2 2
80  80 1
 T    100 C
4 160
Q11. Consider a particle with three possible spin states: s  0 and 1 . There is a magnetic
field h present and the energy for a spin state s is  hs . The system is at a temperatureT .
Which of the following statements is true about the entropy S T  ?

(a) S T   ln 3 at T  0, and 3 at high T (b) S T   ln 3 at T  0, and 0 at high T

(c) S T   0 at T  0, and 3 at high T (d) S T   0 at T  0, and ln 3 at high T

Ans.: (d)
Solution: S  k ln  , where   number of microstates
S  k ln 3   3 , at height T and at T  0 , it is perfect ordered i.e. S  0

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 fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
Q12. Consider three situations of 4 particles in one dimensional box of width L with hard
walls. In case (i), the particles are fermions, in case (ii) they are bosons, and in case (iii)
they are classical. If the total ground state energy of the four particles in these three cases
are EF , EB and Ecl respectively, which of the following is true?

(a) EF  EB  Ecl (b) EF  EB  Ecl

(c) EF  EB  Ecl (d) EF  EB  Ecl

Ans.: (b)
Solution: For fermions, in 1-D box of width L , the ground state energy for single particle is
 2 2
written as, 0
2ml 2
 10 1 4 0 1 9 0 116 0  30 0

For Boson  40 , For Maxwell  40

EF  EB  Ecl

JEST-2014
Q13. A monoatomic gas consists of atoms with two internal energy levels, ground state E 0  0

and an excited state E1  E . The specific heat of the gas is given by

3 E 2 e E / kT
(a) k (b)
2 
kT 2 1  e E / kT 
2

3 E 2 e E / kT 3 E 2 e E / kT
(c) k (d) k
2 
kT 2 1  e E / kT 
2
2 
kT 2 1  e E / kT 2

Ans.: (c)
Solution: E0  0, E1  E
Then partition function is


z   e   Ei  z  e  0  e  E  ln z  ln 1  e   E1

  Ee   E
ln 1  e    1
U E  ln z   E
  E  e  E
    kBT 
  1  e  E  1  e  E

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 fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
 
E
 k T  E 
E

E

k BT 
E
E 
1  e k BT
 E.e . 
B
  Ee k BT
e  2 
  2
 k BT   k BT 
 U   
   CV 
 T v
2
 
E

1  e k BT

 
 
E 2E 2E
E 2  k BT E 2  k BT E 2  k BT
 
E E
e e e 
k BT 2 k BT
k BT 2 k BT 2 k BT 2 E e 2
E e
CV  2
 2
 2
 
E
  
E
  E

 1  e k BT  k BT  1  e k BT
2
 k BT  1  e k B T
2

     
     
3
If gas will classically allowed, then CV  kB
2
E
2 k BT
E e
and quantum mechanically, CV  2
 E

k BT  1  e
2 k BT

 
 

3 E 2 e E / kT
 CV  kB 
 
2
2 kT 2 1  e E / kT

Q14. The temperature of a thin bulb filament (assuming that the resistance of the filament is
nearly constant) of radius r and length L is proportional to
(a) r 1 / 4 L1 / 2 (b) L2 r (c) L1 / 4 r 1 (d) r 2 L1
Ans.: (a)
Q15. Ice of density 1 melts at pressure P and absolute temperature T to form water of
density  2 . The latent heat of melting of 1 gram of ice is L . What is the change in the
internal energy U resulting from the melting of 1 gram of ice?
 1 1   1 1 
(a) L  P   (b) L  P  
  2 1    2 1 

 1 1   1 1 
(c) L  P   (d) L  P  
 1  2   1  2 
Ans.: (d)

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 fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
Solution: dU  dQ   W  dQ  PdV
2
 1  1 1 
dU  mL  PdV  dU  L  P    2 d  L  P  
1     1  2 
1 1
 V   dV   d
 2
Q16. What is the contribution of the conduction electrons in the molar entropy of a metal with
electronic coefficient of specific heat?
(a) T (b) T 2 (c) T 3 (d) T 4
Ans.: (a)
Solution: CV  BT 3  AT

Q17. Consider a system of 2N non-interacting spin 1 / 2 particles each fixed in position and
carrying a magnetic moment  . The system is immersed in a uniform magnetic field B .
The number of spin up particles for which the entropy of the system will be maximum is
(a) 0 (b) N (c) 2 N (d) N / 2
Ans.: (b)
Solution: Let us consider n number of spin out of 2 N particle have spin up remaining 2 N  n is
down.
 N 1
2 Cn for spin 2 (up)
Number of ways,    ,
2 NC 1
2 N  n for spin (down)
 2
Entropy, S  k ln   S  k ln 2N
C2 N  n  k ln 2N
Cn

  2N !   2N !  
S  k  ln   ln 
   n ! 2 N  n  !   n ! 2 N  n  ! 
S  2k ln 2 N ! ln n! ln 2 N  n !

S  2k  2 N ln 2 N  2 N  n ln n  n   2 N  n  ln  2 N  n    2 N  n 
 ln N !  N ln N  N !
S  2k  2 N ln 2 N  2 N  n ln n  n  2 N ln  2 N  n   n ln  2 N  n    2 N  n  

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 fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
S  2k  2 N ln 2 N  n ln n  2 N ln  2 N  n   n ln  2 N  n  

1
Now for maximum entropy at equilibrium for spin up particle,
2
dS
0
dn
 n
 1  ln  2 N  n 
dS 2N n
 2k    1  ln n   1 
dn  n 2N  n 2N  n 
 2N n 
 2k  1  ln n    ln  2 N  n  
 2N  n 2N  n 
 2N  n   2N  n 
 2k  1   ln  2 N  n   ln n   2k  1  1  ln 0
 2N  n   n 
 2k  0

 2N  n  2N  n
 ln 0  1  2 N  2n  n  N
 n  n
Q18. For which gas the ratio of specific heats C p / C v  will be the largest?

(a) mono-atomic (b) di-atomic (c) tri-atomic (d) hexa-atomic

Ans.: (a)
CP  2
Solution:    1   , where f is degree of freedom.
CV  f 
For monoatomic: f  3 , For diatomic: f  6 , For Triatomic: f  9
For hexaatomic: f  18

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JEST-2015
Q19. For a system in thermal equilibrium with a heat bath at temperature T , which one of the
 1 
following equalities is correct?    
 k BT 
 
E  E  E2 E  E2  E
2 2
(a) (b)
 
(c)


E  E2  E
2
(d)


E   E2  E  2

Ans.: (a)
i Ei e  Ei
Solution:  E 
 e  Ei i

 E E e  i
2  Ei
E e i
2  Ei
 e  Ei E e  i
2  Ei
E e i
2 2  Ei

 i
 i
 i
 i
 e   Ei
   Ei 
2
e   Ei
   Ei 
2

i e  i e 
 i   i 
 E
  E  E2
2


Q20. An ideal gas is compressed adiabatically from an initial volume V to a final volume V
and a work W is done on the system in doing so. The final pressure of the gas will be
 C 
   P 
 CV 

W 1  W  1 W 1  W  1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
V     V     V   V  
Ans.: (c)
Solution: Work done in adiabatic process,

2 2  PV
PV
W 1 1
1 

 V2 
  P1  P2  
  
2 2  PV
 PV 1 1  P1  P2 
 V1 
P2V  P2  V W 1   
W  P2 
1    V     

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Q21. A particle in thermal equilibrium has only 3 possible states with energies  , 0,  . If

the system is maintained at a temperature, T  , then the average energy of the
kB
particle can be approximated to,
2 2 2 2  2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
3k BT 3k BT k BT
Ans.: (b)


  kT
 

e  0  e 
  
kT kT kT
e e
Solution: E       

e kT  1  e kT  1  e  kT  e kT 
 
     
1  kT   1  kT   2 2
   
 E   
    3kT
1  1    1  
 kT   kT 
Q22. The blackbody at a temperature of 6000 K emits a radiation whose intensity spectrum
peaks at 600 nm . If the temperature is reduced to 300 K , the spectrum will peak at,
(a) 120m (b) 12  m (c) 12 mm (d) 120 mm
Ans.: (b)
1T1 600  6000
Solution: 1T1  2T2  2    12000 nm  12  m
T2 300
Q23. The entropy-temperature diagram of two Carnot engines, A and B , are shown in the
figure 4. The efficiencies of the engines are  A and  B respectively. Which one of the
following equalities is correct? S
B
(a)  A 
2 A B
(b)  A   B
(c)  A  3 B
(d)  A  2 B
T
Ans. : (d)

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W
Solution:   , where W = area under the curve , Q1 = area under high temperature
Q1

A 
 2T  T  3S  0   T 
1
and  B 
 4T  3T   3S  0   T  1
2T  3S  0  2T 2 4T  3S  0  4T 4
 A 1/ 2
   2   A  2B
 B 1/ 4
Q24. Electrons of mass m in a thin, long wire at a temperature T follow a one-dimensional
Maxwellian velocity distribution. The most probable speed of these electrons is,

 kT   2kT   8kT 
(a)   (b)   (c) 0 (d)   .
 2m   m   m 
Ans.: (c) f  vx 
1/ 2 mvx2
 m  
Solution: f  vx     e 2 kT
dvx ;   vx  
 2 kT 
Most probable speed vx  0 vx

JEST-2016
Q25. An ideal gas with adiabatic exponent  undergoes a process in which its pressure P is
related to its volume V by the relation P  P0  V , where P0 and  are positive
constants. The volume starts from being very close to zero and increases monotonically
P0
to . At what value of the volume during the process does the gas have maximum

entropy?
P0  P0  P0 P0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 1     1     1     1   
Ans.: (c)
nRdT
Solution: TdS  nCV dT  PdV  TdS   PdV
  1
For maximum entropy, dS  0
For Ideal gas, PV  nRT  PdV  VdP  nRdT

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PdV  VdP PV  VdP
 TdS   PdV  dS  PdV 
   1 nR    1   1
Since, P  P0  V  dP   dV

PV  VdV dS  nRP nR
dS  PdV     V
nR   1    1 dV    1 PV   1 PV
dS
For maximum entropy,  0   P  V  0    P0  V   V
dV
 P0
V 
 1   
CP
Q26. An ideal gas has a specific heat ratio  2 . Starting at a temperature T1 the gas under
CV
goes an isothermal compression to increase its density by a factor of two. After this an
adiabatic compression increases its pressure by a factor of two. The temperature of the
gas at the end of the second process would be:
T1 T1
(a) (b) 2T1 (c) 2T1 (d)
2 2
Ans.: (b)
Solution: During the isothermal process, T  T1 is constant

Let us assume, the adiabatic process started at point A  P1 , T1  and at point B the
1 1 2
P   P  2
coordinate is  P2 , T2  , it is given P11 T1  P21 T2  T2   1  T1  T2   1  T1
 P2   2 P1 

 T2  2T1

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N 1
Q27. A two dimensional box in a uniform magnetic field B contains localised spin-
2 2
N
particles with magnetic moment  , and free spinless particles which do not interact
2
with each other. The average energy of the system at a temperature T is:

1  B  1  B 
(a) 3 NkT  N  B sinh   (b) NkT  N  B tanh  
2  k BT  2  k BT 

1 1  B  3 1  B 
(c) NkT  N  B tanh   (d) NkT  N  B cosh  
2 2  k BT  2 2  k BT 
Ans.: (c)
N N N
Solution: For free particles in two dimension, average energy is kT and for localized
2 2 2
1 1  B 
spin- particle, the average energy is  N  B tanh  
2 2  k BT 
Then average energy of system at temperature T is

NkT 1  B 
E   N  B tanh  .
2 2  k BT 
Q28. A gas of N molecules of mass m is confined in a cube of volume V  L3 at temperature
T . The box is in a uniform gravitational field  gzˆ . Assume that the potential energy of a

molecule is U  mgz where z   0, L  is the vertical coordinate inside the box. The

pressure P  z  at height z is:

  L   L
 mg  z  2    mg  z  2  
exp     exp    
 k B T   k B T 
   
(a) P  z  
N mgL   (b) P  z  
N mgL  
V 2  mgL  V 2  mgL 
sinh   cosh  
 2 k BT   2 k BT 
k BTN N
(c) P  z   (d) P  z   mgz
V V
Ans.: (c)

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Solution: The partition function of a system is given by,
3N N
 k BTV    mgl  
N
 2 mk BT  2
ZN      1  exp    
 h 
2
 mgL    k BT  
Helmohtz free energy is given by, F  kBT ln Z N

 F  k TN
Pressure is given by P      B
 V T , N V

 1
Q29. For a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator with energies, En   n    , where
 2
n  0,1, 2... , the partition function is:
 
k BT   2 k BT
e e
(a) 
(b) e 2 k BT
1 (c) e 2 k BT
1 (d) 

e 2 k BT
1 e k BT
1
Ans.: (d)
    3   5   7 
Solution: z  exp     exp     exp     exp    ......
 2kT   2kT   2kT   2kT 

       2  
z  exp    1  exp     exp    ..... 
 2kT   kT   kT  

     
exp    exp  
z  2kT   1
  2kT 
           
1  exp   exp    exp    exp   1
 kT   2kT   2kT   kT 

JEST 2017
Part-A: 1-Mark Questions
Q30. After the detonation of an atom bomb, the spherical ball of gas was found to be of 15
meter radius at a temperature of 3  105 K . Given the adiabatic expansion coefficient
  5 / 3 , what will be the radius of the ball when its temperature reduces to 3  103 K ?
(a) 156 m (b) 50 m (c) 150 m (d) 100 m
Ans. : (c)

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1
3/ 2
 1  T   1 T 
Solution: TV
1 1  T2V2 1  V2   1  V1  V2   1  V1
 T2   T2 
1 1
 T 2  3 105  2
 R   1  V1  R   3 
15  150
 2
T  3  10 
Q31. If the mean square fluctuations in energy of a system in equilibrium at temperature T is
proportional to T  , then the energy of the system is proportional to

(a) T   2 (b) T 2 (c) T  1 (d) T 
Ans. : (c)
 U 
Solution:  E   kT 2CV  T  2  CV  T  2    1
2
 U T
 T V
Q32. Suppose that the number of microstates available to a system of N particles depends on
N and the combined variable UV 2 , where U is the internal energy and V is the volume
of the system. The system initially has volume 2m3 and energy 200 J . It undergoes an

isentropic expansion to volume 4m3 . What is the final pressure of the system in SI units?
Ans. : 25
Solution: Here,   UV 2  N  S  Nk ln UV 2 

From law of thermodynamics,

TdS  dU  PdV
S 1
   U  NkT …….(1)
U V T

S P
and   PV  2 NkT …….(2)
V U T
From equation (1) and (2),
PV  2U …….(3)
Now, from equation (3),
2U i 2  200
i i  2U i  Pi 
PV   200 atm …….(4)
Vi 2

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As the given process is isoentropic,
U
 TdS  0  dU  PdV   P
V S

and from equation (3),

U P V P V P 3P P V
   P     3
V S 2 2 V S 2 V 2 P V
On solving above equation, we have
PV 3  K (constant)
PV 3
200  23
 Pf V f 3  PV
i i  Pf 
3 i i
  25 atm
Vf 3 43
Q33. A cylinder at temperature T  0 is separated into two compartments A and B by a free
sliding piston. Compartments A and B are filled by Fermi gases made of spin 1/ 2 and
3 / 2 particles respectively. If particles in both the compartments have same mass, the
ratio of equilibrium density of the gas in compartment A to that of gas in compartment
B is
1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
3 2/5
2 2/5
22 / 3
Ans. : (c)
Solution: Follow Pathria Page 198 equation 20 for  f

And equation (38) at pages 200

From equation (38) at T  0
2
p n f
5
2/3
2  6 2 n  2
 n  (using equation (24))
5  g  2m
for equilibrium  A   B
2/3 2/3
n  n 
 nA  A   nB  B 
 gA   gB 
5/ 3 2/3
 nA  g 
   A 
 nB   gB 

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1 5
g A  25  1  2   1  2 , g B  25  1  2   1  4
2 2
2 / 3 2 / 3
 gA   1 
2/3
n 1
    A  
 gB   2  nB  2 

nA 1
 2/5
nB 2

Q34. Two classical particles are distributed among N   2  sites on a ring. Each site can

accommodate only one particle. If two particles occupy two nearest neighbour sites, then
the energy of the system is increased by  . The average energy of the system at
temperature T is
2  e   2 N  e 
(a) (b)
 N  3  2e    N  3  2e  
 2  e  
(c) (d)
N  N  2   2e  
Ans. : (a)
Solution: Since two particle two nearest neighbour sites, which energy of system increased by ,
and remaining  N  3 particle has zero energy, then particle function is given
1
z  2e      N  3 e   .0   N  3  2e     
N 2

then E  KT 2  ln z 
T
KT 2         KT 2      
 . 0  2e .     .2e  2 
z  T  KT   z  KT 
2  e  
E 
 N  3  2e    

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JEST-2018
Q35. When a collection of two-level systems is in equilibrium at temperature T0 , the ratio of

the population in the lower and upper levels is 2 :1 . When the temperature is changed to
T , the ratio is 8 :1 . Then
(a) T  2T0 (b) T0  2T (c) T0  3T (d) T0  4T
Ans. : (c)
 E  N1  E  E1   E2  E1 
Solution: N  N 0 exp     exp  2   2  exp   , and
 k BT  N2  k BT0   kT0 
 E  E1  ln 2 T
8  exp  2    T0  3T
 kT  ln 8 T0
Q36. A collection of N interacting magnetic moments, each of magnitude  , is subjected to a
magnetic field H along the z direction. Each magnetic moment has a doubly degenerate
level of energy zero and two non-degenerate levels of energies   H and  H respectively.

The collection is in thermal equilibrium at temperature T . The total energy E T , H  of

the collection is
 H 
 HN sinh  
 k BT   HN
(a)  (b) 
 H    H 
1  cosh   2  1  cosh  
 k bT    kbT  
 H   H 
 HN cosh   sinh  
(c)   k BT 
(d)   HN  k BT 
 H   H 
1  cosh   cosh  
 kbT   kbT 
Ans. : (a)
  0    H   H   H 
Solution: Z1   2  exp     exp     exp      Z1   2  2 cosh 
  k BT   k BT   k BT   k BT 

 H 
N N  H sinh  
 H  2   ln Z N   k BT 
Z N   2  2 cosh  U  k BT   
H
 k BT   T  N ,V 1  cos
k BT

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Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
Q37. In a thermodynamic process the volume of one mole of an ideal is varied as where
V  aT 1 a is a constant. The adiabatic exponent of the gas is  . What is the amount of
heat received by the gas if the temperature of the gas increases by T in the process?
RT RT 2
(a) RT (b) (c) (d) RT
1  2  1
Ans. : (d)
a a
Solution: V   dU   dT
T T2
PV  RT
RT RT 2  a 
W   PdV   dV  W      2  dT  W    RdT   RT
V a  T 
R
U  CV T  T
 1
R T  1   2 
Q  W  U   R T  RT   1  RT  
 1   1    1 
Q38. For a classical system of non-interacting particles in the presence of a spherically
symmetric potential V  r    r 3 , what is the mean energy per particle?  is a constant.

3 5 3 3
(a) k BT (b) k BT (c)  k BT (d)  k BT
2 2 2 2
Ans. : (b)
 r3

Solution: V   e k BT
4 r 2 dr
  r3   r3
 

 r e 4 r dr  r e
3 k BT 2 5 k BT
dr
 0
 r3
 0
 r3
put u  r 3 and solve the integral
   

e 4 r 2 dr r e
k BT 2 k BT
dr
0 0

1
 2  
 3a    k BT  k BT
1 a 
3a
Put u  r 3 or r  u1/ 3
 
5/ 3  au 1 2 / 3 1 13 1 1
0 u e
3
u dudr 
3
x 
3 0
ue au du

1 3 5
dr  u 2 / 3 du  k BT  k BT  k BT
3 2 2

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Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
Q39. An ideal fluid is subjected to a thermodynamic process described by   CV  and

P  n  where  is energy density and P is pressure. For what values of n and  the
process is adiabatic if the volume is changed slowly?
(a)     1, n  1 (b)   1   , n  
(c)   1, n    1 (d)    , n  1  
Ans. : (c)
U
Solution: As    U  V  CV 1
V

  n      n  CV    ne V  
 

TdS  dU  PdV
TdS  0 , hence dU  PdV  0
dU  C 1    V  dV

PdV  neV  dV  C 1    V  dV  neV  dV  0

 CV  1    V 1    ne1  dV  0

This is true only if   1 and for   1 , 1    n  0

 n    1 . Therefore, correct option is (c).
Q40. A frictionless heat conducting piston of negligible mass and heat capacity divides a
vertical, insulated cylinder of height 2 H and cross sectional area A into two halves.
Each half contains one mole of an ideal gas at temperature T0 and pressure P0

corresponding to STP. The heat capacity ratio   C p / Cv is given. A load of weight W

is tied to the piston and suddenly released. After the system comes to equilibrium, the
piston is at rest and the temperatures of the gases in the two compartments are equal.
What is the final displacement y of the piston from its initial position, assuming
yW  T0Cv ?

2H H 2H
(a) (b) H  (c) (d)
  
Ans. : (c)

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PV PV
Solution: 0 0  2 2
T0 T2

P0 A  H P2  A  H  y  

T0 T2
T2  P0 H
Px  ….(i)
T0  H  y 

P0 A  H A H  y T PH
  P1 P1  2  0 ….(ii)
T0 T2 T0  H  y 

Total change in internal energy of the system = Net energy input = wy

2 xCV T2  T0   wy

As wy  CV T0 and n  1 mole

wy
T2  (A)
2CV
R
CV 
 1
w
Also as equilibrium, P2  P1 
A
Put the value of T2 in (i) and (A) and substitute (ii) from (i)

wy P0 H wy P0 H w
 
2CV T0  H  y  2CV T0  H  y  A

HP0 y  1 1  1
  
2CV T0  H  y H  y  A

A  H  P0 y  Hy  H  y 
   1 AH  V0
R  H 2  y2 
2 T
 1 0
P0V0 y 2 y   1 R  y 2   1
   1  1
T0 2 R  H 2  y 2  R  H 2  y2 
H
y 2  y 2  H 2  y 2  y 


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Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
Q41. A theoretical model for a real (non-ideal) gas gives the following expressions for the
internal energy U  and the pressure  P  ,

2 5/ 3 2 1/ 3 2
U T , V   aV 2 / 3  bV 2 / 3T 2 and P T ,V  
aV  bV T
3 3
where a and b are constants. Let V0 and T0 be the initial volume and initial temperature
respectively. If the gas expands adiabatically, the volume of the gas is proportional to
(a) T (b) T 3/ 2 (c) T 3/ 2 (d) T 2
Ans. : (c)
2 5/ 3 2 1/ 3 2
Solution: U T , V   aV 2 / 3  bV 2 / 3T 2 and P T ,V   aV  bV T
3 3
TdS  dU  PdV
dU   PdV  ds  0 
U U 2 2 
dU  dT  dV    aV 5 / 3  bV 1/ 3T 2  dV
T V 3 3 
2
2  1 2 2 2
 2bV 2 / 3TdT aV 3 dV  bV 1/ 3T 2 dV   aV 5/ 3 dV  bV 1/ 3T 2 dV
3 3 3 3
T 2 2
2bV 2 / 3 2 dT  bV 1/ 3T 2 dV   bV 1/ 3T 2 dV
T 3 3
1/ 3
dT 4 bV
 dV
T 3 2bV 2 / 3
dT 2
  V 1dV
T 3
ln T  ln V 2 / 3
T  V 2 / 3  V  T 3 / 2

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Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
Q42. In an experiment, certain quantity of an ideal gas at temperature T0 pressure P0 and

volume V0 is heated by a current flowing through a Wire for a duration of t seconds. The

volume is kept constant and the pressure changes to P1 . If the experiment is performed at

constant pressure starting with the same initial conditions, the volume changes from V0 to

V1 . The ratio of the specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume is

P1  P0 V0 P1  P0 V1 PV
1 1 PV
0 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
V1  V0 P0 V1  V0 P1 PV
0 0 PV
1 1

Ans. : (a)
Solution: (I) Constant volume heating
P0 P1 P
  T1  1 T0
T0 T1 P0

P 
Q  CV T1  T0   CV  1  1 T0
 P0 
(II) Constant pressure heating
V0 V1 V
  T1  1 T0
T0 T1 V0

V 
Q   CP T1  T0   CP T0  1  1
 V0 
PdV  VdP  RdT
PdV  RdT
P P
dTP  dV  0  V1  V0 
R R
V V
dTV  dP  0  P1  P0 
R R
V0 P
CV   P1  P0   CP  0 V1  V0 
R R
CP V0  P1  P0   P1  P0  V0
  
CV P0 V1  V0   V1  V0  P0

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JEST-2019
Q43. Consider a system of N distinguishable particles with two energy levels for each particle,
a ground state with energy zero and an excited state with energy   0 . What is the
average energy per particle as the system temperature T   ?

(a) 0 (b) (c)  (d) 
2
Ans. : (b)
e  Ei
Solution: E   PE
i i  Pi 
i z
01 1
E  0  
 
1 e 1  e  
 
   / k BT
 at T  
1 e 2
Q44. Consider a diatomic molecule with an infinite number of equally spaced non-degenerate
energy levels. The spacing between any two adjacent levels is  and the ground state
energy is zero. What is the single particle partition function Z ?
1 1
(a) Z  (b) Z 
 
1 1 e k BT
k BT


1
1 kBT
(c) Z  (d) Z 
2

1 e k BT 1
kBT

Ans. : No option is matched

Solution: Z   gi e  i
i

gi  1

Z  1  e    e 2   ......
1
Z
1  e  

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Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
Q45. Consider a grand ensemble of a system of one dimensional non-interacting classical
harmonic oscillators (each of frequency  ). Which one of the following equations is
correct? Here the angular bracket  indicate the ensemble average. N , E and T

represent the number of particles, energy and temperature, respectively. k B is the

Boltzmann constant.
k BT k BT
(a) E  N (b) E  N
2 2
(c) E  Nk BT (d) E  N k BT

Ans. : (d)
Px2 1 2
Solution: E  K .E.  P.E.  E   kx 1D 
2m 2
1 1
E kBT  kBT  kBT (Equiportion)
2 2
E  N k BT

Q46. Consider a non-relativistic two-dimensional gas of N electrons with the Fermi energy
EF . What is the average energy per particle at temperature T  0 ?

3 2 1
(a) EF (b) EF (c) EF (d) EF
5 5 2
Ans. : (c)
Q47. The energy spectrum of a particle consists of four states with energies 0,, 2 ,3  . Let

Z B T  , Z F T  and Z C T  denote the canonical partition functions for four non-

interacting particles at temperature T . The subscripts B, F and C corresponds to bosons,

  
fermions and distinguishable classical particles, respectively. Let y  exp    .
 k BT 
Which one of the following statements is true about Z B T  , Z F T  and Z C T  ?

(a) They are polynomials in y of degree 12, 6 and 12 , respectively.

(b) They are polynomials in y of degree 16,10 and 16 , respectively
(c) They are polynomials in y of degree 9, 6 and 12 , respectively.
(d) They are polynomials in y of degree 12,10 and 16 , respectively.

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Ans. : (a)
Solution:
oooo
3
Bose 2

0

y  e   / kBT

Number of particle N  4 

 ni  gi !
i ni ! gi !
Maximum energy  12
Z B  e 12 / kBT  

 y12   degree  12

Fermions
oo
3
oo
2

0

Maximum energy e 6 / kBT  4 / kBT  e  

Z F  y 6   degree  6

Classical oooo
3

2

Z C  y12  .....

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 fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics 
 
Q48. A diatomic ideal gas at room temperature, is expanded at a constant pressure P0 . If the

heat absorbed by the gas is Q  14 Joules, what is the maximum work in Joules that can
be extracted from the system?
Ans. : 4
5 7
Solution: Diatomic gas has Cv  R, C p  R
2 2
7
Q  C p T  14  RT
2
(Constant pressure process)
14  2 5
 T   0.481 0 c and U  Cv T  R  T
7  8.314 2
5
  8.314  0.481  9.99 J and Wmax  Q  U
2
Wmax  14  9.99  4 J

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