UNIT I INTRODUCTION OF MICROSCOPE

MAGFIRAH RAMADHANI RUSDI / 1714440008

Icp of Biology Education / VI
Department of Biology, FMIPA, State University of Makassar
Abstract
A microscope is an optical instrument used to see or observe objects that are very small or microscopic
which cannot be seen with the naked eye. The microscope component is divided into two, namely the
optical component consisting of a mirror, condenser, objective lens and ocular lens, two mirrors (flat
mirror and concave mirror), diaphragm and non-optical components or mechanical components
consisting of microscope legs and arms, driving the optical part consisting of a macrometer and
micrometer, a table and a revolver.
Keywords : Microscope, Optics, Microscopic

1. INTRODUCTION microscope greatly influences the

A. Background development of science
In the field of biology there are Microscopeis veryuseful in
various kinds of tools that can make it biological studies, actualy for another
easier for us to study living things. One dicipline knowladge such chemistry also
form of tool that we often use is a which is to helpobserveobjects thatare
microscope. The microscope is the main verysmallsuch asmicroorganismsandcell
tool in obtaining a large enough parts as like as this oexperiment
magnification of very small objects, material.Therefore, as a practitioner we
which cannot be seen with the naked must first know what is the microscope,
eye. what is that parts, functions and uses, as
Eyes are the one of five sense of well as how the use of a microscope. So
human, by using eyes we could see all this experiment is important to do.
what is arround us. We can see who the Talking about the microscope,
person in front of us, we can see the maybe we already know the functions,
light, we can see the beautiull skies. benefits and uses of a microscope, but
There are opininion that eyes has been not necessarily everyone is able to use it.
called as the most complex organ in our So from this fact, we will learn about the
body, simultaneously as the important microscope and how to use it in the
organ. The general fungsion of eyes is practicum that will be done this time.
how to see what we can see clearly The main components of a
without any need tools. microscope consist of the ocular lens,
Microscope is a tool which help to objective lens, tube, revolver,
see a microorganism thing that couldn’t macrometer, micrometer, condenser,
see with human eyes. Microscope can be microscope arm, dosage table,
find in every laboratorium, such mechanical borer, diaphragm and
Laboratorium of Biology, Laboratorium microscope legs.
of Chemistry, Laboratorium of As we know, microscopes are
Pharmacy, Laboratorium of Medicine divided into two types, namely
and the other. The firs who discover a monocular microscopes and binocular
microscope was Zachras Janssen which microscopes. The monocular microscope
is used to see objects that are very small uses one ocular lens in its observational
in size and difficult to reach when using use while the binocular microscope uses
the naked eye. The discovery of this two ocular lenses in its use. In addition,

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 in his observations a binocular microscope. Monocular microscopes are
microscope is equipped with a cable to used to observe thin and transparent
get an electric current, while a objects. Illumination is provided from
monocular microscope uses sunlight. below with natural light or lamps.
Based on the description above, it is Binocular microscopes are used for
necessary to hold a practicum regarding observations that are not too large,
the introduction and use of a microscope transparent or not. Irradiation can be
besides that to further increase our adjusted from above or from below with
knowledge of what a microscope is. natural light or lights (Teaching Team of
B. Purpose of Parcticum UNM, 2014).
The purpose of this practicum is The thinner the material being
skilled practitioners use a biological checked, the clearer the material
microscope quickly and safely to view obtained. The light reflected from an
simple preparations. object's point cannot be recombined to
C. Benefit of Practicum make another actual point, but only a
As for the benefits of this disk of light. The magnification power
practicumThe practitioner can find out of a microscope, that is, the ability to
the parts of the microscope and their discern fine details, is proportional to the
functions, can treat them, and know the medium being transmitted. Light has a
differences in the shape of some plant wavelength of about 0.5 mm and the best
cells observed under a microscope. magnification (even though it uses light
2. THEORETICAL BASIS with the shortest waves) is about 0.45
A. Understanding a Microscope mm. Objects that are closer than that will
Microscope is one of the important not be enlarged as more than one object
tools in biological activities. By using a (Louk et al, 2017) .
microscope we can clearly observe B. Types of Microscopes
objects that are micropical in size. 1. Light Microscope
Because this microscope has lenses that In a light microscope (LM), visible
can magnify the object. The light is passed through the specimen and
magnification of the object observed then through a glass lens. This lens
using a microscope is the magnification refracts (bends) light in such a way that
of the ocular lens and the objective lens. the specimen image is enlarged when it
For example, when observed using a 10 is projected into the eye, onto
x ocular lens and a 10 x objective lens, photographic film or digital sensors, or
the object being observed is magnified onto a video screen. Two important
by 10 x 10 = 100 x. Microscope comes parameters in microscopy (the
from the Greek, namely micro: small techniques used in microscopy) are
and skopos = objectives that can be. So magnification and resolution or
it can be interpreted as that a microscope decomposition. Magnification is a
is an optical instrument that has the aim comparison of the image size of an
of observing small or micro-sized object with its actual size. Resolution is
objects (Campell et al, 2002). a measure of image clarity: the minimum
A microscope that uses light is distance that can separate two points so
called an optical microscope. Optical that they can still be distinguished as two
microscope can be differentiated into points. Like the limited resolution power
monocular microscope and binocular of the human eye, light microscopy is

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unable to resolve smaller details. This different light is carried out by a special
resolution is limited by the wavelength optical system. Microscopes that have
of light (Campbell et al, 2002). this optical system are called phase-
Light microscopy is divided into 4, contrast microscopes. This type of
namely: microscope is suitable for observing
a. Ordinary Microscope living cells or planted cells (Harijati et
The microscope is usually used by al, 2017).
students and researchers in the d. Polarizing Microscope
laboratory. The light source to illuminate This type of MC microscope
an object can be direct natural light contains the Nicol prism of calcite or
(sunlight), or from an electric lamp that balsam, making the light coming onto
is installed under the object. 100-1000x the object in polarization. This
magnification. It is used to see cells or microscope can be used to observe bone
microorganisms that are still alive and cells, plant cell walls, collagen fibers,
fresh, or also those that have died and muscles, nerves, cilia and flagella; also
are made available through a to observe the flour and fat granules
microtechnical process (Harijati et al, contained in cells (Harijati et al, 2017).
2017). 2. Stereo Microscope
The microscope was invented by Stereo microscope is a type of
Hans and Zaccharias Janssen (1590), microscope that can only be used for
using light as a reflection of objects. relatively large objects. The stereo
This microscope has a combination of 2 microscope has a magnification of 7 to
lenses: objective and ocular (Harijati et 30 times. Objects observed with a
al, 2017). microscope can be seen in three
b. Fluorescence Microscope dimensions. The main components of a
This microscope has a special light stereo microscope are almost the same as
source of short waves. What is used is a light microscope (Champbell et al,
ultraviolet light (uv). This microscope is 2002).
used to find cancer cells, because in 3. Fluorescent Microscope
these cells the AND levels are so high This pender microscope can be
that the glowing color of the cell nucleus used to detect foreign bodies or antigens
is very striking compared to normal (such as bacteria, rickets, or viruses) in
cells. Fluorescence microscopy is also tissues. In this technique the typical
used to determine whether a cell antibody protein is first isolated from the
contains a Y chromosome (male sex serum on which the sequence occurs or
determinant) or not (Harijati et al, in conjunction with the fluorescent dye.
2017). Because the antibody-antigen reaction is
c. Phase-contrast Microscope unique, a fluorescent event will occur if
The parts of the cell that are not the intended antigen is present and is
microtechnically colored can be seen by the antibody marked with
distinguished under a microscope, if the fluorescent dye (Gunawan & Hartati,
light that comes to the object makes 2017).
different habits. Organelles usually have 4. Electron Microscope
different refractive indexes, therefore The electron microscope was
they can be distinguished under a discovered by Knoll and Ruska (1932),
microscope. The refraction of these using electrons as an image reflector of

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an object. Electron microscopy enhances the limit of multiple microscopy power.
the distinguishing power of ordinary Dark-field microscopes differ from
microscopes. Light is replaced by ordinary compound light microscopes
electrons rather than thin sections. The only in the presence of special
thick part of the object absorbs more condensers that can form hollow cones
electrons than the thin part. With this of visible light beams. The beam of light
difference the image of objects can be from this hollow cone is reflected at a
made on the screen or film (Harijati et smaller angle than the top of the glass
al, 2017). preparation (Louk et al, 2017).
Electron microscope has 2 types, 3. PRACTICUM METHOD
namely: A. Tools and Materials
a. MET (Transition Electron 1. Tool
Microscope) a. Light microscope
Transition electron microscope is a b. Glass objects
microscope that uses electrons as a c. Cover glass
source of "light". Cells or tissues are d. Petri dishes
seen as slices or replicas. This e. Tweezers
microscope has a magnification of tens f. Drop pipette
or hundreds of thousands of times g. Razor blade
(Gunawan & Hartati, 2017). h. Flannel
b. MES (Scanning Electron Microscope) i. Cotton wipe
Scanning electron microscopy is a j. Picture book
microscope that uses electrons as a k. Pencil
source of "light", and cells or tissues are 2. material
seen from the outside or the surface of a. Allium Cepa
an object in a stereometric way. This b. Rhoeo discolor leaves
type of microscope is commonly used to c. Zea mays leaves
see the surface of cells that cover a d. Mangifera indica leaves
cavity or channel, or cells that are loose. e. Cucurbita moschata leaves
Like to see the arrangement of cilia, B. Method
flagella, and spermatozoa. The 1.Setting Up the Microscope
magnification power is lower than MET, a. Place the microscope on the
which is several thousand to tens of work table directly in front of
thousands of times (Gunawan & Hartati, you.
2017). b. Clean the microscope body
5. Scanning Electron Microscope with a flannel cloth. Never rub
This microscope uses an electron the lenses with clothes other
beam, but which should be transmitted than flannel.
simultaneously throughout the electron c. Open the toolbox, remove the
field is focused as a very small point and stained cup containing the piece
can be moved back and forth on the glass and the cover glass. Clean
specimen (Louk et al, 2017). the glass objects with a cotton
6. Dark-Field Microscope cloth or filter paper.
Dark field microscopy is used to d. On your desk there is only a
observe live bacteria, especially bacteria microscope, a toolbox with its
that are so thin that they almost approach contents, manuals and notes,

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 materials for practicum. Apart a. The arm of the hand rotates the
from that, it is removed in rough control or macrometer
another place that has been towards the master, the finger,
provided. the tube goes down, the
2.Regulate the entry of light into the objective distance with the
tube dosage table decreases, do the
a. Pay attention to the state of opposite. What happened?
your practicum room, where Another microscope model
the direction of the brighter whose tubus is similar or
light is coming (from the front, cannot go up and down, then
left, or right). Point the the dosage table moves up and
microscope mirror at the light down when and the micrometer
source. Open the diaphragm or is rotated.
rotate the plate in a medium b. Install the glass object
hole position. A microscope containing the preserved
that has a condenser is preparation on the table in such
positioned close to the table a way that the material being
and uses a flat mirror. For observed is in the middle of the
microscopes without a table hole, clamp the object
condenser use a concave glass in a screw so that it does
mirror. not shake.
b. Position the revolver so that the c. Paying attention to the
shortest objective lens is facing objective distance with the
the table until it clicks. glass object not more than 10
c. Lowering the tube until the mm.
objective tip distance with the d. If the distance is large, turn the
preparation table is 5-10 mm or macrometer to lower the tube
down to the maximum. while looking from the side of
d. Look over the ocular with your the objective toward the glass
left eye without squinting object to a maximum of 5-10
(requires practice). You will mm.
see a white circular field. If the e. Binocular through the ocular
light is uneven; move the with the hand rotate the
mirror slightly until the light is macrometer by raising the tube
evenly distributed. If there is slowly. Observe the field of
glare, narrow the diaphragm or view until a shadow appears. If
hole in the plate. the tube has been lifted, half a
e. If the field of view is still turn of the macrometer does not
blurry meaning less light is appear, meaning that it is
coming in, open the diaphragm missed. Restart starting at 3.3;
and use a larger hole in the if there is already a shadow but
plate. it is still blurry, then the
f. The microscope is ready to be binoculars continue while
used to observe the preparation. turning the micrometer up or
3.How to Adjust Lens Distance with down until the image is clear
Preparation with lines or boundaries.

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 f. Checking the ocular (what c. Binoculars while turning the micrometer
magnification?) And objective until a bigger shadow appears. Observe the
(what magnification?), shadows !.
Calculate the magnification of d. If it fails to find a bigger shadow. Raise the
the image you see. tube by rotating the macrometer in the
g. If it has been observed, the opposite direction of the finger tip. Turn the
preparation is removed. revolver back to get the weak (short)
4.Making Simple Preparations objective lens position in its original position.
a. Take a glass object that has been Without changing the position of the
cleaned, hold it as flat as possible. preparations, re-apply the treatment 3.3., 3.4.,
b.One drop of clear water or distilled 3.5., Continue to 5.1., 5.2., 5.3. Until
water in the middle. successful.
c. With tweezers, pull out one piece of e. If you are going to observe any other
material and place it in the middle material, then raise the tube.
of the water droplet. f. Take out the observed preparation and clean
d.Your other hand holds the cover the object and cover glass.
glass between your finger and index g. Create a new preparation according to steps
finger on the opposite side or edge. 4.1., To 4.6.
e. The side with the cover glass is h. At the end of the activity using the
touched to the glass object with the microscope, note the following:
water drop at a slope of 45 then a. Preparations must not be stored on the
remove it so that it covers the water preparation table, they must be removed.
drop. Excess water seeping on the b. Wet preparations should be cleaned with
edges of the glass is absorbed with filter paper or storage cotton cloth (glass
filter paper.° + cover glass). Store in a petri dish and
f. Mount your artificial preparation on place in a supply box.
the preparation table and observe as c. Clean the microscope body with a
steps 3.2., 3.3., 3.4. and 3.5. flannel cloth. The tube is lowered as low
5.Observing Magnification as possible.
a. When observation 4.6 is successful, the d. Store the microscope in the microscope
visible image will be enlarged again. Do not box.
touch the position of the preparation or tube. e. All used equipment is cleaned with a
b. Rotate in such a way that the longer cotton cloth and stored in the box.
(stronger) objective lens is perpendicular to f. Your own equipment, stored alone to be
the table until you hear a click. used for the next activity.
g. The rest of the material that is no longer
used is disposed of in the available trash.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

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 Observation Picture Comparison Picture Note

Rhoeo discolor 1. Nucleus

2. Epidermis
3. Cytoplasm
1

Magnification: 10x40

1
2

7
 Source: www.biologi
gonzaga.com
Allium cepa 1. Nucleus
2. Epidermis
3. Cytoplasm
1

2
3

Magnification: 10x40

Source: www.biologi
gonzaga.com
Cucurbita moschata 1. Star hair

Magnification: 10x40

Source: www.biologi
gonzaga.com

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 Zea mays 1. Nucleus
2. Epidermis
1 3. Cytoplasm
2
3

Magnification: 10x40

1
2

Source: www.biologi
gonzaga.com
Mangifera indica 1. Nucleus
2. Epdermis
3. Cytoplasm
1
2
3

Magnification: 10x40

3
B. Discussion and descriptions. From these results, we
A microscope is an optical can see that the microscope component
instrument used to see or observe is divided into two, namely an optical
objects that are very small or component consisting of a mirror,
microscopic which cannot be seen with condenser, objective lens and ocular
the naked eye. Based on the practicum lens, two mirrors (flat mirror and
that has been carried out, results have concave mirror), diaphragm and non-
been obtained in the form of images optical components or mechanical

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components consisting of microscope n. The objective lens serves to form a
legs and arms, driving the optical part real image.
consisting of a macrometer and o. The ocular lens serves to form
micrometer, a preparation table and a virtual images.
revolver. Here are the parts of the 5. CLOSING
microscope and their functions. A. Conclusion
a. The microscope foot functions as a Based on the results of the
support for the microscope so that it experiments that have been carried out,
can stand upright. it can be concluded that the microscope
b. The microscope arm or handle is a tool used to observe very small
functions as the microscope handle objects, making it easy to study, the
when it is lifted. microscope is divided into two parts,
c. The mirror serves as a means of namely the mechanical part and the
capturing and reflecting light. optical part, where these parts have
d. The condenser regulator functions different functions. -different. From the
when rotated to raise or lower the results of observations of objects /
condenser. preparations, the appearance of cells
e. The condenser functions as a from several plants (objects /
collection of light that enters the preparations) varies, namely from the
microscope. location of the cell nucleus and the
f. The diaphragm functions as a shape of the cell.
device that can be closed and B. Suggestion
opened, regulating the amount of 1. Practicant
light entering the condenser. So that the practitioner is
g. The preparation table serves as a more careful In treating the
place to place the object to be microscope because there are
observed. fragile components that require
h. Sengkeling functions as a clamp or high caution, and it is hoped that
fixture placement (glass object). cooperation between fellow group
i. Mechanical Drive functions as a members is good, because good
tool to adjust the position of the observation results will be achieved
glass objects on the table. if there is communication and
j. The macrometer functions as a cooperation among fellow group
rough control, a tool to move the members.
tube up or down roughly or quickly. 2. Assistant
k. The micrometer functions as a fine So that the assistant is more
regulator, a tool to move the tube guiding the practitioner so that
up or down smoothly. there are no errors in the use of
l. The microscope tube or tube serves laboratory equipment
as a link or an introduction to the 3. Laboratory
image of the object from the So that laboratory assistants
objective lens to the ocular lens. have more adequate laboratory
m. The revolver or objective player equipment so that the
functions as a disc on which the implementation of practicum can be
objective lenses of various sizes are more accurate.
attached.

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Bibliography
Campbell, N.A., Reece, J.B., & Mitchell,
L.G. 2002. Biologi. Jakarta:
Erlangga.
Gunawan, A.W., & Hartanti, AT. 2019.
Biologi dan Bioteknologi
Cendawan dalam Praktik. Jakarta:
Universitas Katolik Indonesia
Atma Jaya
Harijati, N., Samino, S., Indriyani, S., &
Soewondo. 2017. Mikroteknik
Dasar. Malang: UB Press
Louk, A.C., Suparto, G.B., & Sutaji, H.I.
2017. Pemutakhiran Mikroskop
Cahaya Monokuler menjadi
Mikroskop Digital untuk
Pembelajaran Siswa
SMA/Sederajat. Jurnal Fisika
Sains dan Aplikasinya. Volume
(2). Hal. 2
Tim Dosen UNM. 2014. Penuntun
Praktikum Biologi Dasar.
Makassar: UNM

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