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Introduction To Object-Oriented Methodology

The document introduces object-oriented methodology, including the software crisis as motivation. It contrasts conventional and object-oriented design approaches using an air traffic control example. The key concepts of object-oriented programming like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism are defined. Finally, it discusses what makes a good system, noting that object-oriented methods may help address issues like flexibility and maintenance.

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Srikanth Addepalli
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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40 views

Introduction To Object-Oriented Methodology

The document introduces object-oriented methodology, including the software crisis as motivation. It contrasts conventional and object-oriented design approaches using an air traffic control example. The key concepts of object-oriented programming like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism are defined. Finally, it discusses what makes a good system, noting that object-oriented methods may help address issues like flexibility and maintenance.

Uploaded by

Srikanth Addepalli
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

INTRODUCTION TO

OBJECT-ORIENTED METHODOLOGY

Contents
1. Software Crisis
2. Conventional versus Object-Oriented approach
3. Object-Oriented Programming Languages
4. What is a good system?
5. Do we have good systems?
6. What are good systems like?

1
Literature
• Using UML, Software Engineering with Objects and Components,
Job Pooley, Perdita Stevens, Addison Wesley, 1999. Chapter 1
• Programming in an Object-Oriented Environment, R.Ege,
AP Professional, 1992. Chapter Introduction.
• Many other books on object-oriented methods

2
Software Crisis

Hardware technology has been revolutionised several times:


tubes,
discrete transistors,
…
integrated circuits,
large scale integration (LSI),
…
very large scale integration (VLSI).
Software technology lagged behind in matching these advances.
Software crisis: software is expensive, of insufficient quality,
hard to manage, etc.

Object-oriented methods are viewed as a possible step


to overcome the software crisis! 3
Task of software: to bridge the
gap between concepts in an
application and computer concepts

Software design principles


(abstraction, information hiding, modularization, etc.)
+
expressiveness of programming languages
(basic control structures, procedures and functions,
data structures, etc.)
↓
transition from application concepts to computer concepts is easier

♦late 1960s new object-oriented programming era


class groups data + procedures and functions
4
Conventional Versus Object-Oriented Approach

Example
Task: to develop new software that drives a simple version of the
radar screens used by air traffic controllers.

5
Design approach
Conventional Object-oriented
Goal identify major identify major
functions objects
Result gather radar info planes
update display display screen
radar receiver

Object plane:
data (identification, location, altitude, direction and speed)
+
functionalities (change of location, altitude, direction, speed,
displayed on the air traffic control screen)

6
Class captures all features which are common to all plane objects.
Object is an instance of a class.

the control loop


update location of each plane
display each plane on screen

Encapsulation: separation of inside and outside of an object


Inheritance: one class inherits structure of data and functionalities
of another
Polymorphism: the ability to manipulate objects of distinct classes
using only knowledge of their common properties
without regard for their exact class.
Object-oriented program is a collection of objects that
communicate by sending messages. 7
Object-Oriented Programming Languages

• Simula-67 (early 1960s) for discrete-event simulations


classes and inheritance

• Smalltalk (1970s)
messages, encapsulation

• C++

• Eiffel

• CLOS (Common Lisp Object System)

• Java

8
What is a good system?

9 A good system is one which meets its users' needs.

A good system should be:


– useful and usable
– reliable
– flexible
– affordable
– available

9
Do we have good systems?

• Advances in software have revolutionised many areas.

• Problems:
– systems which do not meet their users' requirements and/or
have technical failings
– flexibility is lacking
– maintenance

10
What are good systems like?
• A good system is a collection of modules.
– dependency
clients, servers
– coupling
good systems have low coupling
– interface
- defines some features of the module on which its
clients may rely
– encapsulation
information
hides the details of the implementation of an object
hiding – abstraction
denotes extracting essential properties of a concept
–cohesion
good systems have high cohesion
– reusable modules
11
Summary

• Object-oriented methods are viewed as a possible step to overcome


the software crisis.

• Task of software is to bridge the gap between concepts


in an application and computer concepts.

• The overall nature and the basic concepts of object-oriented methods


are introduced: objects and classes, encapsulation, inheritance,
polymorphism.

• The meaning of coupling, cohesion, information hiding


(encapsulation and abstraction) is introduced.

12

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