Index

Experiment no. Experiment name Page no.

1 Properties of cotton fiber consider 01
by cotton spinners
2 Introduction to different parts of 02-04
blow room
3 Study on metarial process of card 05-07

4 Motion facing diagram of carding m/c 08-09

5 Study on combing action 10-11

6 Drawing action in cotton spinning 12-13
mill
7 Action of simplex m/c 14-15
8 Study on ring spinning m/c 16-17

9 Study on winding process 18

10 Study on yarn count 19-20

 Acknowledgement
This report based on cotton spinning process and the main operation and the machine require for
this process. In here we represent the main operation only. There can be so more operation also.
There can be some printing mistake which will be forgettable. And all of my friends are thanked.
Experiment no. 1

Experiment Name: Properties of cotton fiber consider by cotton

spinners.

1. Properties of different cotton fiber with spinning limit.

Origin of Cotton Fiber Length Diameter Micronaire Spinning Limit
(mm) (mm) (MIC) (Ne)
Sea Island 49-50 0.016 3.0-3.2 200
Egyptian 38-44 0.017 3.0-3.2 200
American 25.4-38 0.018 3.2-3.5 70
CIS 25.4-33 0.020 3.4-3.8 70
Indian 20.5-30 0.021 3.5-4.5 40
China 20.5-28 0.021 3.5-4.5 Coarse
Pakistan 15.5-25.4 0.021 4-4.8 Coarse

2. Fineness:
 Very fine fiber-<3 (microgram/inch –MIC value)
 Fine fiber -3.0-3.6 (microgram/inch –MIC value)
 Average fiber -3.7-4.9 (microgram/inch –MIC value)
 Coarse fiber->5.0 up (microgram/inch –MIC value)

3. Fiber Strength:
 Very strong -- 31 & above gm/tex
 Strong -- 29-30 gm/tex
 Average --26-28 gm/tex
 Intermediate - 24-25 gm/tex
 Weak -bellow 23 gm/tex

4. Uniformity ratio:
mainlength
UI= × 100%
upper half of mainlength

UI range is 75%- 85% [UI=Uniformity index]

50 % spun length
UR= × 100%
2.5 % spun length

UR range is 40% - 50%

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Experiment no. 2

Experiment Name: Introduction to different parts of blowroom

process.

The blow room machine

Beaters
1.Porcupine beater

Feather

 Good opening
 Rotation per minute is 750-960
 To separate the fiber
 To clean the fiber

2. Bladed beater

 Multi bladed beater

The beater be arrange parallel to the supporting shalt. Opening and cleaning effect is small.

Bladed beater are two kinds

 Two bladed beater

 Three bladed beater
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Two bladed beater:

 Two bladed are arranged in equal distance both side of the shalt
 Regulation per minute 800-850.
 To clean broken sheed and heavy impurities of fiber

Roller
Roller is used on blow room machine.

1.Spike roller or roller with teeth:

Plate oval and round bars are used screwed to close-cylinder .Used in mixing bale opener
and cleaner .Regulation per minute 600-1000.

2. Drum with teeth:

Regulation per minute 400-800. Same as spike roller but large diameter about 600mm.

3. Carding roller:

Saw tooth were east used give fast opening and best cleaning action. But create stress on
fiber.
Rotation speed is 600-1000/minute

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Gird

Gird are segment shape device. Under the opening assemblies and consist of individual bars or
blade.

 Slatted sheet

 Perforated sheet

 Tri angular sheet on bars

 Angle sheet

 Blades

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Experiment no.3

Experiment name: Study on material process diagram of card

thread.

Introduction: The provers of the experts say that carding is the heart of spinning mill. The consept of
carding machine is unchanged from 1770. Scine 1965 production rate has been increased from
5kg/hr to 100kg/hr.

Object to the experiment :

1. To know about it’s different parts from the experiment.

2. To know about the function of it’s different parts.
3. To learn input, output and process of carding machine.
4. To know about the passage of diagram of card machine.

Function of the carding machine:

1. Opening to individual fiber.

2. Elimination of impurities (82 – 90% remove)
3. Dissent angling of naps
4. Elimination of short fibers.
5. Fiber blending.
6. Fiber orantation.
7. Silver formation.

Working principle of carding machine:

At first lap from blow room is fitted to the lap stand. With the rotation of lap roller,the lap on rolled
and prociding forward through feed plate and feed roller to taker in. Feed roller control the lap to be
feed. Taker in roller which is covered by sharp wire point like saw teeth moving at a speed of 900
-1100 r.p.m. when laps come in contact to taker in turn come in contact to the cylinder. The cylinder
of 50 diameter is moving faster in taker in.

Essential parts:
1. Lap stand
2. Lap roller
3. Feed plate
4. Feed roller
5. Taker in
6. Cylinder
7. Flats
8. Doffer
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9.Stripping roller
10.Conveyer roller
11.Crushing roller/Long calendar roller
12.calendar roller
13.coiler head
14.Can
15.Mote knife
16.Taker in under cage
17.Cylinder under cage
18.Bake plate
19.Front plate
20.Flat strip comb

Card Setting:

a) Taker in to cylinder :0.007”

b) Feed plate to taker in : 0.009”-0.012”
c) Flat to cylinder : 0.01”
d) Doffer to cylinder : 0.005”
e) Doffer comb to Doffer : 0.012”-0.015”
f) Mot knives to taker in
upper knife : 0.010”
Bottom knife : : 0.012”-0.015”
g) Taker in under casing to taker in :
Rear edge : 5.16”
Forward edge 0.030”
h) Cylinder under casing to Cylinder
Back : 0.012”
Middle : 0.032”
Front : 0.064”
i) Cylinder under casing to taker in : 32”
j)Lap guide to edges of feed roller : 0.075”-0.001”
k)Flat to stripper : 0.032”
l) Bottom sheet to cylinder :
Upper edge : 0.0324”
Lower edge : 0.015”
m) Top feather edge to cylinder:
upper edge : 0.010”-0.060”
Lower edge :0.032”

6
 Different actions in carding machine:

Flat Carding action

Stripping action
Taker -in
Cylinder
Doffing action

Doffer

1. Carding action

When the wire point of two closed surface are inclined to the opposite direction and fiber tuft
weight is reduced by the relative motion of the two surface then the action is called carding action.
Carding action occurs between cylinder and flat.

2. Stripping action

Stripping action occurs between cylinder and taker in. In here surface rotation direction is opposite
but wire direction is same.

3. Doffing action

It occurs between cylinder and doffer. In here rotating direction is same but wire point direction is
opposite.

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Experiment no. 4

Experiment name: Motion facing diagram of carding machine.

Introduction: card means a were to brass or a machine fitted with row’s pf wire teeth. Use to
disaintangle fiber such as wool, cotton or silk etc. The word was deriver from the latin word
“cardus”.The proverb of experts the card is the heart of spinning mill and well card is half spun.

Objective of the experiment:

i. To know the motion process of card m/c

ii. To know about the different motion parts.
ii. To know the function of the different parts.
iv. To know the passage of motion of card m/c

Description:

Defination of motion: Motion is a change in position of an object or a process when the body
changed it’s position with respect it’s surrounding the body is said to be motion.

Example: when the moving parts of carding m/c move respect with m/c then it is said in motion.

Classification of motion:
1. Uniform motion: When equal distance is covered in equal interval time then it is called uniform
motion.
2 Non-Uniform motion: When different distance is covered in different interval time then it is called
uniform motion.

Based on the path taken by the body in motion of card m/c

1. Translatory motion: the position of the object it changed with respect to a fixed point then it
is called to be Translatory motion.
2. Rottery motion: the motion of an object will be said rottery if the motion of all the practical of
body is circular with respect an emaginary line.
3. Periodic motion: Any motion thatr respect at regular interval of time is called periodic
motion. Ex- bouncing ball, spring

Law of motion:

First law: when an intial reference form an object reminds at rest or continuous to move a
constant velocity unless at upon of external force.

Second law: the vector sum of the external force for an object is equal to the mass of that
object multiply by acceleration of the object.

F : mα
8
 3m/s

5m/s 1m/s

Fig: Newton’s second law

Third law: When one body exerts a force to a second body then second body simultaneously
exerts an equal, opposite direct force to the first body.

Fρ :- Fα

P Q

Fig: Newton’s third law

Conclution: The production and different motion parts of the card from are closed assigned with
each other.

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Experiment no. 5

Experiment name: Study on combing Action.

Introduction : The process of straightening and parallelisings of fibers and the removal of short
fibers and impurities by using a comb on combs assisted by brushes and rollers is called combing.

Object of combing action:

 To remove naps in the carded sliver.

 To make the fiber more parallel and straight.
 To produce a uniform sliver of required per unit length.
 To remove the fiber shorter than a predetermined length.
 To remove remaining impurities in the comber lap.

Top nipper

Top
comb

Feed roller
Attaching roller

Bo
+
tto
m
+ + ni
pp Lap roller
+ + er

Detaching
roller Half lap cylinder com

Fig : Combing m/c diagram (X section)

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Input: Lap.

Output: Combed silver.

Faults In combing m/c:

a. Cutting Across
b. Curling
c Detaching roller lapping
d. Cotton combing through at one head
e. Irregular lapping
f. Long fiber on the silver
g. Waste flocking on needles

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Experiment No. 6
Experiment Name: Drawing action in cotton spinning.
introduction: A Process in short staple spinning in which the silver are blended , doubled, and
drafted by passing the silver through a series of pairs of rollers each pair moving faster than the
previous one is called drawing.

Objects of drawing:

 To produce a more uniform silver.

 To reduce the weight per unit length of the card silver.
 To remove dust from fiber.
 To make perfect blending of the silver.

Fig: Draw frame

Tasks of the draw frame:

Draw frame is very much because it does the following takes:

 Equalizing.
 Fiber orientation.
 Blending.
 Dust removal.

Definition of different terms of draw frame:

Doubling: The process of combing two or more silver rovings or yarns into one is called doubling.

Draft: The ratio between the surface speed of the feed roller to delivery roller is called draft.

Drafting: The action of reducing the thickness or linear density of the feed material by drawing is
known as drafting. The feed material may be silver , lap ,rovings.

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Creeling and doffing : The operation of replacing the cans of feed material at the back of the
machine and joining the new can full of silver to the old is known as CREELING and that of removing
the full delivery cans from the front of the machine is known as doffing.

Input: Combed silver.

Output: Drawn silver.

Faults in drawframe:

 End missing.
 Irregular selvedges.
 Irregular drafting.
 Roller lapping.
 Fuzzing at the front roller.
 Impurities on silver.
 Fuzzing at the tube wheel bore.

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Experiment No. 7
Experiment Name: Action of simplex m/c
Simplex Machine: It is a wrap knitting machine that resembles a tricot machine but has two sets of
needles and produces a double fabric.

Object or function of speed frame:

Simplex is an intermediate process in which fibers are converted into low twist lea called
roving.The silver which is taken from draw frame is thicker so it is not suitable for manufacturing of
yarn.

Other name of simplex machine:

 Fly frame.
 Roving frame.
 Speed frame.

Main operations of simplex machine:

 Drafting: To reduce the weigth per unit length by drafting i.e. passes of silver through three
or four pair of roller of different speed.
 Twisting: To make turn within the fiber of the drafted material to hold them together.
 Winding: To wound the roving or to the upright bobbin in a particular manner so that it can
be used in the next machine easily.
 Building: By this process the roving is wound in full length of the bobbin in such a form
which will facilate handling, transfer, feeding to ring frame.

Auxillary functions of roving frame:

 Creeling.
 Doffing.

Input: Drawn Silver

Output: Roving

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 Creel wheel Roving guide
bar

Drafting zone

Silver

Fig: Simplex m/c

Faults in speed frame:

 Irregular roving
 Silver breakage.
 Sloughing off.
 Roller lapping.
 Unequal tapering.
 Soft roving.
 Slub roving.
 Dirty roving.
 Hard roving bobbin.
 Ridgy bobbin.

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 Experiment no. 8
Experiment name: study on ring frame.
Defination: A system of continuous spinning in which a fixed ring and a travelingguide for the yarn
are the chief features.

The objects of ring frame:

 Collect the yarn in a spinning cop from roving.

 Better lusture.
 Create twist in the silver.
 Maintain weight per unit weight.
 Give more draft.
 Make more quality full yarn.

n1 n2 n3 Drafting assembly
n1 <n2< n3

+ + +

+ + +

Spinning cop
apron

Roving
traveller

spindle

Fig: Principle of ring spinning

Input: Rovin.

Output: Spinning cop.

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Main operations of ring frame:

 Creeling:
By this process the drawn silver is introduced to the draft zone from silver can manually.
 Drafting:
To reduce the weigth per unit length by drafting i.e. passes of silver through three or four
pair of roller of different speed.
 Twisting:
To make turn within the fiber of the drafted material to hold them together.
 Winding:
To wound the roving or to the upright bobbin in a particular manner so that it can be used In
the next machine easily.
 Building:
By this process the roving is wound in full length of the bobbin in such a form which will
facilate handling, transfer, feeding to ring frame.
 Creeling:
By this process the drawn silver is introduced to the draft zone from silver can manually.
 Doffing:
Doffing is to replace an empty bobbin at the place of fully wound bobbin.

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Experiment No. 9
Experiment name: study on winding process.
Introduction: The process of transferring yarns from ring , bobbin, hank into a suitable package is
called winding .It may be electrical or mechanical. Warp, cone, cheese, flanged bobbin , cop.

Working process:

1. Gets motion from the motor in one side of machine and cam shaft and drum shaft rotates by
motor pulley.
2. Yarn supply gets from a bobbin and yarn go to the cone by yarn stop motion guide and yarn
traversing guide.
3. Since cones are on holder and are contact with drum, cone rotates due to the friction of
drum and holder and holder and finally become winding on yarn cone.
4. This type of winding is controlled with yarn guide.
5. Winding is stop with stop motion mechanism when yarn breakage.
6. When cone gets predetermined width, discrete from the drum and contact automatically
and placed the new cone by taken out of the cone.

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Experiment no. 10
Experiment name: Study on yarn count .
Definition: Yarn count is a term used to express the thickness of  yarn. In spinning process, there is a
relation between the weight of the original fibers and the length of yarn. This relation is indicated as
thickness. Thickness of yarn is determined by the extent of drawing process (varying draft) and
designated by number. The number is called count.

Types of yarn count :

Direct system: Tex, Denier,1bs,/spindle

Indirect system: English,Metric,worsted.

Direct count system:

The weight of a fixed length yarn is determined.The weight per unit length is the yarn count.The
common feature of all direct count system are the length of yarn is fixed and the weight of yarn
varies according to its fineness.

The following formular is used to calculate the yarn count:

N= W*l/L

Classification of direct system:

 Tex system: 1000m yarn weight no. of gram . It is expressed by “Tt and maximum used.So
that 40 tex means 1000m yarn weight is 40gm.
 Denier system: 9000 m yarn weight no. of gram . It is expressed by “Td . So that 100 means
9000m yarn weight is 10gm.
 1bs/ spindle: 14400 yds yarn weight no. of pound.It is used only for jute.
Direct numbering system :

Numbering system Unit if length(i) Unit of weight (w)

Tex system 1000m No.of gm
Denier, D or td 9000m No.of gm
Deci Tex , Dtex 10,000m No.of gm
Millitex, mtex 1000m No.of mili gram
Kilotex,ktex 1000m No.of kg
Jute count 14400yds No.of lb
Indirect count system:
The following formular is used to calculate the yarn count:
N=L*W/W*L
Classified of indirect count :
 English count: No of 840 yrds length per pound .

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  Metric count: No of km per kg is called metric count .no of 1000m in per kg.It is
donated Nm.
 Worsted count: No of 560 yds per pound is called worsted count.

Indirect numbering system:

Numbering system Unit of length(l) Unit of weight (w)

English count Ne,(Ne8) 840yds 1lb
Metric count(Nm) 1000m 1kg
Wololen count(YSW) 256yds 1lb
Worsted count ,(Dewsbury) 1yds 1oz
Worsted count, Nek 560yds 1ib
Linen cont, Nel 300yds 1ib

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Reference

1.tanjina Afrin (lecturer in BIBT university Collage)

2.Understanding Textile For a Merchandiser by Dr, Bellal
3.Introduction to Textile Engineering by Md. Sajjak hossain
4.Internet.