Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences

Vol. 14, December 2007, pp. 427-435

Effect of using ground waste tire rubber as fine aggregate on the behaviour
of concrete mixes
M M Balaha, A A M Badawy & M Hashish
Engineering Materials Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt

Received 14 May 2000; accepted 5 December 2007

The development of environmentally accepted methods of used tire disposal is one of the greatest challenges that waste
management experts face today. Using of wastes and by-products as concrete aggregate has attained great potential in the
last few years. The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility of the usage of ground waste tire rubber (GWTR) in the
civil construction as a partial replacement for fine aggregates and the influence of these wastes on the properties of ordinary
concrete. The cement content for concrete mixes is 300, 400, and 500 kg/m3. The total fine aggregate (TFA) in all mixes is
sand, which is partially replaced by GWTR particles. The percentages by volume of GWTR/TFA are 5%, 10%, 15% and
20%. The physical and mechanical properties of rubberized concrete are compared with those of ordinary concrete mixes.
Also, three treated materials, polyvinyl acetate, silica fume and sodium hydroxide (PVA, SF and NaOH) are used for
treatment the ground waste tire rubber to improve the interface friction between rubber particles and cement matrix. The
results show that the mass density (bulk density) of hardened rubberized concrete decreases with increasing rubber content,
this is an advantage for that concrete application. Also concrete specimens containing rubber particles are much tougher than
those without rubber particles. The damping ratio of the rubberized concrete containing 20% rubber is much higher than
those of normal concrete by about 63.2%. Rubberized concrete incorporating treated rubber particles gives better results
than concrete incorporating normal rubber.

Used tires pose both a serious public health and an landfill disposal; however, there were many technical
environmental threat. Therefore, economically problems and resistance from industry groups. The
feasible alternatives for scrap tire disposal must be workability, mechanical properties, and chemical
found. Some of the current uses of scrap tires are tire- stability of a recycled tire rubber-filled cementitious
derived fuel, barrier reefs, and crumb rubber as an composite were evaluated6. As expected, the
asphalt additive. However, all of the recycling, re-use geometry of the rubber particles influenced the
and recovery practices combined only consume about fracture behaviour of mortar containing rubber. The
22% of the discarded tires. Thus, a need still exists for addition of rubber led to a decrease in flexural
the development of additional uses for scrap tires1-3. strength and plastic shrinkage cracking of mortar. The
Nowadays, waste tire disposal is a significant problem rubber shreds bridged the cracks and provided
and finding an environment friendly and potentially restraint to crack widening9,10. Due to its low specific
attractive method is the greatest challenge. The gravity, crumb rubber can be considered a lightweight
difficulty in the recycling of the waste tire is that the aggregate.
tire rubber is a cross linked polymer that is hard to
The possibility of making concrete tough has been
melt and to process4,5.
generally pursued by introduced rubber phases among
The ever-increasing volume of rubber waste in the traditional components (cement, water and
landfills from the disposal of used tires has grown into aggregates) and this idea has been largely investigated
a serious environmental problem. Because rubber using, for this purpose, recycled grinded tire
waste does not biodegrade readily, even after long rubbers11-16. Different kinds of tires have been
periods of landfill treatment, there is renewed interest employed as partial substitute of natural aggregates in
in developing alternatives to its disposal6-8. Waste tire concrete: scrap tires obtained by simple grinding
disposal is a worldwide problem and has caused without further purifications thus including steel and
worry for public administrators, researchers and textile fibers in their composition11,13, crumb rubber
environmentalists. The United States used the tires as obtained by cryogenic process11, milled tire rubbers
asphalt mixtures for highways as an alternative to treated with sodium hydroxide solution to achieve a
428 INDIAN J. ENG. MATER. SCI., DECEMBER 2007

better adhesion with the cement paste16, scrap truck casing is composed of 83% carbon, 7% hydrogen,
tire rubber14 and tires tread12. However, regardless the 1.2% sulfur and 6% ash. Primary constituents of tires
different nature, size and composition of used tire include polymers, carbon black and softeners. The
rubbers, a meaningful decrease in concrete softeners are mostly composed of hydrocarbon oils,
compressive strength with the increasing amount of which in combination with the polymers give the tire
rubber phase in the mixture were always detected. a very high heating value24.
Although, so far obtained rubberized concrete
generally shows a tougher behaviour with a gradual Materials and method
failure of the samples than traditional concrete, it All materials used in this study were locally
generally does not exhibit suitable compressive available materials. The cement used was type I
strength for structural applications. ordinary Portland cement25. The used sand was
siliceous sand with 100% passing ASTM sieve No. 4
Utilization of waste tires would eliminate castle with a fineness modulus of 2.75. Dolomite with 20
pollution that is required to prevent degradation of air, mm maximum nominal size was used as coarse
land and water in the vicinity of the waste disposal aggregate. The specific gravity of the coarse
sites. Also burning the remains tires rubber for getting aggregate and sand were 2.66 and 2.56, and their
rid of them causes a very big pollution to the absorption percentages were 1.9 and 1%
environment. Therefore, many studies17-20 were respectively26. The waste rubber used in this research
directed to avoid the problems due to burn the was the truck tire rubber which mill by different sizes
remains tires rubber and studying the role of < 4 mm after the exclusion of the part containing steel
utilization the ground waste tires rubber as aggregates and textile fibers in their composition. The ground
in concrete. Many properties of the concrete can be processes were obtained mechanically by using Al-
improved being used the tire chips in civil Nasser Company for rubber product. Sieve analysis
engineering applications such as low material density, process was carried out on the GWTR and the result
high bulk permeability, high thermal insulation, high represented by the grading curve is illustrated in
durability, and high bulk compressibility. Many Fig.1. The physical properties of the used fine GWTR
researches have shown that both compressive strength are given in Table 1. The coarse aggregate were
and unit weight decreases with increasing rubber washed carefully and dried before mixing to remove
content21-23. The incorporation of fly ash in concrete- any impurities and organic matters, which may
rubber mixtures further reduces unit weight21. weaken its bond with the cement paste. Mixing water
Increasing rubber content also reduces modulus of was clean tap water free from impurities and organic
elasticity and improves ductility22,23. In many cases, matters. Different cement contents of 300, 400 and
scrap tire chips may also represent the least expensive 500 kg/m3 were studied. The total fine aggregates in
alternative to other fill materials. In the present all mixes were sand partially replaced by fine GWTR
investigation ground waste tires rubber was used as a particles. The percentages by volume of
partial replacement for fine aggregates by volume GWTR/TFA% by ratio were 0, 5%, 10%, 15% and
(0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The cement content 20% as given in Table 2. The experimental program
for concrete mixes was 300, 400, and 500 kg/m3. included the investigation of the effect of
Also, three treated materials (PVA, S.F. and NaOH)
were used for treatment the ground waste tire rubber.

Materials and Experimental Program

Tire composition and characteristics
The average scrap automobile tire weighs
approximately 9 kg. Heavy truck and industrial tires
can weigh from 16 to 46 kg approximately. Since
1983, all new car and light truck tires are steel-belted
radials. 85% of all scrap tires are passenger car or
light truck tires, 14% are heavy truck tires and the
remaining 1% is specialty tires, ranging from aircraft
tires to construction equipment tires24. A typical tire Fig. 1—Grading curve of ground waste tire rubber
 BALAHA et al.: RUBBERIZED CONCRETE 429

GWTR/TFA% by ratio on the compressive, tensile Four mixes were performed with total cement
strengths, toughness and damping ratios of concrete. content of 400 kg/m3, as shown in Table 3. The first
mix (C400) is the control mix. The second mix
Treated materials (R420N) was prepared using NaOH solution with
Generally, the bond between rubber particles and concentration 10% was used to treat the GWTR.
constituent of concrete can enhance by increasing Putting the GWTR into a ceramic container, which
electrostatic interaction and facilitating chemical contained the solution of NaOH for half an hour,
bonding. In this work, three treated materials were performed the treatment process. After the immersion
used for treatment the ground waste tire rubber to process, the material was washed until that its pH was
improve the interface interaction between rubber 7 before it is mixed with Portland cement. The third
particles and cement matrix. Several surface mix (R420S) was prepared by using 15% silica fume
treatments include NaOH, SF and PVA were used in replacement of Portland cement by weight. The last
this research. The strength and toughness of the mixture was prepared by treatment the surface of
concrete are enhanced by surface treatment of the ground waste tire rubber by PVA for 15 min before it
GWTR using sized agents (treated materials). mixed with cement. In all types of mixes, the TFA
were sand, which was partially replaced with 20%
Table 1— Physical properties of ground waste tire rubber
ground waste tire rubber particles by volume.
Property Measured value
Experimental procedures
Specific gravity 0.9 A total number of 108 compression and indirect
Unit weight, g/cm³ 0.67 tensile test specimens were cast. Cubes 150 × 150 ×
Absorption, % 1.9 150 mm were used for casting the concrete
Fineness modulus 3.81 compression test specimens. Cylinders 150 mm
Table 2—Mix proportion of rubberized concrete

Mix code Cement GWTR/TFA W/C Water Fine aggregate, kg/m³ Coarse aggregate, kg/m³
content (%) content Sand Tire-rubber Dolomite
kg\m³ lit/m³

C300 0.0 0.66 768 0

R305 5.0 0.66 729.6 13
R310 300 10 0.66 200 691.2 26 1073
R315 15 0.66 652.8 39.1
R320 20 0.66 614.4 52.16
C400 0 0.5 686 0
R405 5 0.5 651.7 11.65
R410 400 10 0.5 200 617.4 23.3 1073
R415 15 0.5 583.1 34.95
R420 20 0.5 548.8 46.60
C500 0 0.4 604 0
R505 5 0.4 573.8 10.25
R510 500 10 0.4 200 543.6 20.51 1073
R515 15 0.4 513.4 30.76
R520 20 0.4 483.2 41.0

Table 3—Layouts of treated and untreated rubber concrete specimens

Mix code Cement Coarse Fine aggregate Type of sized No. of specimens
content aggregate Sand GWTR agents Cube Cylinder
kg/m³ (dolomite) (%) (%) (%)

C400 100 0.0 Control 3 3

R420N 80 20 (NaOH) 3 3
400 100
R420S 80 20 Silica Fume 3 3
R420P 80 20 PVA 3 3
430 INDIAN J. ENG. MATER. SCI., DECEMBER 2007

diameter and 300 mm height were used for casting the

splitting tensile test specimens. For each concrete
mix, three cubes and three cylinders were cast. The
GWTR particles is added to the used cement and
mixed well with it before mixing the concrete
components. Dry materials were mixed first in the dry
state for a time to insure the homogeneity of the
mixture before adding the mixing water. Mechanical
vibrator was used for compaction. Test specimens
were removed from moulds in the second day of
casting. The compression and tensile test specimens
were cured under tap water for 28 days at room
ambient temperature. A compression-testing machine
of 3000 kN maximum capacity was used for the
completion of both the compression and indirect
tension test for concrete.
Fig. 2—Unit weight of different rubberized concrete

Results and Discussion

Properties of fresh concrete
Physical properties included unit weight and
consistency of fresh concretes (control and rubberized
concretes) are measured and compared. The unit
weight was calculated as summation of the weights of
the different mixes constituents per cubic meter. It
was noticed that the unit weights of concrete mixes
containing rubber decreases with increasing of the
percentages of GWTR contents when compared with
the control mixes as shown in Fig. 2. The figure
shows that a reduction in the unit weights reached
4.2% of normal concrete when rubber aggregate
replaced sand. This reduction is attributed to the lower
unit weight of rubber compared to sand and a lower
volume of sand in the concrete mix compared to the Fig. 3—Slump values of different rubberized concrete
coarse aggregate. It also noticed that the increasing of
cement content increases the unit weight of these
mixes. Consistency of different mixes was determined
using the standard slump test and the results are given
in Fig. 3. It was observed that the degree of
consistency improved as the GWTR/TFA% by ratio
increased. The maximum improvement was recorded
at GWTR/TFA% by ratio equal to 15% and 20%. The
addition of rubber raises the measured slump of the
fresh rubberized concrete in rang of 30-70 mm and
the workability of rubberized concrete was not
adversely affected. Figure 4 represents the slump
values of the treated rubberized concrete mixes,
which showed that the degree of consistency
improved for three sized agents. The maximum
improvement was recorded for PVA and SF mixes,
but NaOH recorded lowest improvement for Fig. 4—Effect of treated materials on slump values
 BALAHA et al.: RUBBERIZED CONCRETE 431

workability. This behaviour can be attributed to that

the NaOH permit to form empty places in the rubber
particle surface, so it became rough.
Properties of hard concrete
Effect of cement content
The effect of cement content of 300, 400 and
500 kg/m³ on the compressive strength of rubberized
concrete at different GWTR/TFA% by ratio was
shown in Fig. 5. Generally, this figure demonstrates
that the compressive strength of concretes is increased
with increasing cement content for all different values
of GWTR/TFA% by ratio. It is clear that the
increasing values of cement content (500 kg/m³) have
pronounced effect on the increasing of compressive
strength of rubberized concrete. For example, the Fig. 5—Compressive strength for different cement content
increase in the compressive strength of the mix
containing 20% of GWTR/TFA was 45% when
cement content increased from 300 to 400 kg/m3 and
reached 60.3% when cement content increased from
400 to 500 kg/m3. The tensile strength as a function of
cement contents showed also similar trend for the
compressive strength of concretes as shown in Fig. 6.
The behaviour of either the compressive strength or
the tensile strength with increasing cement content
was expected because, as the hydration proceeds, the
amount of hydration products increases and their
accumulation closes the available pore volumes,
which leads to a decrease in the total porosity and
increase the compressive and tensile strengths. Also
the strength development depends primarily on the
formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) as the
main hydration products. Therefore, the formations of Fig. 6—Tensile Strength for Different Cement Content
CSH phases with high values of cement content will
increase and the strength accordingly increases27.
Effect of GWTR/TFA percentage
The relative compressive strength ratios (σc/σco) of
rubberized concrete are shown in Fig. 7 for different
cement contents of 300, 400 and 500 kg/m³ and
different values of GWTR/TFA% by ratio. The
relative compressive strength ratio is the ratio
between compressive strength of concrete with partial
sand replacement by GWTR by volume percents
(rubberized concrete) (σc) to that of 100% sand as fine
aggregates (σco). The results presented in Fig. 7
showed a reduction in compressive strength with
increasing rubber content for the concrete mixes. For
example, the relative compressive strength ratios
(σc/σco) at 300 kg/m³ cement content mixes were
decreased about 0.92, 0.865, 0.765 and 0.72 for Fig. 7—Relative compressive strength of rubberized concrete
432 INDIAN J. ENG. MATER. SCI., DECEMBER 2007

increasing GWTR/TFA% by ratio 5%, 10%, 15% and

20% respectively. This behaviour may be attributed to
several reasons including; first, the rubber particles
are softer than the surrounding cement paste and the
weakness of the rubber material to withstand the load
because of its low compressive strength. It also may
consider that the spherical shapes of GWTR in the
concrete are converted to elliptic shapes under
compression, which cause tension cracks in the
cement paste. The last reason is a presence lower
bond between the rubber particles and the cement
paste, this lower bond separates the rubber particles
from the cement paste with increasing the load. Also
the relative tensile strength ratios (σt/σto) of
rubberized concrete are shown in Fig. 8 for different
cement contents 300, 400 and 500 kg/m³. This figure Fig. 8—Relative tensile strength of rubberized concrete
showed that the (σt/σto) ratios decreases about 0.945,
0.89, 0.85 and 0.82 for GWTR/TFA% by ratio equal
to 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. These values
were recorded at cement content equal to 300 kg/m³.
The present results show a reduction in the tensile
strength with increasing rubber content of the
concrete mixes.

On the other hand, the mass density (bulk density)

of hardened rubberized concrete decreases with
increasing rubber content. This is an advantage for
that concrete application where it reduce dead loads
and hence reducing the concrete dimensions, however
the strength of rubberized concrete decrease. Figure 9
gives the relationship between the ratios of
compressive strength to hardened unit weight or
(mass density) of rubberized concrete (σc/γ) and Fig. 9—σc/γ Ratios of rubberized concrete
GWTR/TFA% by ratio at different cement mixes. In
general, the results show that the ratios of (σc/γ) for
rubberized concrete decreased with increasing rubber
percent for all different cement contents. At
300 kg/m³ cement content mixes, the compressive
strength to mass density (σc/γ) were decreased about
6.8%, 11.2%, 20% and 24.2% for the rubber percents
equal to 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively.
Figure 10 shows the applied load-displacement
curve for splitting tensile test of normal concrete
specimens, C400, (GWTR/TFA=0%) and rubberized
concrete specimens, R420, (GWTR/TFA=20%). The
figure shows that the normal concrete specimens
failed faster than the rubberized concrete specimens.
This implies that the concrete specimens containing
rubber particles are much tougher than concrete
specimens without rubber particles. The damping Fig. 10—Load displacement of concrete with and without rubber
 BALAHA et al.: RUBBERIZED CONCRETE 433

capacity of the materials was used to measure the

ability of the material to decrease the amplitude of
free vibrations on its body.
Figure 11 shows the measured vibration signal of
the normal concrete specimen. The damping ratios
from impulse response (ξ) values were ranged from
0.032 to 0.035, with an average value of 0.0337. Also
Fig. 12 shows that the damping ratios of the
rubberized concrete specimen containing 20% ground
waste tire rubber were ranged from 0.0534 to 0.0564
with an average value of 0.055. By the comparison
between two figures, it’s clearly that the vibration
amplitude of rubberized concrete specimen less than
vibration amplitude of normal concrete specimen.
This means that the damping ratios of the rubberized
concrete containing 20% rubber was much higher
than those of normal concrete by about 63.2%.
Fig. 11—Vibration signal of normal concrete
Treated rubber
In this study the GWTR particles were treated by
using three sized agents, (PVA, SF and NaOH) before
using it in concrete mixes. Figure 13 illustrates the
compressive strength of rubberized concrete
incorporating various treated rubber particles. This
figure shows that the compressive strengths at 28 days
were 444, 438 and 426 kg/cm² for treated rubber
particles with PVA, SF and NaOH respectively. This
means that the reduction in the compressive strength
in case of treated rubber was 14%, 15% and 17% of
the normal concrete specimens. On the other hand, in
case of untreated rubber (normal rubber), the
reduction was 27% at the same percent of rubber
(GWTR/TFA=20%). It is obviously clear that
rubberized concrete incorporating treated rubber
particles give good results than concrete incorporating Fig. 12—Vibration signal of rubberized concrete
normal rubber. This behaviour may be explained as
follow; PVA coated the rubber particles hence gives a
good adhesive between rubber particles surface and
cement paste further more its good water resistance.
Also this behaviour was observed for silica fume
because it's filling effect due to its finer particle size,
thus providing a good adhesion between the rubber
particles and the cement paste as well as increasing
the density of the cement paste, which in turn
significantly enhances the compressive strength of the
rubberized concrete. The same behaviour of
compressive strength was observed in tensile strength.
Figure 14 represents the splitting tensile strength of
rubberized concrete incorporating various treated
rubber particles. This figure showed that the splitting
tensile strength at 28 days was 42, 41.2 and 40 kg/cm² Fig. 13—Effect of treated materials on compressive strength
434 INDIAN J. ENG. MATER. SCI., DECEMBER 2007

incorporating normal rubber. The reduction in

compressive strength in case of treated rubber
was 14%, 15% and 17% of the normal concrete
specimens. On the other hand, in case of
untreated rubber (normal rubber), the reduction
was 27% at the same percent of rubber
(GWTR/TFA=20%).
(vii) The percentages of increasing in tensile strength
of rubberized concrete incorporating treated
rubber particles by three sized agent PVA, SF
and NaOH, were 12%, 10% and 7% respectively
comparison to rubberized concrete specimens
made without using any treated rubber.

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