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Lab11 Sol

A distributed database stores logically related data over multiple physically independent sites connected by a computer network. The database is composed of fragments located at different sites that can be replicated. Components of a distributed DBMS include computer workstations, network hardware/software, communication media, transaction processors, and data processors. A remote request accesses data processed by a single remote database, while a remote transaction accesses data at a single remote site through multiple requests. A distributed request references data at multiple local or remote sites through a single SQL statement, while a distributed transaction references multiple local or remote sites. The two phases of a two-phase commit protocol are preparation where the coordinator prepares nodes to commit, and the final commit where the coordinator broadcasts a commit

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86 views2 pages

Lab11 Sol

A distributed database stores logically related data over multiple physically independent sites connected by a computer network. The database is composed of fragments located at different sites that can be replicated. Components of a distributed DBMS include computer workstations, network hardware/software, communication media, transaction processors, and data processors. A remote request accesses data processed by a single remote database, while a remote transaction accesses data at a single remote site through multiple requests. A distributed request references data at multiple local or remote sites through a single SQL statement, while a distributed transaction references multiple local or remote sites. The two phases of a two-phase commit protocol are preparation where the coordinator prepares nodes to commit, and the final commit where the coordinator broadcasts a commit

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Blackk Worldz
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(Database Fundamental (TIS 1101

Tutorial 11

1. Define the term distributed database. What are the components of a


Distributed DBMS?

Distributed database stores logically related database over two or more


physically independent sites. The sites are connected via computer network. The
database itself is composed of several parts known as database fragments. These
fragments are located at different sites and can be replicated among various
.sites. Each of the fragment, is manages by its local database process

 Computer workstations - form the network system.


 Network hardware and software components - reside in each workstation.
 Communications media - carry the data from one workstation to another.
 Transaction processor (TP) - receives and processes the application’s data requests.
 Data processor (DP) - stores and retrieves data located at the site.

2. Differentiate the terms remote request and remote transaction.

Remote request lets single SQL statement access data that are to be processed
by a single remote database processor. Remote transaction composed of several
requests, accesses data at a single remote site.

3. Differentiate the terms distributed request and distributed transaction.

Distributed request lets a single SQL statement reference data located at several
local or remote Data Processing (DP) sites. Distributed transaction allows a
transaction to reference several local or remote DP sites.

4. Explain the TWO phases of a two-phase commit protocol.

Phase 1: Preparation
 The coordinator sends a PREPARE TO COMMIT message to all subordinates.
 The subordinates receive the message, write the transaction log using the write-
ahead protocol, and send an acknowledgement message to the coordinator.
 The coordinator makes sure that all nodes are ready to commit, or it aborts the
transaction.

Phase 2: The Final Commit


 The coordinator broadcasts a COMMIT message to all subordinates and waits
for the replies.
 Each subordinate receives the COMMIT message then updates the database,
using the DO protocol.
 The subordinates reply with a COMMITTED or NOT COMMITTED message to the
coordinator.

If one or more subordinates did not commit, the coordinator sends an ABORT message,
thereby forcing them to UNDO all changes

5. Explain horizontal fragmentation and vertical fragmentation.

Horizontal Fragmentation refers to division of a relation into subsets (fragments) of


tuples (rows). Each fragment is stored at a different node, and each fragment has unique
rows. Each fragment represents the equivalent of a SELECT statement, with the WHERE
clause on a single attribute.

Vertical Fragmentation refers to division of a relation into attribute (column)


subsets. Each subset (fragment) is stored at a different node, and each fragment
has unique columns -- with the exception of the key column. This is the
.equivalent of the PROJECT statement

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