ASSIGNMENT RUBRICS (30%)

No. ITEM(S) CLO FULL STUDENT’S MARKS

MARK
S

1. Cover Page
• Name of Group Members
• Matrix No. CLO1:C1 1
• Name of Lecturer

2. Acknowledgement and Table of Content CLO1:C1 2

4. Introduction
• Objective/s of the study CLO1:C1 2

5. Body
• Data arrangement (3 tables : 1 x 3 ) CLO2: C3, A1 3

• Graphical method (2 graphs : 3 x2 ) CLO2: C3, A1 6

• Measures of central tendency CLO2: C3, A1/ 4

CLO3: C4, A2 1.5

• Measures of variation CLO2: C3, A1/ 3

CLO3: C4, A2 1

• Measure of position CLO2: C3, A1/ 3

CLO3: C4, A2 1.5

6. Conclusion (including shape of data CLO3: C4, A2 2

distribution)

Total 30
Acknowledgment

First of all, we would like to thank everyone who had showed their contribution and effort
in helping us to fulfill this assignment. Their participation had given a lot of help and support to
us so we can do efficiently in this assignment. We would like to express our gratefulness and
appreciation to our lecturer who named Madam. Naziatul Aziah Binti Mohd Radzi to help us to
carry out this assignment. We followed her instructions and lesson she had been taught us to make
us complete our task given on time.

Moreover, we would like to reveal our thanks to our group members who giving full
commitment and passion while doing this assignment. Accompanied by each other's cooperation,
understanding, and tolerating construct us to accomplish this report. We would also like to thank
our family who gave full support to our study at University Malaysia Kelantan (UMK). Last but
not least, we are very grateful to University Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) for giving us this
opportunity to run this assignment.
TABLE OF CONTENT

BIL. TITLE NO.PAGE

1. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-2

2. 2.0 BODY 3

2.1 DATA ARRANGEMENT 3–6

2.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD 7-8

2.3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 9 – 11

2.4 MEASURES OF VARIATION 12 – 13

2.5 MEASURES OF POSITION 14 – 16

3. 3.0 CONCLUSION 17 - 18
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Business statistics concentrate towards the data analysis tools from basic statistics and
apply them to business such as estimating the probability of a defect coming off a factory line, or
seeing where sales are headed in the future. There are various tools used in business statistics are
built on ones you’ve probably already come across in basic math such as mean, mode and
median, bar graphs and the bell curve, and basic probability.

Frequency distribution one of the mathematical function showing the number of instances
in which a variable takes each of its possible values. Relative frequency distribution are to compute
relative frequency, one obtains a frequency count for the total population and another frequency is
count for a subgroup of the population. A cumulative frequency distribution are sum of the class
and all classes below it in a frequency distribution. All that means is you are adding up value and
all of the values that came before it.

A measure of central tendency are single value that attempts to describe a set of data by
identifying the central position within that set of data. Moreover, measures of central tendency are
sometimes called measures of central location. They are also classed as summary statistics. The
mean is most likely the measure of central tendency that you are most familiar with, but there are
other measure such as the median and the mode. The mean, median, and mode are all valid
measures of central tendency but under different conditions which is some measures of central
tendency become more appropriate to use than others. In the following sections, we will
concentrates towards mean, mode, and median, and learn how to calculate them and under what
conditions they are most appropriate to be used.

Variation is a way to show how data is dispersed or spread out. Several measures of variation
are used in statistics. Firstly, the range is one of the most basic measures of variation. It is the
difference between the smallest data item in the set and the largest. For example, the range of 73,
79, 84, 87, 88, 91, and 94 is 21, because 94 – 73 is 21. Secondly, the quartile divides your data
into a quarter which is the lowest 25%, the next lowest 25%, the second-highest 25%, and the
highest 25%. After that, the interquartile range is one of the most popular measures of

1
the variation used in statistics. It is a measure of how data is spread around the mean. The basic
formula is IQR = Q3 – Q1. Lastly, variance tells you how far a data set is spread out, but it is an
abstract number that is only useful for calculating the standard deviation.

After, do all the variations and move to measures position which is the position of a value,
relative to other values in a set of data. The most common measures of position are percentiles,
quartile, and standard scores.

2
2.0 BODY
2.1 DATA ARRANGEMENT

Data can be described by using a table and graph.

There are 3 types of tables that can be used to describe the data.

I. Frequency Distribution

223.9 248.6 227.4 207.3 231.8 203.2

223.4 225.4 223.6 211.2 211.2 254.6

205.8 209.5 220.2 232.1 247.5 256.8

253.9 213.9 212.1 242.2 241.2 230.7

238.6 222.2 245.7 220.5 211.2

Step 1: Decide on the number of classes

A useful recipe to determine the number of classes (k) is the “2 to the k rule” such that 2k > n.
There was 29 sample, so it is 29. If we try k = 4, which means we would use 4 classes, then 2 4 =
16, somewhat is less than 29. Hence, 4 is not enough classes. If we let k = 5, 25 = 32 which is
greater than 29. So the recommended number of classes is 5.

Step 2: Determine the class interval or width

𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒎𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚 − 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚

𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 =
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

256.8 −203.2
= 29

3
= 10.72 (Round up to 11)

Step 3: Set the individual's class limit.

The minimum data entry is a convenient lower limit for the first class. To find the lower limits
of the remaining five classes, add the class width of 11 to the lower limit of each previous class.
The upper limit of the first class is 213.2, which is one less than the lower limit of the second class.
The upper limits of the other classes are 213.2 + 11 = 224.2, 224.2 + 11 = 235.2, and so on.

Step 4: Make a tally mark for each data entry in the appropriate class.

Step 5: The number of the tally mark for a class is the frequency for that class.

Classes Tally Frequency (f)

203.2 - 213`.2 ||||| |||| 9

214.2 - 224.2 ||||| | 6

225.2 - 235.2 ||||| 5

236.2 - 246.2 |||| 4

247.2 - 257.2 ||||| 5

f = 29

Table 1: Frequency Distribution

II. Relative Frequency Distribution

4
The relative frequency is the portion or percentage of the data that falls in that class.

To find the relative frequency of a class, divide the frequency, f by the sample size, n.

𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝒇)

𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 =
𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 (𝒏)

Classes Frequency (f) Relative Frequency

203.2 - 213.2 9 0.31

214.2 - 224.2 6 0.21

225.2 - 235.2 5 0.17

236.2 - 246.2 4 0.14

247.2 - 257.2 5 0.17

f = 29
n
f
=1

Table 2 : Relative Frequency Distribution

III. Cumulative Frequency Distribution

5
The cumulative frequency of a class is the sum of the frequency for that class and all previous
classes

The cumulative frequency of the last class = Sample size (n)

Classes Frequency (f) Relative Cumulative

Frequency Frequency

203.2 - 213.2 9 0.31 9

214.2 - 224.2 6 0.21 15

225.2 - 235.2 5 0.17 20

236.2 - 246.2 4 0.14 24

247.2 - 257.2 5 0.17 29

f = 29
n
f
=1

Table 3: Cumulative Frequency Distribution

2.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD

6
I. Frequency Polygon Table and Graph

A frequency polygon is a line graph that emphasizes the continuous change in the frequencies.
Below show the table and graph that represent frequency polygon.

Classes Midpoint Frequency

203.2 - 213.2 208.2 9

214.2 - 224.2 219.2 6

225.2 - 235.2 230.2 5

236.2 - 246.2 241.2 4

247.2 - 257.2 252.2 5

f = 29

Table 1: Frequency Polygon

Frequency polygon
10
9 9
8
7
Frequency

6 6
5 5 5
4 4
3
2
1
0
208.2 219.2 230.2 241.2 252.2
Current Prices of Vehicles

Graph 1: Frequency Polygon

II. Ogive Table and Graph

7
An ogive graph is a line graph that displays the cumulative frequency of each class at its upper-
class boundaries. Table 1 below shows the data set of an ogive for the frequency distribution and
graph 1 represents the ogive graph.

Table 1: Frequency Polygon

Classes Lower Upper Midpoint Frequency
Boundaries
Boundaries

203.2 - 213.2 202.7 213.7 208.2 9

214.2 - 224.2 213.7 224.7 219.2 6

225.2 - 235.2 224.7 235.7 230.2 5

236.2 - 246.2 235.7 246.7 241.2 4

247.2 - 257.2 246.7 257.7 252.2 5

f = 29

Histogram
10
9
8
7
Frequency

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
208.2 219.2 230.2 241.2 252.2
Current prices of vehicles

Graph 2: Histogram

2.3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

8
 Measurement of central tendency provides information about typical or average values of the
data set. This central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying
the central position within that set of data. As such, measures of central tendency are sometimes called
measures of central location. Three most commonly used to measures central tendency by mean,
median, and mean. It is unique that a data set has one and only one mean. The value of the mean is
influenced by all observations in the data set. In the following sections, we will like to look at the
calculation of mean, mode, and median for grouped data.

➢ MEAN

The statistical mean refers to the mean or average that is used to derive the central tendency of
data in question. It is determined by the arithmetic average is the sum of all values in the data set
divided by the number of values. The formula of the mean for grouped data shows below:

∑(𝒇𝒙)
Mean, x̅= 𝒏

Where,

f: frequency of a class

x: midpoint of a class

n: ∑ 𝑓 (number of entries in the sample)

Solution :
∑(𝑓𝑥)
Mean, x̅=
𝑛

6565.8
=
29

= 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟏

❖ So the mean of the current price of vehicles is approximately 226.41 (RM’000).

➢ MEDIAN

9
 It refers to the middle value when the data values are arranged in numerical order. When the
odd number of data entries, the median is the middle value in the order. If there is even a number,
the median is the mean of the two middle data entries. Below is the formula for grouped data :

𝒏
− ∑𝒇𝒎−𝟏
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏, = 𝑳𝒎 [𝟐 ]×𝒄
𝒇𝒎

Where,

𝐿𝑚 : lower class boundary of median class

𝑓𝑚 : frequency of the median class

∑𝑓𝑚−1 : cumulative frequency before median class

c : class size/ class width

Solution :

29
( 2 ) 𝑡ℎ observation = 14.5th observation:- median class : 214.2 – 224.2

𝑛
− ∑𝑓𝑚−1
= 𝐿𝑚 [2 ]×𝑐
𝑓𝑚

29
−9
= 213.7 + [ 2 ] × 10
6

= 𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟕

❖ Therefore the median of the current price of vehicles is 222.87(RM’000).

➢ MODE

10
 The data entry that occurs with the greatest frequency. If there is no entry is repeated, the
data set has no mode. If two entries occur with the same greatest frequency, each entry is a
model, and the data set is called bimodal. The mode formula for grouped data has shown below
:

∆𝟏
Mode, = 𝑳𝒎 + [∆ ]× c
𝟏 +∆𝟐

Where,

𝐿𝑚 : the lower class boundary of the modal class

∆1: the difference between the frequency of modal class and the frequency of the class before the
modal class

∆2 : the difference between the frequency of modal class and the frequency of the class after
modal class

c : class size / class width

Solution :

∆1
= 𝐿𝑚 + [∆ ]× c
1 +∆𝟐

6−9
= 213.7 + [(6−9)+(6−5)] ×10

= 228.70

❖ The highest current price of vehicles is 228.70(RM’000).

2.4 MEASURES OF VARIATION

11
 The measure of variation is a measure of central tendency is some parameters attempt to
describe the amount of variation between random variables. Usually, we will use three types of
parameters such as range, variance and standard deviation to calculate the amount of variation
between random variables.

➢ RANGE

The range of data is used to measure the difference between the maximum and minimum data
entries in the set. The formula to measure range is:

Range = (Maximum data entry) – (Minimum data entry)

Solution:-

= 257.2－203.3

= 53.9

❖ Therefore, the range is about 53.9.

➢ VARIANCE

The formula to measure variance is:

𝟏 (∑ 𝒇𝒙)𝟐
s2= [∑ 𝒇𝒙𝟐 − ]
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏

Solution:-

12
 2
s =
1 
1494111.16 −
(6565.8) 2 
29 − 1  29 


1  43109729.64 
= 1494111.16 − 
28  29 

=
1
1494111.16 − 1486542.40
28

=
1
7568.76
28

= 270.31

➢ STANDARD DEVIATION

The formula to measure standard deviation is:

s= s2

2
= 270.31

= 16.44

❖ Therefore, the sample variance is about 270.31 and the sample standard deviation is
about 16.44.

2.5 MEASURE OF POSITION

13
 A measure of position is a method by which the position that a particular data value has
within a given data set can be identified. As with other types of measures, there is more than one
approach to defining such a measure. To determine the measurement of position, the data must be
sorted from lowest to highest. The different measures of position are:
1. Quartiles - Divide the data set into four equal parts
2. Deciles - Divide the data set into ten equal parts
3. Percentiles - Divide the data set into one hundred equal parts

Quartile

Quartiles are the values of the variable that divide a set of observations into 4 equal parts. Each set
of observations has 3 quartiles and they are denoted by Q1, Q2, and Q3 :

• The first quartile Q1 is a value in the data set that 25% of the values fall below Q1 and 75%
of the values fall above Q1.
• The second quartile Q2 is a value in the data set that 50% of the values fall below Q2 and
50% of the values fall above Q2.
• The third quartile Q3 is a value in the data set that 75% of the values fall below Q3 and
25% of the values fall above Q3.

The difference between the upper and lower quartiles is called the Interquartile range.

Classes Frequency (f) Relative Cumulative

Frequency Frequency

203.2 - 213.2 9 0.31 9

214.2 - 224.2 6 0.21 15

225.2 - 235.2 5 0.17 20

236.2 - 246.2 4 0.14 24

247.2 - 257.2 5 0.17 29

f = 29
n
f
=1

14
Q1

𝒏
−𝑭
𝑸 = 𝑳 + [𝟒 ] ×𝑪
𝒇

𝑛 29
First step : = = 7.25
4 4

L = 214.2 – 0.5 = 213.7

F=9

C = 11

F=6

7.25 − 9
𝑄1 = 213.7 + [ ] × 11
6
= 213.7 – 3.2

= 210.5

Q3

15
 𝒏
−𝑭
𝑸 = 𝑳 + [𝟒 ] ×𝑪
𝒇

3𝑛
First step : = 21.75
4

L = 236.2 – 0.5 = 235.7

F = 20

C = 11

F=4

21.75 − 20
𝑄3 = 235.7 + [ ] × 11
4
= 235.7 + 4.8

= 240.5

Interquartile range = Q3 – Q1

= 240.5 – 210.5

= 30

3.0 CONCLUSION

16
 In conclusion, we used some methods such as data arrangement, graphical methods, a
measure of tendency, and measure of position to calculate the data of the current price (RM '000)
of vehicles for the impact of gross domestic product (GDP) in Malaysia. As a first step, to arrange
the data given we used frequency distribution to calculate the number of classes(5), class interval
or width(10.72/11), and the class limits.

Other than that, relative frequency distribution and cumulative frequency distribution are
also used to arrange the data. For the graphical method, we used two types of graphs such as
frequency polygon and histogram. We used measures of central tendency to calculate mode,
mean, and median where the mode was stated as (228.70), mean (226.41), and median (222.87).
For a measure of variation, we used range (53.9), variance (270.31), and standard deviation
(16.44). The quartile method was used to calculate the interquartile range (30) for the measure of
position.

The shape of the distribution can be divided into two types such as symmetric and non-
symmetric. The symmetric line will occur when a vertical line can be drawn through the middle
of the graph of the distribution where the graph could show the mirror image. The non-symmetric
line occurs when the graph of the distribution equals to skewed into left or skewed into the right
graphs.

The shape of the distribution of the current price (RM '000) of vehicles for the impact of gross
domestic product (GDP) in Malaysia is shown below:

17
 10
9
8
7

Frequency
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
203.2 - 213.2 214.2 - 224.2 225.2 - 235.2 236.2 - 246.2 247.2 - 257.2
Current Price of vehicles

Therefore it is skewed to the right.

18