1.

Title tag

Title tags are used to set up those clickable headlines that you see in the SERP:

Generally speaking, it's up to Google to create a SERP headline for your page, and it
could use any of the section headings from within the page - or it may even create a new
headline altogether.

But the first place Google is going to check for headline ideas is the title tag, and where a
title tag is present, Google will very likely make it the main headline in the relevant
listing. As such, optimizing the title tag gives you some control over the way your page is
represented in the SERP.

Best practices

On the one hand, your title should contain the keywords that will help it appear in
search results. On the other, your title should be attractive enough for users to actually
click through, so a balance is required between search optimization and user experience:

 Watch the length - Google will only display the first 50-60 characters of your
title, and cut the rest. It's not a problem to have a title that’s longer than 60
characters, so long as you fit the important information before the cut-off point.
  Include a reasonable number of keywords - Keyword stuffing is likely to
get penalized, but one or two keywords will be fine. Just make sure that your title
forms a coherent sentence.
 Write good copy - Don’t be salesy, and don’t be generic. Create descriptive
titles that highlight the value of your content, and set up proper expectations, so
that users aren't let down when they visit the page.
 Add your brand name - If you have a recognizable brand that’s likely to
increase your click-through, then feel free to add it to the title as well.

HTML code

Below is a bit of code retrieved from a BBC article on coronavirus statistics. You can see
a properly set up title tag sitting right on top of the meta description tag - which is what
we're going to discuss next:

2. Meta description tag

Meta description tags are used to set up descriptions within search result snippets:
Google doesn't always use meta description tags to create these snippets, but if the meta
tag is there, then there's a good chance that your meta description will make it onto the
SERP.

Keep in mind, however, that sometimes Google will ignore the meta description tag, and
instead quote a bit of copy from the page. This normally happens when the quote is a
better match for a particular query than the meta description would have been.

Basically, Google will choose the best option for increasing your chances of click-
through.

Best practices

The rules for meta descriptions are not overly strict - after all, if you fail to write a good
one, even if you fail to write one altogether, then Google will write one for you.

 Watch the length - Same as with headlines, Google will keep the first 150-160
characters of your meta description, and cut the rest. Ensure that the important
aspects are included early on to maximize searcher interest.
 Write good copy - While the meta description is not used for ranking, it's still
important to optimize it for search intent. The more relevant your description is,
based on the respective query, the more likely a user will visit your page.
 Consider skipping meta description - It can be difficult to create good copy
for particularly long-tailed keywords, or for pages that target a variety of
 keywords. In those cases, consider leaving the meta description out - Google will
scrape your page and populate your snippet with a few relevant quotes either
way.

HTML code

Below is a bit of code retrieved from the same BBC article on coronavirus statistics, and
you can see that following the title tag is a meta description tag, which provides a brief
summary of what the article is about:

3. Heading (H1-H6) tags

Heading tags are used to structure your pages for both the reader and search engines:

It’s no secret that barely anyone reads through an article anymore - what we generally
do instead is we scan the article until we find the section we like, we read that one
section, and then we bounce. And if the article isn't split into sections, then many will
bounce right away, because it’s just too much. So, from a user perspective, headings are
handy reading aids.

From the perspective of the search engine, however, heading tags form the core of the
content, and help search crawler bots understand what the page is about. 

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Best practices

The rules for headings are derived from the general copywriting practices - break your
copy into bite-sized pieces and maintain consistent formatting:

 Don’t use more than one H1 - H1 heading stands apart from other headings
because it's treated by search engines as the title of the page. Not to be confused
with the title tag - the title tag is displayed in search results, while the H1 tag is
displayed on your website.
 Maintain shallow structure - There's rarely a need to go below H3. Use H1
for the title, H2 for section headings, and H3 for subsections. Anything more
tends to get confusing.
 Form query-like headings - Treat each heading as an additional opportunity
to rank in search. To this end, each heading should sound either like a query or
an answer to a query - keywords included.
 Be consistent with all headings - All of your headings should be written in
such a way that if you were to remove all the text and keep only the headings,
they would read like a list.

HTML code

Below is a snippet of code retrieved from the same BBC article on coronavirus statistics,
and you can see that there's a properly set up H2 heading, followed by two paragraphs:

4. Image alt text

While the main goal of alt text is web accessibility, the SEO goal of the alt attribute is
image indexing.

The key goal of image alt text is to help users understand the image when it cannot be
viewed, say, by a visitor who is vision impaired. In this instance, along with times when,
say, there's a problem and the image won't load, the alt text can be used to describe
what's in the image, instead of viewing it.

From an SEO perspective, alt text is a big part of how images are indexed in Google
search. So if there is a visual component to what you do - be it the images of your
products, your work, your stock images, your art - then you should definitely consider
using image alt texts.

Best practices

A prerequisite to adding alt text tags is finding all the images without it.

You can use a tool like WebSite Auditor to crawl your website and compile a list of
images with missing alt text. 

Once you've created your list, apply these guidelines:

 Be concise, but descriptive - Good alt text is about a line or two of text that
would help a visually impaired person understand what's pictured.
 Don’t be too concise - One word, or even a few words, are probably not going
to cut it - there would be no way to differentiate the image from other images.
Think of all possible properties displayed: object type, color, material, shape,
finish, lighting, etc.
s of various page components:

Before the introduction of HTML5 elements, we mostly used div tags to split HTML

code into separate components, and then we used classes and ids to further specify
those components. Each webmaster specified the components in their own custom way,
and as such, it ended up being a bit of a mess, and a challenge for search engines to
understand what was what on each page.

With the introduction of semantic HTML5 elements, we’ve got a set of intuitive tags,
each describing a separate page component. So, instead of tagging our content with a
bunch of confusing divs, we now have a way of describing the components in an easy-to-
understand, standardized way.

As you can imagine, search engines are very enthusiastic about semantic HTML5.
HTML code

Here are some of the handiest semantic HTML5 elements, use them to improve your
communication with search engines:

 article - isolates a post from the rest of the code, makes it portable
 section - isolates a group of posts within a blog or a group of headings within a
post
 aside - isolates supplementary content that is not part of the main content
 header - isolates the top part of the document, article, section, may contain
navigation
 footer - isolates the bottom of the document, article, section, contains meta
information
 nav - isolates navigation menus, groups of navigational elements

7. Meta robots tag

Robots meta tag is all about the rules of engagement between the websites and the
search engines.

This is where website owners get to outline a set of rules for crawling and indexing their
pages. Some of these rules are obligatory, while others are more like suggestions - not all
crawlers will respect robots meta tags, but mainstream search engines often will. And if
there is no meta robots tag, then the crawlers will do as they please.

Best practices

Meta robots tag should be placed in the head section of the page code, and it should
specify which crawlers it addresses and which instructions should be applied:

 Address robots by name - Use robots if your instructions are for all crawlers,
but use specific names to address individual crawlers. Google’s standard web
crawler, for example, is called Googlebot. Addressing individual robots is usually
 done to ban malicious crawlers from the page while allowing well-intentioned
crawlers to carry on.
 Match instructions to your goals - You’d normally want to use robots meta
tags to keep search engines from indexing documents, internal search results,
duplicate pages, staging areas, and whatever else you don’t want to show up in
search.

HTML code

Below are some of the parameters most commonly used with robots meta tags. You can
use any number of them in a single meta robots tag, separated by a comma:

 noindex — page should not be indexed

 nofollow — links on the page should not be followed
 follow — links on the page should be followed, even if the page is not to be
indexed
 noimageindex — images on the page should not be indexed
 noarchive — search results should not show a cached version of the page
 unavailable_after — page should not be indexed beyond a certain date.

8. Canonical tag

Canonical tag spares you from the risk of duplicate content:

The gist of it is that any given page, through no fault of your own, can have several
addresses. Sometimes they result from various artifacts - like http/https and various
tracking tags - and other times they result from various sorting and customization
options available in product catalogs.

It’s not a big problem, to be honest, except that all those addresses might be taxing on
the crawl budget, and on your page authority, and it can also mess with your
performance tracking. The alternative is to use a canonical tag to tell a search engine
which of those page addresses is the main one.
Best practices

To avoid potential SEO complications, apply the canonical tag to the following pages:

 Pages available via different URLs

 Pages with very similar content
 Dynamic pages that create their own URL parameters