Calculus

Chapter 2
Differentiation

Norhafizah Md Sarif
Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology
 Description

Aims
This chapter is aimed to :
1. introduce the concept and notation of differentiation
2. explain the basic properties of differential
3. compute the differential using first principle and using table
4. expose the techniques of differentiation
5. determine the higher order derivatives
6. solve parametric differentiation
7. differentiate between explicit and implicit equation and its differential

Expected Outcomes
1. Students should be able to describe the concept of differentiation
2. Students should be able to explain about basic properties of differential
 Description

Expected Outcomes
1. Students should be able to find differential using
first derivative and table
2. Student should be able to identify the appropriate t
techniques of differentiation

References
1. Abdul Wahid Md Raji, Hamisan Rahmat, Ismail Kamis,
Mohd Nor Mohamad, Ong Chee Tiong. The First Course of
Calculus for Science & Engineering Students, Second
Edition, UTM 2016.
2. Siti Zanariah Satari, Mohd Nizam Kahar, Norazaliza Mohd
Jamil, Calculus for Science & Engineering, First Edition
UMP
 Content

1
Introduction to Differentiation
2 Derivative of a Function
3 Techniques of Differentiation
4 Derivative of Composite Function
5 Higher Derivative
6 Implicit Derivatives
 Applications
Do you know that we can use differentiation to find the highest point and
the lowest point of the roller coaster track?

highest point

lowest point
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Cla
sses/CalcI/Tangents_Rates.aspx
• We use the derivative to determine the maximum and
minimum values of particular functions
- cost, strength,
- amount of material used in a building
- profit & loss
 Introduction to Differentiation

1 Differentiation is all about finding rates of change of

one quantity compared to another.

2 The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation

3 The most common notations for the derivative are.

dy
f '( x) y'
dx
 Derivative of a Function

Definition – First Principle: The derivative of the function f ( x)

with respect at a point (x) if the function where

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ( x)  lim
h 0 h

The process of finding derivative using the above definition is

called the first principle.
 Differentiation using first principle

Write an
expression for f(x)

Step 1
Evaluate the limit
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 5 Write an
lim
h 0 h expression for
2
f(x+h)

3
Simplify the 4
expression Substitute f(x)
and f(x+h)
into the formula
 Example

By using differentiation from the first principle, find the derivatives

of the following functions
1
(a)4 (b) 2 x  5 (c) (d) x  2
x

(a) Given f ( x)  4 , then f ( x  h)  4

Substitute f ( x) and f ( x  h) into first principle formula,

44
f '( x)  lim
h 0 h
So,

 f '( x)  0
 Example

(b) f ( x)  2 x  5

f ( x)  2 x  5 1.

f ( x  h)  2  x  h   5

2( x  h)  5  2 x  5
f '( x)  lim
h 0 h

2h
 f '( x)  lim  lim 2  2
h 0 h h 0
 Example

1
(c) f ( x) 
x
1 1.
f ( x) 
x
1
f ( x  h) 
xh

1 1

f '( x)  lim x  h x
h 0 h
x  ( x  h)
x ( x  h) h
f '( x)  lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 xh ( x  h )

1 1
 f '( x)  lim  2
h 0 x ( x  h) x
(d) f ( x)  x2

f ( x  h)  x  h  2

xh2  x2
f '( x)  lim
h 0 h
xh2  x2 xh2  x2
 lim 
h 0 h xh2  x2
( x  h  2)  ( x  2)
 lim
h 0 h( x  h  2  x  2)
1

x2 x2
1

2 x2
 Common Functions Functions Derivatives
dy
Constant yc 0
dx
dy
Power y  xn  nx n 1
dx
dy
y  ex  ex
dx
Exponential
dy
y  ax  a x (ln a)
dx
dy 1
y  ln x 
dx x
Logarithms
dy 1
y  loga x 
dx x ln a
dy
y  sin x  cos x
dx
dy
y  cos x   sin x
dx
Trigonometry ( x is in rad)
dy
y  tan x  sec 2 x
dx
dy
y  sec x  sec x tan x
dx
dy
y  sinh x  cosh x
dx
dy
Hyperbolic y  cosh x   sinh x
dx
dy
y  tanh x  sech 2 x
dx
dy 1
y  sin 1 x 
dx 1  x2
dy 1
Inverse Trigonometry y  cos1 x 
dx 1  x2
dy 1
y  tan 1 x 
dx 1  x 2
 Techniques of Differentiation

Definition – Chain Rule: If y  f (u ) and u  g ( x) , then

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
The process of finding derivative using the above definition is
called the chain rule.

Basic function such as sin t , et , ln t can be solve using table of

differentiation. However, for case sin t 2 , e3t 2 , ln 5t we need to use
chain rule to obtain the solution.
 Example

Differentiate the following functions

(a) y  (3x  5)5 , (b) y  1  t 2 , (c) y  5sin(2 x 3 ),

(a)
y   3x  5
5
and u  3 x  5, hence y  u 5
dy du
Then,  5u 4 , and 3
du dx
dy dy du
    (5u 4 )(3)  15u 4  15(3x  5) 4
dx du dx

y  1  t 2 and u  1  t 2 , hence y  u1/ 2

(b)
dy 1  12 du
Then,  u , and  2t
du 2 dx
dy dy du 1  12 
1
t
    ( u )(2t )  tu 2  
dx du dx 2 1 t2
 How about these examples?

(a) y  (4 x  1)2 (3x)

(b) y  x sin x

(c) y  t 2et

(d) y  e2t cos(3t )

x
(e) y 
x3
sin x
(f) y 
x
4e2 x
(g) y 
1  x2
 Techniques of Differentiation

 Product rule is a formula used to find the derivatives of product of

two or more functions

Definition – Product Rule: If u ( x) and v( x) are differentiable

function and y  u ( x)  v( x) , then

dy du dv
 v u
dx dx dx
 Example

Differentiate the following functions

(a) y  (4 x  1)3 (3 x), (b) y  e 2t cos(3t ), (c) y  x sin x

dy d d
(a)  (4 x  1)3 (3 x)  (4 x  1)3   (3 x)
dx dx dx
 (4 x  1)3  (3)  3(4 x  1) 2 4  (3 x)
 3(4 x  1) 2  (4 x  1)  12 x 
 3(4 x  1) 2 (16 x  1)
(b)
dy d d
 e2t (cos 3t )  (e2t )  cos(3t )
dt dx dx
 e2t  (3sin 3t )  (2e2t )  cos(3t )
 3e2t sin 3t  2e2t cos 3t
 Techniques of Differentiation

 The quotient rule is a formal rule for differentiating problems where

one function is divided by another

Definition – Quotient Rule: If u ( x) and v( x) are differentiable

u ( x)
function and y  where v( x)  0 , then
v( x)
du dv
v u
dy
 dx 2 dx
dx v
 Example

Differentiate the following functions

4x 1 sin x 4e2 x
(a) y  , (b) y  , (c) y 
3x x 1  x2

d d
(a) dy
3x   4 x  1  (3x)  (4 x  1)
 dx dx
 3x 
2
dx
3x(4)  3   4 x  1 1
 
 3x 
2
3x 2

d d
dy
x  sin x   ( x)  (sin x)
(b)  dx dx
2
dx x
x(cos x)  1 sin x x cos x  sin x
 
x2 x2
 Implicit Differentiation

Explicit

• The variable y appears alone

one side of the equation.
• E.g: y  5x3  4

Implicit

• The variable y is not alone on

one side of the equation.
• E.g: sin x  3 y  5x3  4 y 2
 How to differentiate implicit functions?

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4

Differentiate Collect
Factor out Solve for
terms dy/dx
both sides of on one side dy/dx dy/dx
the equation of the
equation
 Example

dy
Find for x3  y 2  1  2 y .
dx

d 3 d
 x  y  1   2 y 
2 1. Differentiate both sides of the
dx dx equation

2 dx dy dy
3x  2y  0  2
dx dx dx 2. Collect terms dy/dx on one
dy dy side of the equation
2 y  2  3 x 2
dx dx
dy 3. Factor out
 2 y  2   3x 2
dx
dy 3x 2 4. Solve for dy/dx

dx 2 y  2
 Example

dx
Find for x2 + t2 − 2x = sin (3t)
dt

Solution:
Differentiate both sides with respect to t
d 2 2 d
 x  t  2 x   sin 3t 
dt dt
dx dx
3 x  2t  2  3cos 3t
dt dt
Combine the same term

dx
 3x  2   3cos 3t  2t
dt
The solution is
dx 3cos 3t  2t

dt 3x  2
 Example

dy
Find for 2y2 − 3x3 = x + y
dx

Solution:

Rearrange the equation

2 y 2  y  x  3x3

This is an implicit equation.

Differentiate on the both side with respect to x yields

dy dy
4y   1  9 x2
dx dx
dy 1  9 x 2

dx 4 y  1
 Example

dy
Find for x2 y3 −𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒2𝑥
dx

Solution:
Differentiate both sides with respect to x

d 2 3 y d 2x
 x y  e   e  Remarks:
dx dx
dy 2 3
d d d xy
x 2 ( y 3 )  y 3 ( x 2 )  ( e y )  2e 2 x dx
dx dx dx This is the product of
The first two terms is the output of the product rule. two function. Product
dy dy rule is applied here
2
3x y 2
 2 y3 x  e y  2e 2 x
dx dx
dy 2(e 2 x  y 3 x)

dx 3x 2 y 2  e y
 Example

dy
If x2 + y2 − 2x − 6y + 5 = 0 , find at x = 3 , y= 2 .
dx

Solution:

Generally, differentiate as usual with respect to x on the both sides

d 2 d
 x  y 2  2 x  6 y  5   0
dx dx
d 2 d d d d d
( x )  ( y 2 )  (2 x)  (6 y )  (5)  0 
dx dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy
2x  2 y  2  6  0  0
dx dx
dy 1  x

dx y  3
dy
Substituting x = 3 , y= 2 into
dx
dy 1  3
 2
dx 2  3
 Parametric Equation

Consider the parametric equation

y  f (t ) and x  g (t )

First derivative of the parametric equation is given by

dy dy /dt dx
= provided ≠0
dx dx/dt dt

Second derivative
d dy
d2 y d dy dt dx
= =
dx2 dx dx dx
dt
 Example

t−3 t2 + 4
Parametric equation of a curve is given by x = and y =
t t
dy
(i) Find in terms of t .
dx
dy
(ii) y in terms of x and hence find
dx

Solution:

(i) Solve parametric equation by differentiating x and y

with respect to t

dx 3 dy 4
= 2 , =1− 2
dt t dt t

Parametric differentiation,

dy 4 3 t2 − 4
= 1 − 2 =
dx t t2 3
(ii) y in term of x, where

3 ----- (Equation 2.1)

t=
1−x
substituting t into y yields

3 2+4
1−x 13 − 8x +4x2
y= =
3 3(1 − x)
1−x

Differentiate y with respect to x using quotient rule

dy 15 + 24x − 12x2 5 + 8x − 4x2

= =
dx 9(1 − x)2 3(1 − x)2

Note : Compare result in (ii) with (i) by substituting Equation 2.1

into result (i).
 Example

1 dy 2t2
Given x = t + and y = (t +1)2 . Show that = .
t dx t −1

Solution:

Differentiate x and y with respect to t

dx 1 dy
= 1− 2 , = 2(t+1)
dt t dt

Parametric differentiation
dy 2(t+1) 2(t +1)t2
= = 2
dx 1− (1/ t2) t −1

Factorise and simplify whenever necessary, we obtain

dy 2(t +1)t2 2t2

= =
dx (t−1)(t +1) t −1
 Example

dy
Let x = a cos3𝜃 and y = a sin3𝜃 . Find when 𝜃 = rad
dx 3

Solution:

Differentiate x and y with respect to 𝜃.

dy dx
= 3asin2 𝜃cos 𝜃 , = − 3acos2 𝜃sin𝜃
d d

Parametric differentiation
dy 3asin2 cos sin
= = − cos = −tan𝜃
dx − 3acos2 sin

At 𝜃 = rad
3
dy  
  tan    1.7321
dx    3
3
 Example

u−5 dy
Given y = and u= x + 7 . Find when u = 1 .
1+u2 dx

Solution:

Rearrange , x = u2 - 7
Differentiate x and y with respect to u

dy 1− u2 +10u dx
= , = 2u
du (1+u2)2 du

By using parametric differentiation

dy dy /du 1− u2 +10u 1
= = ∙
dx dx/du (1+u2)2 2u

Substitute u = 1 into equation above

dy 5
=
dx 4
 Higher Derivative

If y  f ( x) , then
dy
 f ( x) is the first derivative of y
dx

d2y
 f ( x) is the second derivative of y
dx 2

d3y
3
 f ( x) is the third derivative of y
dx

d (n) y n
(n)
 f ( x) is the nth derivative of y
dx
 Example

d2y
Find for each of the following
dx2
(a) y = 8x4 +7x3 (b) 5(3x+1)6 (c) 2e-2x + 3e3x

Solution:

dy dy
(a) = 32x3 +21x2 (b) = 30∙(3x+1)5 ∙ 3 = 90 (3x+1)5
dx dx
d2y d2y
= 96x2 + 42x = 450∙(3x+1)4 ∙ 3 = 1350(3x+1)4
dx2 dx2

dy
(c) = -4e-2x + 9e3x
dx

d2y
= 8e-2x + 27e3x
dx2
 Example
2
1 2 d y dy
If y  2 2
x  prove that x  2 x  6 y  0.
x3 dx 2 dx

Solution:
dy 3
First derivative:  4x  4 (1)
dx x
d2y 12
Second derivative: 2  4  5 (2)
dx x
Substitute (1), (2), and y into second order differential equation to
prove the equation

d2y dy  12   3  1
x2
 2x  6 y  x2  4  5   2x  4x  4   6  2x2  3 
dx dx  x   x   x 
12 6 6
 4 x 2  3  8 x 2  3  12 x 2  3
x x x
 0 (proven)
 Example
dy d 2 y
If y  xe show that 6  2  9 y  0
3x
.
dx dx

Solution:
dy
First derivative:  3xe3 x  e3 x (1)
dx
d2y
Second derivative: 2
 6e3 x  9 xe3 x (2)
dx
Substitute (1), (2), and y into second order differential equation to
prove the equation
dy d 2 y
6   9 y  6  3 xe3 x  e3 x    6e3 x  9 xe3 x   9  xe3 x 
dx dx
 18 xe3 x  6e3 x  6e3 x  9 xe3 x  9 xe3 x
 0 (shown)
 Example

d2y y  3t 4
x  2t 2
4
Find for and
dx2

First derivative of parametric equation : .

dx dy dy 12t 3
 4t ,  12t 3   3t 2
dt dt dx 4t

Second derivative of parametric equation :

d 2 y d  dy  d
   
dx 2 dx  dx  dx
3 
t 2

By using knowledge from implicit differentiation

d2y d 1 3
dx 2

dx
 3t 2
  6t
dt
dx
 6t  
 4t  2
 Example

1 d2y
Given x = t2 + 2t and y = . Find in term of t
t dx2

Solution:

First derivative of parametric equation : .

dx dy 1 dy 1 1 1
 2t  2,  2  2   2
dt dt t dx t 2(t  1) 2t  t  1

Second derivative of parametric equation :

d 2 y d  dy  d  1 
     
dx 2 dx  dx  dx  2t 2  t  1 

By using knowledge from implicit differentiation

d2y d  1  3t  2 1 3t  2
      
dx 2 dx  2t 2  t  1  2t 3 (t  1) 2  t  1 4t 4  t  12
 Conclusions

 Derivative of a function can be found using the first principle

method.

 Table of Differentiation provide a great aid in finding the derivative

of a function.
Thank you.
I hope you have enjoyed this
lesson.