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Data Representation (Qualitative Data) : Bar Diagram

Bar diagrams and pie charts are used to represent qualitative data, while histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives represent quantitative data. Bar diagrams compare data categories using bars of different lengths along the vertical axis. Pie charts show proportions using slices of a circle, with the slice size proportional to the quantity. Histograms display frequency distributions using bars along the x-axis. Frequency polygons connect points plotted from class midpoints and frequencies. Ogives connect cumulative frequency points plotted against class limits.

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23 views

Data Representation (Qualitative Data) : Bar Diagram

Bar diagrams and pie charts are used to represent qualitative data, while histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives represent quantitative data. Bar diagrams compare data categories using bars of different lengths along the vertical axis. Pie charts show proportions using slices of a circle, with the slice size proportional to the quantity. Histograms display frequency distributions using bars along the x-axis. Frequency polygons connect points plotted from class midpoints and frequencies. Ogives connect cumulative frequency points plotted against class limits.

Uploaded by

Rupal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Representation (Qualitative Data)

Bar Diagram:
 A bar graph (also known as a bar chart or bar diagram) is a visual tool that uses
bars to compare data (qualitative) among categories.
 Horizontal axis (X-axis) represents the categories.
 Vertical axis (Y axis) represents the frequencies.
 Each category is presented by a rectangular bar and the length of that bar
should be equal to its corresponding frequency.

** Steps to draw a Bar diagram:


A. Decide on a title for your graph.
B. Draw the vertical and horizontal axis
C. Label the vertical axes by considering Scale.
D. Represents each category by equal magnitude of rectangular bar where they
should not touched together and the height of each bar should be their
corresponding frequency.
E. Label each category in Horizontal axis.

Multiple Bar diagram:


 In a multiple bars diagram two or more sets of inter-related data are
represented (multiple bar diagram provides comparison between more than one
phenomena).
 Appropriate for the bi- variate type of frequency distribution table.

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 Construction is almost same as Bar graph except multiple data points for each
category of data are shown with the addition of columns.

Pie Chart:
 A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical graphic, which is divided into
slices to illustrate numerical proportion.
 The total angle formed at the centre is 360°.. In a pie chart, the arc length of each
slice (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it
represents.

 The whole circle represents the sum of the values of all the components.

** Steps to draw Pie chart:


A. Find the central angle for each component using the formula,

Corresponding Angle= (Frequency of that category/Total no. of


Frequency)*360
B. Draw a circle of any radius.

C. Draw a horizontal radius

D. Starting with the horizontal radius, making central angles corresponding to the
values of respective categories.

E. Repeat the process for all the category of the given data.

F. Thus, we obtain the required pie chart.

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Data Representations (Quantitative data)
***Steps to draw a Histogram:
1) Check the class interval.
If it is in exclusive form, then ok.
If it is in inclusive form, then make it exclusive.
2) Plot the frequency in Y- axis and class interval in X-axis.
3) Draw bar for each class interval where height of each bar be the frequency of that
class.

*** Steps to draw a Frequency Polygon:

1) Check the class interval.


If it is in exclusive form, then ok.
If it is in inclusive form, then make it exclusive.
2) Find out the mid value of each class.
Where,
3) Plot the frequency in Y- axis and class mid value (class interval) in X-axis.
4) Plot the frequency of each class in XY plane against mid value of that class.
5) Now, connect all points.
6) Connect the point of the 1st class interval with the lower limit of that class and the
point of the last class interval with the upper limit of that class.

*** Steps to draw an Ogive Line:

1) Check the class interval.


If it is in exclusive form, then ok.
If it is in inclusive form, then make it exclusive.
2) Find out the cumulative frequency of each class.
3) Plot the cumulative frequency in Y- axis and class interval in X-axis.
4) Plot the cumulative frequency of each class in XY plane against upper class limit
of each class.
5) Now, connect all points.

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6) Connect the point of the 1st class interval with the lower limit of that class.

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