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Iv. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams: CHAPTER 6, Sections 1-3, 5

This document provides lecture notes on shear and diagonal tension in beams. It discusses failure due to shear force, diagonal tension cracks, and ACI code provisions for shear design including equations for nominal shear strength and requirements for shear reinforcement spacing.

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BELAL ALSUBARI
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© © All Rights Reserved
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69 views

Iv. Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams: CHAPTER 6, Sections 1-3, 5

This document provides lecture notes on shear and diagonal tension in beams. It discusses failure due to shear force, diagonal tension cracks, and ACI code provisions for shear design including equations for nominal shear strength and requirements for shear reinforcement spacing.

Uploaded by

BELAL ALSUBARI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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560.325 Lecture Notes © T.

Igusa 43

IV. SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION IN BEAMS


CHAPTER 6, Sections 1-3, 5

1. Introduction
The preceding section dealt with two types of failure patterns: yielding of the
reinforcing steel due to tension stresses and crushing of the concrete due to
compression stresses. Both of these failure patterns are related to the moment
acting on the beam.
This section deals with failure due to the shear force acting on the beam.

2. Diagonal Tension in Homogeneous Elastic Beams


The principal stresses in a beam under combined moment and shear loads varies in
a complicated manner throughout the beam. For the design of reinforced concrete
structures, it is necessary only to know the very basic relation between the shear
acting at a beam cross section and the so-called diagonal tension stresses.
Consider a portion of a beam under a shear load as shown below. The direction of
the principle stresses at the bottom and middle of the beam are important. The
shear cracks are approximately in the 45˚ diagonal direction.

diagonal tension crack tension crack

shear only tension only


560.325 Lecture Notes © T. Igusa 44

5. ACI Code Provisions for Shear Design


The nominal shear strength of a beam is based on a simplified diagonal tension
crack failure pattern. To prevent this failure, web or shear reinforcement in the
form of relatively thin steel bars bent in U shapes, are added to the beam. These U-
shaped bars are called stirrups, and they have the additional construction function
of keeping the longitudinal bars in place.

Definitions
Vu = design shear load computed at a distance d away from the supports
Vn = total nominal shear strength
Vc = nominal shear strength of the concrete
Vs = required shear strength of the shear reinforcement
φV n = 0.85 Vn = design shear strength

Av = total steel cross section area of one stirrup (usually 2 × bar area)
s = horizontal spacing between two stirrups
bw = width of the beam (b = bw for rectangular beams)
560.325 Lecture Notes © T. Igusa 45

Basic equations
The basic design equation is
Vu (at a distance at least d away from the supports) ≤ φ Vn = 0.85 Vn (6-14)

The expression for the nominal shear strength is


V n = Vc + Av fy d / s = concrete strength + steel stirrup strength (6-9)

The concrete strength is based on curve fitting of experimental data:


V c = 2 f'c bw d (6-8)

It is convenient to use the required strength of the shear reinforcement, Vs.


This is found by subtracting the concrete strength from the load:
φV s = Vu – φVc (Vu is computed at a distance d from the supports)

Shear reinforcement requirements


Theoretically, there is no need for shear reinforcement when the load is smaller
than the concrete strength: Vu ≤ φ Vc. However, for safe design, the ACI Code has
the following requirements:

Vu ≤ φVc / 2 , No shear reinforcement is needed.

φVc / 2 < Vu ≤ φVc , Minimum shear reinforcement is required.


This is specified by maximum values for the
spacing s of the stirrups.

φV c < Vu , Shear reinforcement area is found from


equations (6-14) and (6-9).

Spacing requirements
For design purposes, it is more convenient to use equations for the spacing, s,
between the stirrups. The ACI Code has maximum values for the spacing:

If φVs ≤ 2φVc , then the spacing must be less than s ≤ smax:

s max = minimum of: Av fy / 50 bw (6-22)


d/2
24 in.

If 2φVc < φVs ≤ 4φVc , then the spacing must be less than s ≤ smax/2.
560.325 Lecture Notes © T. Igusa 46

The ACI Code does not allow 4φVc < φVs . In such cases, the concrete
strength, Vc, is too small and must be increased. In other words, the
dimensions of the beam must be enlarged.

If φV c < Vu , then, in addition to the preceding maximum spacing, the


spacing must also satisfy equations (6-14) and (6-9):

φ A v fy d
s ≤ (6-21)
Vu – φ Vc

Design procedure
The following steps are used in design of shear reinforcement.

1. Find the shear along the entire beam. A well-drawn diagram is helpful.

2. Find the concrete strength


V c = 2 f'c bw d (6-8)
Find the required reinforcement strength
φVs = Vu – φVc (Vu is computed at a distance d from the supports)
Find where shear reinforcement is required, namely where: φV c / 2 < Vu.

3. Find the maximum spacing for the stirrups, which is in terms of smax :

s max = minimum of: Av fy / 50 bw (6-22)


d/2
24 in.

If φVs ≤ 2φVc, the spacing must be less than s ≤ smax.


If 2φVc < φVs ≤ 4φVc, the spacing must be less than s ≤ smax / 2.
If 4φVc < φVs, the concrete strength, Vc, must be increased.

4. Find the spacing of the stirrups beginning from a distance of d from a support.
Use the spacing formula

φ Av fy d
s ≤ for φ Vc < Vu (6-21)
V u – φ Vc

The spacing should be in whole integers, and the number of different spacings
should be limited. (In this class, about three different spacings is about right.)
560.325 Lecture Notes © T. Igusa 47

Shear and spacing diagrams

shear reinforcement
satisfying equation (6-21)

minimum shear
Vu reinforcement s ≤ s max or smax /2

no shear
reinforcement

φ Vc

φ Vc
2

d distance from the support, x

s max or s max /2

s from
equation (6-21)

d distance from the support, x


560.325 Lecture Notes © T. Igusa 48

Example 4.1
Consider a beam with span L = 14 ft, design load wu = 15.8 k/ft, and dimensions
were b = 15", h = 25", and d = 22.5"; the material properties are f'c = 4 ksi and fy = 60
ksi.)
Using No. 3 stirrups, design the shear reinforcement.

Solution
1. Find the shear along the entire beam. A well-drawn diagram is helpful.

Vu

2. Find the concrete strength:

V c = 2 f'c bw d =
Find the required reinforcement strength: φV s = Vu – φV c
Find the value of x where:
φVc = Vu
φVc / 2 = Vu

3. Find the maximum spacing for the stirrups:


s max = minimum of: Av fy / 50 bw =
d/2 =
24 in. =
Determine the spacing requirements by comparing φVs and φVc.
560.325 Lecture Notes © T. Igusa 49

4. Find the spacing of the stirrups beginning from a distance of d from a support.
Use the spacing formula
φ A v fy d
s ≤ =
Vu – φ Vc

The spacing should be in whole integers, and the number of different spacings
should be limited. (In this class, about three different spacings is about right.)
The first stirrup is located at a distance no larger than s/2 from the support.

x Vu s
(inches) (kips) (inches)

φVc/2 = smax =

φVc = smax =

d=
560.325 Lecture Notes © T. Igusa 50

shear reinforcement
satisfying equation (6-21)

minimum shear
Vu reinforcement s ≤ s max or smax /2

no shear
reinforcement

φ Vc

φ Vc
2

d distance from the support, x

s max or s max /2

s from
equation (6-21)

d distance from the support, x

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