REINFORCED

CONCRETE DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
 ULTIMATE STRENGH DESIGN
USD (ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN)
fy = kg/cm² fy = MPa

MKS SYSTEM S.I. SYSTEM

0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽 6120 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽 600

1. 𝜌𝑏 = 1. 𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 6120+𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 600+𝑓𝑦

14.1 1.4
2. 𝜌 min = 2. 𝜌 min =
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

1
3. 𝑣 = 0.53 𝑓𝑐 ′ kg/cm² 3. 𝑣 = 6 𝑓𝑐′ MPa (beam shear)

1
4. 𝑣𝑝 = 1.06 𝑓𝑐′ kg/cm² 4. 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑓𝑐′ MPa (punching shear
3
5. 𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤 1.5 0.14 𝑓𝑐′ kg/cm² 5. 𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤 1.5 0.043 𝑓𝑐′ MPa

𝑤 = 2400 kg/m³ 𝑤 = 2400 kg/m³

𝐸𝑐 = 15100 𝑓𝑐′ kg/cm² 𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓𝑐′ MPa (modulus of elasticity)

0.0594 𝐴𝑏𝑓𝑦 0.02 𝐴𝑏𝑓𝑦

6. 𝐿𝑑 = (cm) 6. 𝐿𝑑 = (mm) (in tension)
𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑐′

7. 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝐿𝑑 = 0.00569 𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦 (cm) 7. 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝐿𝑑 = 0.06 𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦 (mm) (in tension)

0.0755 𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦 0.25 𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦

8. 𝐿𝑑 = (cm) 8. 𝐿𝑑 = (mm) (in compression)
𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑐′

9. 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝐿𝑑 = 0.00427 𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦 (cm) 9. 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝐿𝑑 = 0.04 𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦 (mm) (in compression)

10. 𝐸𝑠 = 2.04 × 10⁶ kg/cm⁶ 10. 𝐸𝑠 = 200000 MPa

 NOTATION: (Flexure and Axial Loads)
As = area of non prestressed tension reinforcement in mm².
As’ = area of compression reinforcement in mm².
b = width of compression face of member in mm.
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement
which is called effective depth in mm.
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete in MPa.
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel in MPa.
fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete in MPa.
fy = specified yield strength of non prestressed reinforcement in MPa.
β = factor depending on the value of fc’.
𝐴𝑠
ρ = = ration of non prestressed compression reinforcement.
𝑏𝑑
ρb = reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions.
= strength reduction factors
= depth of equivalent rectangular stress block
Ac = area of concrete core of spirally reinforced compression member measured to outside diameter of spiral.
Ag = gross area of column section.
Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement.
At = area of structural steel shape, pipe or tubing in a composite section.
C = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis.
El = flexural stiffness of compression member.
h = over all thickness of member.
lg = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about the centroidal axis neglecting reinforcements.
k = effective length factor for compression members.
ρb = nominal axial load strength at balanced strain conditions.
Pc = critical laod.
Pn = nominal axial load strength at a given eccentricity.
Po = nominal axial load strength at zero eccentricity.
Pu = øPn factored axial load at a given eccentricity.
r = radius of gyration of cross-section of a compression member.
La = additional embedment length at support or at point of inflection.
Ld = development length.
Le = equivqlent embedment length of a hook
𝑎
Mn = Asfy (d- ) nominal moment strength.
2
S = spacing of stirrups or ties
db = nominal diameter of bar
Ab = area of an individual bar.
Vu = factored shear force of section
 LOAD FACTORS
1.) Dead plus Live Load: MU = 1.4 MDL + 1.7 MLL
2.) Dead + Live + Earthquake
MU = 0.75 (1.4 MDL + 1.7 MLL + 1.87 ME)
MU = 0.90 MDL + 1.43 ME
MU = 1.4 MDL + 1.7 MLL
3.) Earth pressure, ground water pressure H + Dead + Live Load
MU = 1.4 MDL + 1.7 MLL + 1.7 MH
MU = 0.90 MDL + 1.7 MH
MU = 1.4 MDL + 1.7 MLL
4.) Fluid pressure F + Dead Load + Live Load
MU = 1.4 MDL + 1.7 MLL + 1.4 MF
MU = 0.9 MDL + 1.4 MF
MU = 1.4 MDL + 1.7 MLL
5.) Effect of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage and temperature T + Dead Load + Live Load
MU = 0.75 (1.4 MDL + 1.7 MLL + 1.4 MT)
MU = 1.05 (MDL + MT)
MU = 1.4 MDL + 1.7 MLL
6.) Wind pressure W + Dead Load + Live Load
MU = 0.75 (1.4 MDL + 1.7 MU + 1.7 MW)
MU = 0.75 (1.4 MDL + 1.7 MW)
MU = 0.9 MDL + 1.7 MW
MU = 1.4 MDL + 1.7 MLL

NOTE: Use the biggest value of any of these combinations

PHILIPPINE STANDARD
REINFORCING BARS
Philippine Standard Near ASTM Nominal Sectional Area
Unit Weight (kg/m)
Designation Designation (mm²)

6 mm # 2 (1/4ʺ) 28.27 0.222

10 mm # 3 (3/8ʺ) 78.54 0.616

12 mm # 4 (1/2ʺ) 113.10 0.888

16 mm # 5 (5/8ʺ) 201.10 1.579

20 mm # 6 (3/4ʺ) 314.20 2.466

25 mm # 8 (1ʺ) 491.90 3.854

28 mm # 9 (1 1/8ʺ) 615.75 4.833

32 mm # 10 (1 1/4ʺ) 804.24 6.313

36 mm # 11 (1 3/8ʺ) 1017.90 7.991

Philippine Standard
Philippine Standard Compared with ASTM Standard
Designation

6 mm 10.7% smaller than ASTM No. 2 or 1/4ʺ diameter

10 mm 10.22% larger than ASTM No. 3 or 3/8ʺ diameter

12 mm 10.7% smaller than ASTM No. 4 or 1/2ʺ diameter

16 mm 1.6% larger than ASTM No. 5 or 5/8ʺ diameter

20 mm 10.22% larger than ASTM No. 6 or 3/4ʺ diameter

25 mm 2.9% smaller than ASTM No. 8 or 1ʺ diameter

28 mm 4.49% smaller than ASTM No. 9 or 1 1/8ʺ diameter

32 mm 1.6% smaller than ASTM No. 10 or 1 1/4ʺ diameter

36 mm 0.97% larger than ASTM No. 11 or 1 3/8ʺ diameter

ASTM STANDARD REINFORCING
BARS
Bar size Nominal diameter Nominal area Nominal mass
(mm) (mm) Kg/m
# 10 11.3 100 0.785
#15 16.0 200 1.570
#20 19.5 300 2.355
#25 25.2 500 3.925
#30 29.9 700 6.495
#35 35.7 1000 7.850
#45 43.7 1500 11.775
#55 66.4 2500 19.625
 U.S Customary Metric
Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal
Bar Size
Diameter Area Weight Diameter Area Mass
(in) (𝐢𝐧𝟐 ) (𝐥𝐛/𝐟𝐭) (mm) (𝐦𝐦𝟐 ) (kg/m)
#3 0.375 0.11 0.376 9.52 71 0.560
#4 0.500 0.20 0.668 12.70 129 0.994
#5 0.625 0.31 1.043 15.8 200 1.552
#6 0.750 0.44 1.502 19.05 284 2.235
#7 0.875 0.60 2.044 22.22 387 3.042
#8 1.000 0.79 2.670 25.40 510 3.973
#9 1.128 1.00 3.400 28.65 645 5.060
#10 1.270 1.27 4.303 32.26 819 6.404
#11 1.410 1.56 5.313 35.81 1006 7.907
#14 1.693 2.25 7.650 43.00 1452 11.38
#18 2.257 4.00 13.600 57.33 2581 20.24
ASTM STANDARD PRESTRESSING
TENDONS
U.S. Customary Metric

Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal

Type
Diameter Area Weight Diameter Area Mass
(in) (𝐢𝐧𝟐 ) (𝐥𝐛/𝐟𝐭) (mm) (𝐦𝐦𝟐 ) (kg/m)

Seven-wire ¼ (0.250) 0.036 0.12 6.35 23 0.179

strand
5/16 (0.313) 0.058 0.20 7.95 37 0.298
(grade 250)
3/8 (0.375) 0.080 0.27 9.52 52 0.402

7/16 (0.438) 0.108 0.37 11.12 70 0.551

½ (0.500) 0.144 0.49 12.70 93 0.729

(0.600) 0.216 0.74 15.24 139 1.101
Seven-wire strand
3/8 (0.375) 0.085 029 9.52 55 0.432
(grade 270)

7/16 (0.438) 0.115 0.40 11.12 74 0.595

½ (0.500) 0.153 0.53 12.70 99 0.789

(0.600) 0.215 0.74 15.24 139 1.101
Prestressing wire 0.912 0.029 0.098 4.88 18.7 0.146
0.196 0.030 0.10 4.98 19.4 0.143
0.250 0.049 0.17 6.35 32 0.253
0.276 0.060 0.20 7.01 39 0.298
Prestressing wire ¾ 0.44 1.50 19.05 284 2.232
(smooth) 7/8 0.60 2.04 22.22 387 3.036
1 0.78 2.67 25.40 503 3.973
1 1/8 0.99 3.38 28.58 639 5.030
1¼ 1.23 4.17 31.75 794 6.206
1 3/8 1.48 5.05 34.92 955 7.515
Prestressing wire 5/8 0.28 0.98 15.88 181 1.458
(deformed) ¾ 0.42 1.49 19.05 271 2.217
1 0.85 3.01 54.40 548 4.480
1¼ 1.25 4.39 31.75 806 6.535
1 3/8 1.56 5.56 34.92 1006 8.274
 MINIMUM COVER FOR COST IN PLACE
CONCRETE RECOMMENDED BY ACI CODE
(ACI 318M – 83)

a) If concrete not exposed to the weather :

For beams and columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40mm
For slabs, walls, joists with No.35 bars or smaller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20mm
For slabs, walls and joists with No.45 bars or No. 55 bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40mm
For Shells and folded plate members with No. 20 or larger bars . . . . . . . . 20mm
For Shells and folded plate members with No.10 or No.15 bars . . . . . . . . .15mm
b) If concrete exposed to the weather :
If reinforcing bars are No. 20 or larger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50mm
If reinforcing bars are No.10 or No.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40mm

c) In all concrete cast directly on the earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70mm

Minimum Thickness of Slabs :

a. Slabs without beams or drop panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 120mm
b. Slabs without beams but with drop panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100mm
c. Slabs with beams on all four edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90mm

Temp. bars of slabs. (Area requirements)

As = 0.002bt for grade 300 bars
As = 0.0018bt for grade 400 bars
 Clear Distance between bars
a. Not less than the bar diam. nor 2mm for beams
b. Not less than 1.5 bar diam. nor 40mm for columns
c. When bars are placed in several layers, the clear distance between layers must not be less
than 25mm .

Maximum spacing of main reinforcing bars in slabs and walls is equal to 3 times the wall slabs
thickness or 500 mm whichever is smaller.

Spacing of tie wires for columns :

a. Not more the 16 bar diameter
b. Not more than 48 tie diameter
c. Not more than the least dimension of the cross-section
 MINIMUM COVERING OF
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
(Rectangular, T-beams, and other irregular shape beams)

BEAMS
SLABS
S = spacing of main bars (12 mm ∅ minimum)
S = 3h nor 500 mm
FOOTINGS
Note: Minimum footing depth: 1983 ACI code. Depth of footing above and bottom
reinforced shall not be less than 150 mm for footings on nail, nor less than 300 mm
for footing on piles.
FOOTINGS
Note: Minimum footing depth: 1983 ACI code. Depth of footing above and bottom
reinforced shall not be less than 150 mm for footings on nail, nor less than 300 mm
for footing on piles.
COLUMNS
S = clear spacing between bars
S = 40 mm or 1.5 diameter of bar
 ULTIMATE DESIGN (U.S.D.)
1983 ACI CODE
1. Minimum Reinforcement:
1.4
ρ min = (S.I. System)
𝑓𝑦
14.10
𝜌 min = 𝑓𝑦
(MKS System)
2. Reinforcement ratio producing balance strain conditions:
0.85 𝑓𝑐′𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑏 = (S.I. System)
𝑓𝑦(600+𝑓𝑦)
0.85 𝑓𝑐′𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦(600+𝑓𝑦)
(MKS System)
3. Development length required in tension:
0.02𝐴𝑏𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑 = (S.I. System)
𝑓𝑐′
0.06𝐴𝑏𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑 = (MKS System) 6. Minimum development length required
𝑓𝑐′
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 0.04𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦 𝑜𝑟 200 𝑚𝑚 (S.I. System)
4. Minimum development length required: 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 0.004𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦 𝑜𝑟 20 𝑚𝑚 (MKS System)
′
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 0.06𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦 𝑜𝑟 300 𝑚𝑚 (S.I. System) 7. 𝛽 = 0.85 − 0.008 𝑓𝑐 − 30
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑑 = 0.006𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦 𝑜𝑟 30 𝑚𝑚 (MKS System) 𝛽 = 0.85 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 30 𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝛽 = 0.85 − 0.008 𝑓𝑐 ′ − 30 𝑓𝑜𝑟
5. Development length required in compression: 𝑓𝑐′ > 30 𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 0.65
0.25𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑 = (S.I. System)
𝑓𝑐′
0.08𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑 = (MKS System)
𝑓𝑐′
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF BEAMS OF
ONE WAY SLAB DEFLECTION ARE
COMPUTED
Member Simply Supported One end Both ends Cantilever
continuous continuous

Solid-one way 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
slabs 20 24 28 10

Beams or ribbed 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
one ways slabs 16 18.5 21 8
Where L must be in meters. These data are applied only for concrete
having normal density of 2400 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and grade 400 reinforcement.
For other conditions, the values shall be modified as follows:
a) For structure lightweight concrete having unit weights between
1500 − 2000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , the values in the table shall be multiplied
by 1.65 − 0.0003 𝑊𝑐 but not less than 1.09. where Wc is the unit
weight in 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
b) For fy other than 400 Mpa, the values shall be multiplied
𝑓𝑦
by 0.40 + .
400
THE END