BDA104303

ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY

Dr Norfazillah Talib
JKPI, FKMP
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 Mesh Analysis

 Mesh Analysis
Objective of Lecture
• Provide step-by-step instructions for mesh
analysis, which is a method to calculate
voltage drops and mesh currents that flow
around loops in a circuit.
 Mesh Analysis
• Technique to find voltage drops around a
loop using the currents that flow within the
loop, Kirchoff’s Voltage Law, and Ohm’s Law
– First result is the calculation of the mesh currents
• Which can be used to calculate the current flowing
through each component
– Second result is a calculation of the voltages
across the components
• Which can be used to calculate the voltage at the
nodes.
 Definition of a Mesh
• Mesh – the smallest loop around a subset of
components in a circuit
– Multiple meshes are defined so that every
component in the circuit belongs to one or more
meshes
 Steps in Mesh Analysis
EXAMPLE 1

10V
 V1 1. Identify all of the meshes in
+ - + V3 - the circuit
R1 R3
+ + 2. Label the currents flowing in
V2 R2 i2 each mesh
i1 R4 V4
- - 3. Label the voltage across each
component in the circuit
 +
V1
- + V3 -
R1=2 R3=2
10V
+ R2=4 +
i1 i2 R4=2
V2 V4
V2=(i1-i2)R2 - -

-10 + V1 + V2 = 0  Loop 1
5. Use Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
V3 + V4 - V2 = 0  Loop 2

6. Use Ohm’s Law -10 + i1R1 + i1R2 - i2R2 =0  Loop 1

-10 + 2i1 + 4i1 - 4i2 =0
6i1 - 4i2 = 10
i2R3 + i2R4+ i2R2- i1R2= 0  Loop 2
VR  I a  I b R 2i2 + 2i2+ 4i2- 4i1= 0
-4i1 + 8i2= 0
7. Once the mesh currents are known, calculate the voltage across
all of the components.

6i1 - 4i2 = 10 1
𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤
-4i1 + 8i2= 0 2

From (2), i1 = 2i2

Replace in (1) i1 = 2i2,
6(2i2) - 4i2 = 10
8i2=10
1 1 −1
i2=1.25A 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 2 + ( + ) = 4
4 2+2
i1=2(1.25)=2.5A 10
𝐼 𝑒𝑞 = =2.5A
4
Solve for mesh current using Cramer’s rule:

6i1 - 4i2 = 10
-4i1 + 8i2= 0

6 −4 𝑖1 10
=
−4 8 𝑖2 0
Obtain the determinants;

6 −4
= = 6 8 − −4 −4 = 32
−4 8 1 80
𝑖1 = = = 2.5𝐴
10 −4  32
1= = 10 8 − 0 −4 =80
0 8
2 40
6 10 𝑖2 = = = 1.25𝐴
2= = 6 0 − −4 10 = 40  32
−4 0
Example 2

Vin
 Step 1
• Identify all of the meshes in the circuit

Vin
 Step 2
• Label the currents flowing in each mesh

i2

i1
Vin
 Step 3
• Label the voltage across each component in
the circuit

+ + V2 - + -
+ V4 - +
V1 V3 i2 V5
_ _ + _
i1
Vin +
V6
_
 Step 4
• Use Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
𝑉1 +𝑉2 +𝑉3 + 𝑉6 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛
- + V2 - + V4 - +
V1
+
V3
-
i2 V5 𝑉3 +𝑉4 + 𝑉5 = 0
+ _ _
+
i1
Vin +
V6
_
 Step 5
• Use Ohm’s Law to relate the voltage drops
across each component to the sum of the
currents flowing through them.
– Follow the sign convention on the resistor’s voltage.

VR  I a  I b R
 Step 5
𝑉1= 𝑖1 𝑅1
- + V2 - + - + V4 - + 𝑉2= 𝑖1 𝑅2
V1 i2 V5
𝑉3= (𝑖1 −𝑖2 )𝑅3
V3
+ _ + _
i1 𝑉4= 𝑖2 𝑅4
Vin +
V6 𝑉5= 𝑖2 𝑅5
_ 𝑉6= 𝑖1 𝑅6
 Step 6
• Solve for the mesh currents, i1 and i2
– These currents are related to the currents found
during the nodal analysis.
i1  I 7  I1  I 2  I 6

i2  I 4  I 5

I 3  i1  i2
 Step 7
• Once the mesh currents are known, calculate
the voltage across all of the components.
 - -
V1
+ +

12V
 From Previous Slides
𝑉1 +𝑉2 +𝑉3 + 𝑉6 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉1= 𝑖1 𝑅1
𝑉2= 𝑖1 𝑅2
𝑉3 +𝑉4 + 𝑉5 = 0 𝑉3= (𝑖1 −𝑖2 )𝑅3
𝑉4= 𝑖2 𝑅4
𝑉5= 𝑖2 𝑅5
𝑉6= 𝑖1 𝑅6
 Substituting in Numbers
𝑉1 +𝑉2 +𝑉3 + 𝑉6 = 12 𝑉1= 𝑖1 (4𝑘)
𝑉2= 𝑖1 (8𝑘)
𝑉3 +𝑉4 + 𝑉5 = 0 𝑉3= (𝑖1-𝑖2 )(5𝑘)
𝑉4= 𝑖2 (6𝑘)
𝑉5= 𝑖2 (3𝑘)
𝑉6= 𝑖1 (1𝑘)
Substituting the results from Ohm’s
Law into the KVL equations
 12V  i1 4k   i1 8k   i1  i2 5k   i1 1k   0
18ki1  5ki 2  12

 i1  i2 5k   i2 6k   i2 3k   0

 5ki1  14ki 2  0
 Chugging through the Math

Mesh Currents (mA)

i1 740
i2 264

• One or more of the mesh currents may have a

negative sign.
 Chugging through the Math
Voltage across (V) • The magnitude of any
resistors
voltage across a resistor
VR1 = -i1R2 -2.96
must be less than the
VR2 = i2 R2 5.92
sum of all of the voltage
VR3 =(i1 – i2) R3 2.39 sources in the circuit
VR4 = i2 R4 1.59 – In this case, no voltage
VR5 = (V4 – V5) 0.804 across a resistor can be
VR6 = (V5 – 0V) 0.740 greater than 12V.
 Chugging through More Math
The currents through each component in the
circuit.
Currents (mA)
IR1 = i1 740
IR2 = i1 740
IR3 = i1- i2 476
IR4 = i2 264
IR5 = i2 264
IR6 = i1 740
I Vin = i1 740
 Check
• None of the mesh currents should be larger
than the current that flows through the
equivalent resistor in series with the 12V
supply.
Req  4k  8k  5k 6k  3k   1k

Req  16.2k

I eq  12V Req  740mA

 Exercise 1
Find the branch currents i1, i2, i3 using mesh analysis

i1=1A, i2=1A, i3=0

 Exercise 2
Determine the mesh currents i1 and i2

i1=0.8A, i2=-0.9A
 Exercise 3
Determine the voltage across the 10  resistor

V=0.197V
 Summary of mesh analysis
Steps in Mesh Analysis
1. Identify all of the meshes in the circuit
2. Label the currents flowing in each mesh
3. Label the voltage across each component in the circuit
4. Write the voltage loop equations using Kirchoff’s Voltage
Law.
5. Use Ohm’s Law to relate the voltage drops across each
component to the sum of the currents flowing through
them.
6. Solve for the mesh currents
7. Once the mesh currents are known, calculate the voltage
across all of the components.
3.2 Nodal Analysis
 Objective of Lecture

• Provide step-by-step instructions for nodal

analysis, which is a method to calculate node
voltages and currents that flow through
components in a circuit.
 Nodal Analysis
• Technique to find currents at a node using
Ohm’s Law and the potential differences
betweens nodes.
– First result from nodal analysis is the
determination of node voltages (voltage at nodes
referenced to ground).
• These voltages are not equal to the voltage dropped
across the resistors.
– Second result is the calculation of the currents
 Steps in Nodal Analysis
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏
1. Pick one node as a reference node (V=0)
2 i1 V i2 2
2.Label the voltage at the other nodes

i3 3. Label the currents flowing

10V through each of the components in
the circuit
4 2

4. Use Kirchhoff’s Current Law

𝒊𝟏 = 𝒊𝟐 + 𝒊𝟑
5.Use Ohm’s Law to relate the voltages at each node to the currents flowing in and
out of them.
 Current flows from a higher potential to a lower potential in a resistor

𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏
𝐼=
𝑅
10 − 𝑉
𝑖1 = 6. Solve for the node voltage
2
𝑉−0 𝑖1 = 𝑖2 + 𝑖3
𝑖2 =
(2 + 2)
10−𝑉 𝑉−0 𝑉−0
= +
2 4 4
𝑉−0 20−2𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝑖3 = = +
4 4 4 4

20 = 4𝑉
𝑽 = 𝟓𝑽
 7. Once the node voltages are known, calculate the currents.
𝑽 = 𝟓𝑽 10 − 𝑉 10 − 5
𝑖1 = = = 𝟐. 𝟓𝑨
2 2
𝑉−0 5
𝑖2 = = = 1.25𝐴
(2+2) 4

𝑉 5
𝑖3 = = = 1.25𝐴
4 4

𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤 1 1 −1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 2 + ( + ) = 4
4 2+2
10
𝐼 𝑒𝑞 = =2.5A
4
 Assume all the currents out if the node
𝒊𝟏 + 𝒊𝟐 + 𝒊𝟑 = 𝟎
2 i1 V i2 2
𝑉−10 𝑉−0 𝑉−0
+ 2+2 + 4 =0
i3 2
10V 𝑉−10 𝑉 𝑉
+ + =0
4 2 2 4 4
2𝑉 − 20 + 𝑉 + 𝑉=0
20 = 4𝑉
𝑽 = 𝟓𝑽
 Steps in Nodal Analysis
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 2
Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown below.
 Use Kirchoff’s Current Law
At node 1

5 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2
i1
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 𝑉1
5= +
i2 i3 4 2
3𝑉1 𝑉2
− = 5  Node 1
4 4
At node 2
𝑖1 + 10 = 5 + 𝑖3
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 𝑉2
+ 10 = 5 +
4 6
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 𝑉1 5𝑉2
𝑖1 = − = −5  Node 2
4 4 12
𝑉1 − 0
𝑖2 =
2
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝑽
𝑉2 − 0
𝑖3 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝑽
6
 Steps in Nodal Analysis
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 3

Vin
 Steps in Nodal Analysis
 Pick one node as a reference node
 Its voltage will be arbitrarily defined to be zero

Vin
 Step 1

 Pick one node as a reference node

 Its voltage will be arbitrarily defined to be zero

Vin
 Step 2
• Label the voltage at the other nodes

Vin
 Step 2
• Label the voltage at the other nodes

Vin
 Step 3
• Label the currents flowing through each of the
components in the circuit
 Step 4

• Use Kirchoff’s Current Law

I 7  I1  I 2  I 6
I 2  I3  I 4
I 4  I5
 Step 5
• Use Ohm’s Law to relate the voltages at each
node to the currents flowing in and out of
them.
– Current flows from a higher potential to a lower
potential in a resistor
• The difference in node voltage is the magnitude of
electromotive force that is causing a current I to flow.
I  Va  Vb  R
 Step 5

We do not write an equation for I

I1  V1  V2  R1
7 as it is equal to I1

I 2  V2  V3  R2
I 3  V3  V5  R3
I 4  V3  V4  R4
I 5  V4  V5  R5
I 6  V5  0V  R6
 Step 6
• Solve for the node voltages
– In this problem we know that V1 = Vin
 Step 7
• Once the node voltages are known, calculate
the currents.
 From Previous Slides

I 7  I1  I 2  I 6 I1  V1  V2  R1
I 2  I3  I 4 I 2  V2  V3  R2
I 4  I5 I 3  V3  V5  R3
I 4  V3  V4  R4
V 1  Vin I 5  V4  V5  R5
I 6  V5  0V  R6
 Substituting in Numbers

I 7  I1  I 2  I 6 I1  10V  V2  9k
I 2  I3  I 4 I 2  V2  V3  2k
I 4  I5 I 3  V3  V5  5k
I 4  V3  V4  3k
V 1  10V I 5  V4  V5  1k
I 6  V5  0V  7 k
Substituting the results from Ohm’s
Law into the KCL equations

10V  V2  9k  V2  V3  2k  V5 7k

V2  V3  2k  V3  V5  5k  V3  V4  3k

V3  V4  3k  V4  V5  1k

 Chugging through the Math

Node Voltages (V)

V1 10
V2 5.55
V3 4.56
V4 3.74
V5 3.46

• Node voltages must have a magnitude less than the sum of

the voltage sources in the circuit
• One or more of the node voltages may have a negative sign
– This depends on which node you chose as your reference node.
 Chugging through the Math

Voltage across resistors (V) • The magnitude of any

voltage across a resistor
VR1 = (V1 – V2) 4.45 must be less than the
VR2 = (V2 – V3) 0.990 sum of all of the voltage
VR3 = (V3 – V5) 1.10 sources in the circuit
VR4 = (V3 – V4) 0.824 – In this case, no voltage
VR5 = (V4 – V5) 0.274 across a resistor can be
VR6 = (V5 – 0V) 3.46 greater than 10V.
Chugging through More Math

Currents (mA)
I1 495
I2 495
I3 220
I4 275
I5 275
I6 495
I7 495
 Check
• None of the currents should be larger than the
current that flows through the equivalent
resistor in series with the 10V supply.
Req  9k  2k  5k 3k  1k   7k

Req  20.2k

I eq  10V Req  495mA

 𝐄𝐱𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝟏
Find the node voltage VA and determine the branch currents (I1, I2, I3)

5V

VA=3.47V, I1= 13.9mA, I2=1.87mA, I3=15.8mA

 𝐄𝐱𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝟐
Determine node voltage 1 and 2 and the power dissipated in all the
resistor in the circuit.

V1=9.143V, V2= -10.286V, P4=94.4W, P8=10.42W, P2=52.9W

 𝐄𝐱𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐞 3
Determine the voltages at the nodes.

V1=4.8V, V2=2.4V, V3=-2.4V

 Summary of nodal analysis
Steps in Nodal Analysis
1. Pick one node as a reference node
2. Label the voltage at the other nodes
3. Label the currents flowing through each of the
components in the circuit
4. Use Kirchoff’s Current Law
5. Use Ohm’s Law to relate the voltages at each node to
the currents flowing in and out of them.
6. Solve for the node voltage
7. Once the node voltages are known, calculate the
currents.